Eat, Pray, Love:
The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as Exotic
Destinations
A Research Paper
Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree
MEITA ANNISA NURHUTAMI
0707835
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
THE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
BANDUNG
============================================================
Eat, Pray, Love:
The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as Exotic
Destinations
Oleh
Meita Annisa Nurhutami
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Sastra pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Meita Annisa Nurhutami 2013 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Agustus 2013
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
PAGE OF APPROVAL
Eat, Pray, Love: The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as
Exotic Destinations
A Research Paper
By:
Meita Annisa Nurhutami 0707835
Approved by:
First Supervisor,
Sudarsono, M.I., M.A. NIP:196607051994031004
Second Supervisor,
Nia Nafisah, S.S., M.Pd. NIP: 197104242006042001
The Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education,
ABSTRACT
The research is a descriptive study of the representation about the cultures of Italy, India, and Indonesia in the novel Eat, Pray, Love (2006). The purpose of the research is not only to depict the way the traveler represents the three countries, but also to reveal the traveler’s manner towards the difference of the host cultures – Italy, India, and Indonesia – compared to her cultural origin. As a novel which contains travelling experience and description about the host culture,
Eat, Pray, Love shows the tendency of the writer’s supreme attitude towards the cultures of the three countries. To answer the formulated research problems, the study uses Victor Segalen’s (2001) notions of Exoticism which emphasizes exoticism as the notion of difference: the perception of diversity. The research employed qualitative approach and presented in a descriptive method. The findings of the study show that the three countries are exotic destinations in terms of their cultural, religious, and economic levels. The cultures of the three
countries are exotic characterized by three aspects: the existence of the observer’s
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif mengenai representasi budaya Italia, India, dan Indonesia pada novel Eat, Pray, Love (2006). Tujuan penelitian ini tidak hanya untuk menggambarkan cara seorang traveler merepresentasikan ketiga negara tersebut, namun juga untuk menunjukkan cara seorang traveler menyikapi perbedaan budaya ‘tuan rumah’ – Italia, India, dan Indonesia – dibandingkan dengan budaya negara dimana dia berasal. Sebagai novel yang menceritakan tentang pengalaman travelling dan deskripsi mengenai budaya negara yang dikunjungi, Eat, Pray, Love menunjukkan munculnya kecenderungan sikap supremasi penulis terhadap budaya tiga negara yang bersangkutan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian, penelitian ini menggunakan teori yang diusung oleh Victor Segalen’s (2001) mengenai
Exoticism yang menekankan pada pemahaman mengenai perbedaan: persepsi
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE OF APPROVAL
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background ... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem ... 3
1.3 Aims of Study ... 4
1.4 Research Method ... 4
1.5 Organization of the Paper... 5
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ... 7
2.1 Travel Writing ... 7
2.1.1 Definition of Travel Writing ... 8
2.1.2 Travel Writing and Representation of Otherness ... 10
2.2.1 Exoticism and Representation ... 15
2.2.2 Exoticism and Supremacy ... 18
2.3 Travel Writing & Exoticism... 19
2.1.2 Perception: Representation of Otherness: ... 19
2.1.2 Effects of Otherness Representation: Stereotyping, Ethnocentrism and Ethnorelativism ... 20
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOLGY ... 24
3.1 Method of Research ... 24
3.2 Source of Data ... 26
3.3 Technique of Data Collection ... 26
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ... 28
3.5 Synopsis of the Novel ... 29
3.6 Clarification of Key Terms ... 30
3.7 Data Presentation ... 32
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 34
4.1 The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia ... 35
4.1.1 Italy: ‘Pleasure and beauty are revered in a culture’ ... 35
4.1.1.1 The desirability of Italian language ... 36
4.1.1.2 From the Italian magical language to the interesting natives ... 39
4.1.1.3 The delightful culinary ... 45
4.1.2.1. On cultural level: scenic views & natives ... 47
4.1.2.1.1 Scenic views: the remote ... 48
4.1.2.1.2 Natives: the devotional people ... 49
4.1.2.2. On religious level: religious figure & practice ... 51
4.1.2.2.1 Religious figure: the guru who leads to god ... 52
4.1.2.2.2 Religious practice: the harmonious and beautiful rituals ... 55
4.1.3 Indonesia: The Balance of Divinity & Worldly Pleasure ... 57
4.1.3.1. Cultural Level: The balance behind the beauty of scenic view & natives ... 58
4.1.3.1.1 Scenic View: the cultural hub ... 58
4.1.3.1.2 Natives: the balance behind the friendliness, creativity and unity ... 59
4.1.3.2 Religious level: the minority who stands ... 66
4.1.3.3 Economic level: the profit of post-bombing tragedy ... 67
4.2 Discussion ... 68
4.2.1 Italy, India, and Indonesia Represented As Exotic Destination ... 69
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion ... 78
5.2 Suggestion ... 79
REFERENCES ... 81
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background
People love traveling. For some people who love writing and traveling,
their travelling experiences are congregated into travel writing. Usually travel
writing is written to express a different feeling which stained after having the
journey compared to what occurs at their home. Bryan Lawson‟s The
Language of Space (2001) asserts people start to make decision according to
how do they feel about the place.
