THE RESILIENCE OF BEACH-LINE SOCIETY OF KEDONGANAN VILLAGE, BADUNG BALI: THE APPROACH OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS.

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3 THE RESILIENCE OF BEACH-LINE SOCIETY OF KEDONGANAN VILLAGE, BADUNG BALI: THE APPROACH OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND

INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS

M eydianawathi, Luh Gede; Desy Aprilani, Putu

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, beach-line society which is predominantly fisherman and fish seller

is confronted with spectrum of changes. Those changes could vary from

changes in regulation to ecosystem condition come where each of it has various

characters that finally should be responded by resiliency. Resilience refers to

the capacity of a system to absorb disturbances and re-organize while

undergoing change so as to still remain essentially the same function, structure,

identity, and feedbacks (Walker et al on Schouten et al, 2009: 3). Being more

resilient means a beach-line society can better cope with changes without

immediately ending up in negative cycle after a disturbance. This paper further

eradicates on the concept of resilience by exploring the detail of what the

importance of resilience theory within fisherman society in Kedonganan

Village, Badung Bali

using two approaches such as Social Capital and

Institutional Factor. Thus, this research will answer two questions Firstly, to

investigate the importance of social capital and institutional factor toward the

daily life of fishermen in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali. Secondly, explain

the correlation of social capital and institutional factor to resiliency of fishermen

in Kedonganan Village, Badung. One of four functions is statistically significant

and proper to be further analyzed. Combining micro founded structural

approach with empirical models, taking into account the correlation of

covariates: norm, social network, trust, hope, social role, economic role and

culture, in response to internal and external shocks that considered constructing

resiliency of fisherman. Furthermore, the canonical weight and canonical

loading found that 2 variables are above 0.5 including economic role and social

network.

Keywords: Resilience, Social Capital, Social Network, Beach-Line, Kedonganan

INTRODUCTION

Harvey Leibenstein revealed a thesis of the critical minimum effort as an

action to release a developing country from the vicious circle of poverty. Based

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needed to stimulate economic from the underdeveloped stage the more

advanced stage (Arsyad, 1998 p.81). Furthermore, Lewis in Arsyad (1995, p.95)

proposed the importance of balance development action between agriculture

and industry, and between local and international sectors to ensure the efficient

linkage and benefit.

Phenomena teach us that the transformation or structure shift in

economy that happened in a certain region is inevitable. To illustrate, a region

faces agriculture restructuring condition when its population decrease, while

other regions might have gained more benefit from their better agriculture

capacity into an agribusiness oriented economy (Schouten Marleen et.al, 2009

p.3). Differences in power to enhance capacity for a region as illustrated before

shows differences in resilience and adaptation ability toward any possibilities of

changes it faces. The ability to adapt any changes either due to the shift of

economic structure or other factors (e.g social system and ecology) called as a

resiliency.

The unpreparedness of people in adopting and adapting changes,

suspected as one cause of the society gap that finally ended up to the existing of

new poverty clusters. This condition occurs frequently in the primary sector

dominant region like in agriculture and coastal areas. Generally, region which

for the most part before produces rise will turn slowly into a service sector

oriented or industrial region. A noticeable change as shown by Kedonganan

Village, Badung region in Bali is one of the best example to explain how a

traditional coastal areas turns into a pre-modern beach-line society.

Kedonganan village has a total area of about 191 hectares with a

population of 11,800 people, of whom approximately 51.7% temporary

migrants (Village Monograph, 2007, in Suadi, 2009 p.268). It is also a popular

coastal area for tourist beside Kuta Beach and Jimbaran Beach. Based on the

data of Kuta District in Number (Center Statistic Bureau, 2011), 18 percent or

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working in fisheries sector. This number is certainly showing a decreasing

tendency from time to time since local people are no longer interested to

persistently keep their previous job as an original fisherman but turn into

industry and service sectors around the fishery sector. Interestingly, there are

no sharp economic gap in term of transition phase that faced by Kedonganan

Village beach-line society. This transition was caused by the entry of tourism

industry to the society around year 1990s. Start from that time, the Kedonganan

Village change from a very traditional and natural fishery village into a tourism

village with many tourism infrastructures like hotels, restaurants, money

changer, and travel agencies. The general figures of Kedonganan Village is

described in Table 1 below.

Table 1. General Figures of Kedonganan Village

Items Remarks

Total Territory

190.7 Ha

Customary Village (Desa Adat)

1 unit

Village section (Banjar)

6 hamlets

Popoulation:

a.

Local

b.

Migrant

5,703 people

6,097 people

Main Employment (local)

a.

Public services

b.

ABRI (military)

c.

Private sector

d.

Business and services

e.

Farming

f.

Fishing

g.

Other

96 people

27 people

897 people

1,116 people

61 people

200 people

21 people

Source: Village Monograph, 2007 in Suadi (2009, p.268)

The preliminary investigation revealed that fishermen in Kedonganan

Village have a specific trait that forms their resiliency. Some of that are social

capital and institutional factor. The goal of this study is first to investigate the

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fishermen in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali. Second, this study will explain

the correlation of social capital and institutional factor with traits that form

resiliency of fishermen in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali as one of the

biggest fishery village in Bali. The second purpose will also explain the most

important variable in each social capital and institutional factor that correlate

strongly toward the resiliency of fishermen.

This paper is divided into 6 sections which are introduction, theoretical

framework, research methods, survey results, statistic findings, and conclusion.