Travel writing is a genre which was born in the 18th century when
British travelers expanded to every corner of the world which driven by varied
motives (Bohls & Duncan, 2005). This writing is written in many forms such
as conventional travel writing, guide book, reportage and novel (Forsdick,
2005).
As human beings, we tend to search for values towards the culture of a
place we live in, especially when we encounter a different place and culture
for the first time. In this situation, we tend to judge other people‟s behavior,
belief, custom, then compare them to our home or origin. This attitude leads to
an unavoidable tendency of viewing our own culture as better or superior one
than the others we are comparing to. This situation usually occurs in travelling
Travelers‟ description of places that have been visited reveals their
perceptions of themselves. An Italian scholar, Papa (1991), identifies the
presence of traveler‟s subjectivity in travel writing. Apart from its objective
information given in the text, travel writing expresses the author‟s personality
and his/her curiosity towards the “other”. Thus, sometimes the writing in this
genre implies the writer‟s supremacy towards the culture of places that is
visited.
Eat, Pray, Love (2006) written by Elizabeth Gilbert is also an example
of travel writing. The book tells a journey of the writer herself who searched
for pleasure and divinity throughout three countries: Italy, India, and
Indonesia. Because the book reveals the interaction between Gilbert and the
locals in different cultures, it is decent to see whether Eat, Pray, Love
represents the writer‟s supreme attitude towards the other.
Said in Orientalism argues that travel books feature is one example of
the orientalist discourse (Said, 1991). It is aimed to naturalize the Orient into
Western knowledge in order to facilitate and legitimize Western imperialism
(Ropero, 2003) which is found in Rudyard Kipling‟s The Ballad of East and
West. The opening of the ballad: “Oh, East is East, and West is West, and
never the twain shall meet,” was popularly criticized by many scholars as
Kipling‟s prejudicial attitude towards the culture of the East and West. The
prejudice presents the East and West social position addressed by the author of
travel writing. Although the memoir is written a few decades after Said
similar tendency of presenting the narrator‟s superiority towards the three
countries in the novel.
Since the focus of the text is on the traveler‟s self, it is important to
analyze Gilbert‟s motivation of travelling to describe how the main character
perceives the places she visits as exotic. These motivations can be revealed by
identifying the main character‟s thought and behavior towards the tourist
attraction.
To find out the way the main character perceived the three countries as
exotic destinations, the research focuses on the main character‟s description
and behavior towards the attraction of places that she visited. Finally, the
findings will be interpreted by using Edward Said‟s Orientalism to see
whether Gilbert expresses cultural prejudice which addresses her own
country‟s culture as superior or not.
1.2.Statement of Problem
In order to focus on the research, the research question is formulated
to the appearing issue in Eat, Pray, Love. Generally, the question is
formulated as: “does the main character perceive Italy, India, and Indonesia
as equal to her origin?”. More specifically, the research study hopes to answer
the questions:
1. In what ways does the main character perceive Italy, India and Indonesia?
2. Does the main character portray the social position of Italy, India, and
1.3.Aims of Study
Since the research focuses on the main character‟s perception towards
Italy, India and Indonesia, the aim of conducting the research is to find out
the way Gilbert sees the three countries as exotic destinations. Besides, this
study also tries to reveal whether the author expresses an ethnocentric attitude
as happened in the eighteenth centuries travel writing or shifts the social
position of the three countries.
1.4.Research Methods
The procedures used to reveal main character‟s perception about places in
Eat, Pray, Love are:
1. Reading the book thoroughly and carefully. The strategy which is used is
close reading. This strategy is an effort to get the gist and the general idea
of the story.
2. Using content analysis to find the data. In this stage, the researcher
identifies attributes referring to each country which then leads to the
character‟s purpose to choose the place. The next step is revealing the
character‟s perception from the main character‟s point of view and attitude
towards the place including other characters she interacts with.
3. Applying Victor Segalen‟s notion of Exoticism to reveal whether the
author represents the culture of three countries as exotic destinations.
Then, applying Edward Said‟s theory of Orientalism to reveal whether the
author expresses cultural prejudice or ethnocentricity which occurs in the
countries. This stage focuses on the character‟s attitude as traveler towards
the diversity of the three countries‟ culture.
4. Drawing conclusions and suggestions based on the findings of the
research.
1.5.Organization of Paper
1. Chapter I (Introduction)
This chapter contains the background of the study, the statement of
problems, aims of study, research methods, and organization of the paper.
2. Chapter II ( Theoretical Framework)
This chapter explains the provided theory to support and reveal the
analysis.
3. Chapter III (Research Methods)
This chapter focuses on the explanation of methodology which is used in
the analysis of the research. It contains the research procedure, source of
data, technique of data collection, technique of data analysis, clarification
of terms, and data presentation.
4. Chapter IV (Finding and Discussion)
This chapter explains further analysis of the data presentation. The data are
analyzed by using the theories which are provided in chapter II.
5. Chapter V (Conclusion and Suggestion)
This chapter presents the conclusions and suggestions of the research
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter elaborates the methodology of the study being discussed. The
research method covers methods of research, source of data, data collection, data
analysis, synopsis, and clarification of key terms.
3.1 Method of research
In order to gain the goals of analysis, the research is conducted by using
qualitative approach. Qualitative approach is defined as “a research method for
the subjective interpretation of the content of text data through the systematic
classification process of coding and identifying themes or patterns” (Hsieh &
Shannon, 2005, p.1278, cited from Zhang, 2009).
The Qualitative approach attempts to identify “core consistencies and
meanings” (Patton, 2002, p.453, cited from Zhang, 2009). The meaning allow
people to produce various realities that constitutes the sensory world. Because
realities are related to how people create meaning, reality becomes an
interpretation of various definitional options. Therefore, qualitative approach
offers flexibility on meaning making or interpretation. As a result, it allows
researchers to understand social reality in a subjective but scientific manner.
From the view above qualitative research is suitable approach for the
form of sentences and dialog which is called as textual evidences. These forms
can be connected to the issue about representation of cultural difference because
these data can be used to achieve the aim of the research. This method is also
suitable because in revealing the finding of the research which focuses on, it needs
interpretation.
There are several steps of procedure which is used to conduct the research.
The research begins with an idea. The idea is gained through close reading of the
novel, Eat, Pray, Love, which is used as the source of data. Then, after finding the
idea, the problem of the research is formulated. The next stage is starting a literary
review related to the research topic. This stage is aimed to gather theoretical
information and designing the research plan. The literary review is conducted
through textual observation. After getting the idea, research problem, and
theoretical information, then the research continues with collecting the data. The
data are collected through close reading and textual analysis in the novel. Finally,
to answer the research problem and get into conclusion, the next stage is
analyzing the collected data and applying the theoretical information which
framework the research.
The result of this study will be presented in descriptive method. This
method concerns about the attempt to determine the status of the phenomenon
under study. Through the descriptive method, the research provides a systematic
description of a situation or condition of phenomenon as factual and as accurate as
possible.
The sources of data used in this research is Eat Pray Love written by
Elizabeth Gilbert (2006). Since the novel presents the story of the journey and
written in a first person point of view, the novel is categorized as travel writing.
The novel is used as the source of data because it portrays the culture of Italy,
India, and Indonesia.
3.3. Technique of Data Collection
The research focus on naturally emerging languages and the meanings
individual assign to experience. Life-worlds include emotions, motivations,
symbols and their meanings, empathy, and other subjective aspects associated
with naturally evolving lives of individuals and groups. These elements may
represent their behavioral routines, experiences, and various conditions affecting
these usual routines. Schwartz and Jacobs (1997) believe that many of these
elements are observable and can be viewed as objective.
The form of the data which are going to be collected is textual evidences
from Eat Pray Love. The focus of finding the data is searching the textual
evidences which describes the portrayal of Italian, Indian, and Indonesian culture.
The strategies which are used are close reading and textual analysis. Close reading
is defined as paying close attention to what is printed on the page (Clifton, 2008).
The strategy involves the reader‟s responsiveness to all “nuances and connotations
of language” used by skilled writers. In textual analysis, the researcher gathers
rhetoric or “poetic” in terms of its use such as plot, character, and figurative
language.
Babbie (2007) states that qualitative analysis is non-numerical
examination and interpretation of observation which aims to discover “underlying
meaning and patterns of relationship”. It involves continuing interplay between
data collection and theory. In discovering patterns, qualitative analysis offers
ways to examine the collected data as suggested by John & Lyn Lofland (cited in
Babbie, 2007).
John & Lyn Lofland (1995) suggests six ways of discovering patterns to
examine the collected data by looking at the frequencies, magnitudes, structures,
processes, causes, and consequences. The frequencies refer to rate of recurrence
of the topic being investigated, while the magnitudes refer to the occurrence level
of the phenomena. The four other ways, in accordance, refer to the types or
categories, the order of occurrence, the source or origin, and the effect of the
phenomena being investigated. The researcher may choose one or more of the six
ways depending on case under study.
To answer the research problems of this study, the six interrelated ways
are used to examine the collection of data. The data are collected in the form of
words, phrases, and sentences which contain the representation of Italy, India, and
Indonesia as exotic destinations. Afterward, the data findings which are collected
by using those strategies are then categorized. The categorization is derived from
theoretical information or the previous related studies. Finally, the data findings
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, several steps have been taken. After reading the
novels closely and repeatedly, then some textual evidences related to the research
questions are collected.
The first step is picking up form the texts all the description about the
representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia which is described by narrator. At the
stage, the research uses cross-oriented analysis to understand a particular case or
several cases by looking closely to the details of each data. To identify the
portrayal of Italian, Indian, and Indonesian culture, the theory of Exoticism will
be used as a foundation to reveal it.
Afterward, to answer the second question which focuses on the placement
of Italian, Indian, and Indonesian‟s social position compared to the origin of the
narrator, the theory of Orientalism is used as a tool to find the answers. After
those steps are completed, the next step is presenting the data analysis
descriptively. Finally, the last step is drawing conclusion and suggestions based
on the findings of the research.
3.5 Synopsis of the Novel
Elizabeth Gilbert is an intelligent woman, had a brilliant career, had a
husband, and perfect things that all the age of thirty women wants. However, the
perfection that she had is not enough to keep her spirits happy. She began to feel
Gilbert decides to divorce from her husband met an actor, David, who
plays for the drama script she wrote. Gilbert lives with David and there she began
to find the „enlightenment' to practice Yoga and meditation. However, Gilbert‟s
divorce from her husband and her meeting with David who „introduced‟ her to the
spiritual teacher was not enough to remove the anxiety and confusion. Gilbert
ends her relationship with David after several fights occurred.
The events above are factors that made her think to travel to find peace.
She felt that she needed a balance of physical and spiritual pleasure. This book
reveals her feelings about her encounter with a lot of people from different
cultures. It shows many representations of the three countries she visited.
3.6 Clarification of Key Terms
The research contains several terms that probably will cause
misunderstanding. Thus, defining is needed in order to revoke different
perceptions about the terms. Those terms are explained below:
1. Representation : In literature, according to Shipley (1964),
representation deals with the illustration, interpretation, or image of an
object which is mainly influenced by the ideology or background
knowledge of the writer. In this research, the representation means the
of its cultural products, social life view, and the religious view which
appeals the character in the novel, Gilbert.
2. Travel writing : Borm (2004) defines travel writing as texts which
primarily has „travel‟ as their main theme. In relation to its purpose and
content, Van Den Abbeele (1992) defines travel writing as a text which is
built in an attempt to describe the indescribable stream of pleasure
sensations during the journey. The travel writing in this research refers to
the text which describes the cultural products, social life view, and the
religious view which gives pleasure to the character of the novel, Gilbert.
3. Exotic : According to Santaolalla (2000), the term „exotic‟
itself is an attribute given to someone else or somewhere because those
„object‟ or „place‟ gives fascination and desire to the viewer. In the context
of this research, the term „exotic‟ refers to a label given by the character of
the novel indirectly through her perception towards the observed object.
The observed object in the research is the cultural products such as
language, social life view, and religious view. The term is given when the
object gives fascination and fulfills the character‟s desire to experience
pleasure in the journey.
4. Exoticism : According to Victor Segalen (2001), exoticism is
the notion of difference, the perception of Diversity, the knowledge that
something is other than one‟s self. Exoticism is expression of a special
curiosity for foreign people and foreign lands. It emphasizes diversity and
character‟s special curiosity for cultural product, social life view, and the
religious view seen through her perception and description as the character
immerse to the observed object.
5. Supremacy : Supremacy concerns on the state for being
superior to others (Shipley, 1964). In the context of this research, the state
of being superior refers to the feeling of superior of the character‟s social
life view and religious view comparing to the three countries‟ views. The
superiority is reflected when the character as the observer consider her
own social life view and religious view as better than the three countries‟
views. It can be identified through the character‟s attitude when she
compares the views and perceptions toward the three countries‟ view.
Below is the preliminary literary data taken from the novel. It covers the levels
of analysis seen through three levels of exoticism namely cultural, religious,
and economic levels.
3.7 Data Presentation
The literary data taken from the novels covers the representation of Italy,
India, and Indonesia which appeals to the character of the novel Eat, Pray,
Love. The data are taken by reading the text closely and categorized in terms
of the levels of exoticism which is going to be analyzed. Three levels of
analysis are presented in the following table including the levels of cultural,
Level of Exoticism & flat-out tripped over itself and fell on its face. Then
to her origin, the prices is
cheaper. Thus, she thinks
The literary data presented in the table above are instances of the
analytical level evidenced in the novel under study. In the chapter to follow,
the data will be explored in a more depth.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION
This chapter collects the results of the research and interprets them in the
form of conclusion of the representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia in Eat,
Pray, Love. This chapter also provides suggestions for further analysis.
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the results of data analysis, some points can be concluded. First,
the representation portrayal of Italy, India, and Indonesia as exotic destinations
can be seen through three levels of exoticism; cultural level, religious level, and
economic level. The levels of exoticism are the points which determine the level
of the observed object’s ability to fulfill the observer’s desire for exotic
experience. According to Gilbert, Italy is exotic due to its cultural level which
involves the language, natives, and culinary. Differently from the first destination,
India is appealing because of its religious aspects such as religious figure and
ritual which fulfill Gilbert’s desire to get devotional experience. Finally Indonesia,
Gilbert believes that the country is fascinated due to the balance of both worldly
and spiritual pleasure which manifests the social life in the island of Bali.
Gilbert considers Italy, India, and Indonesia as different to her own
homeland but still has the similar position in the social level. The social level is
seen through her world view and the natives of three countries’ world view which
are compared and contrasted. From the comparison, Gilbert awares that each
differences should be perceived as heterogeneity by respecting the badness and
goodness of each culture. Compared to the nineteenth Europeans’ stereotype of
the Other which Said states (1978), Gilbert’s representation about the three
countries, especially India and Bali, is contrasting
The perception towards the observed object as exotic thing does not
always leads to a negative representation if the observer respects the existence of
heterogeneity. However, the perception is influenced by the background
knowledge and the motivation of the observer for travelling to the destination
country. The perception may also changes as the observer sees the reality,
experiences and immerses to the social life of the target culture.
5.2 Suggestion
Considering to the findings of the research, some suggestions are given for
further research which focuses on the analysis of travel writing. First, a further
study is suggested to analyze travel writing not only by focusing on textual
analysis but also reader to author centered analysis.
Next, the further researchers can adopt different theories. There are a lot of
topics that can be analyzed in this writing even though the main theme of travel
writing is description of experience during the journey. Marxism, gender,
feminism and psychoanalysis are instances of topic that can be used as the
approach to reveal and deepen investigation of travel writing analysis. The
researcher may also conduct a comparative study towards travel writing written
Specifically, related to the analysis of Eat, Pray, Love, the research can be
approached through feminist and psychoanalyst perspectives. Therefore, travel
writing is not limited to the representation of the other, but it can be widely
explored using various literary theories.
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