The issue of resiliency in correlate with social capital and institutional factors

will be explained most in findings including the importance of considerable

variables that occur specifically in the investigated village.

TEORITICAL FRAM EW ORK

Transition Theory as Community Resilience Framework

According to Wilson (2012, p.1221), transition theory can be seen from a

social science perspective as

“ a theoretical framework that attempts to understand and unravel

socio-economic, political, cultural and environmental complexities of societal

transitions from one state of organization to another. Transition theory

suggests that, at times, coherent phases of societal organization can be

identified…while at other times complex and even chaotic transitional

characteristics may dominate, leading eventually to a new set of ‘structured

coherences’…”

Some studies used transition theory as a theoretical approach to

understand societal change particularly in rural transition and sustainability

transition (Wilson, 2012,p.1221). There are key stages or periods in societal

change that assumed by the transition theory, that any of these stages will

influence and become the starting point for the next transition. In rural

transition, for example, a community will face three phases of transitional

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(Figure 1). Bailey and Wilson (2009) in Wilson (2012, p.1222) mentioned that in

those processes, social memory implies that knowledge, experience and

accumulated wisdom are passed on from generation to generation within a

community, ‘learning pathways’ which, in turn, often streamline transitional

processes characterized by path dependency. Human institution and form of

governance in such pathways can actively influence all the processes.

The characteristic of the transition theory framework for conceiving

resilience is various (Bailey and Wilson, 2009 in Wilson, 2012, p.1222). First, it is

important to focus on the ‘contingencies of transaction’ by understanding the

interaction between local-migrant communities. Second, transition theory

allows both, geographical and time scale, to forecast into the future based on

existing pathways of change. Third, transition theory empower the unraveling

of relations in politics, ideology, culture, and behavior that contribute towards

resilience of local communities through its focus on understanding the

continuation, stability, or disruption of particular transitional processes and

their effects in creating predictable transitional behaviors.

Weak economic, social and environment capital (vulnerable communities) Strong economic, social and envirenmental capital (resilient community)

a b

transational ruptutre

period of readjustment

period of recovery

Re

si

ll

ie

nc

e

Time

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Other approach that argued by Abel et al (2006, p.3) explained about

how the concept of capital links resilience theory to economic, sociology,

ecology and boarder discussions about sustainability. In this approach

recognizing key resilience drivers linked to economic, socio-political,

psychological and indeed moral issues (Cutter et al., 2008 in Wilson, 2012,

p.1222). Furthermore, a limited set of capitals may give a linier feel to a process

or property became a problem in equate it to social resilience. The former

researcher, Bourdieu (1987), was arguing about strengthening the concept of

capital because of an over-emphasis on economic capital, and has proposed the

existence of three key capitals: economic capital (material property), social

capital (networks of social connections and mutual obligations) and cultural

capital (prestige). Based on that three capitals, Wilson has designed a concept

on the basis of how well the “ critical triangle” of economic, social and

environmental capital is developed in a given community and how three

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9 Theory of Social Capital

Social capital has a very large and complex dimension. It is different with

human capital which much more refers to individual dimension including

ability and expertise property owned by individuals. While social capital is

more about either individual or group potential and the relationship between

groups within a social network, norm, value, and trust between members who

born from the group’s member and become the norm of the group Yuliarmi

(2011).

The urgency of social capital variable is also mentioned by Putnam

(1990) in Fukuyama (1995) that political stability, for the effectiveness of

governmental procedure and also economic enhancement, social capital even

much more pivotal compare to the importance of physical capital or human

capital. Pattern of developing country’s development which seldom neglecting

the role of social capital as described by Mawardi in Yuliarmi (2011, p 3) who

strongly claimed that the people empowerment program in many countries

SOCI AL

CAPI T AL

EN V I RON M EN TAL CAPI T AL ECON OM I C

CAPI T AL

Strongly resilient communities

Weakly resilient communities

Moderately resilient/vulnerable communities

Figure 2. Community resilience. Vulnerability, and Economic, Social and Environmenttal Capital

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including Indonesia is too much rely on the importance of natural capital and

modern economic capital like capital goods produced by human, technology,

and management and often put aside the contribution of social capital such as

local institutional, local wisdom, norms and local habit.

Durlauf and Fafchamps (2005), in Shoji et al., (2012, p.2522), described

social capital as informal forms of institution and organizations that are based

on social relationship, networks, and associations that create share knowledge,

mutual trust, social norms and unwritten rules. Some research even show that a

rural community with more social capital are enjoy more better public services,

adopt advanced agricultural practices, and participated in communal activities,

and that can increase individual income. Some important elements that

proposed by researchers to which develop a social capital are information, trust,

and norm. Social capital also add some subjective elements, cultural processes

such as trust/ expectation, and norm that facilitating social action of the

community.

The Theory of Resilience

Changes in many aspect of surrounding human’s life have been creating

efforts to survive which either conscious or unconsciously affect their previous

way of life. The change, which on this paper is identified as ‘the moment’, can

become a triggering cause of the fundamental structural change of the social

system. From that fundamental structural change, there is a chance that the

existing society will experience changes completely by abandoning the whole

characters they have or maintain some of that while others transform as a part

of survival effort. The ability of adapt and survive the shock hereinafter known

as resilience.

As many research and researchers have found, the

knowledge

of

resilience has been started from the issue of ecology during the late 1960s and

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(2009). Resilience research between the late 1970s and 1990s began to focus on

an extended ecological resilience definition which investigated whether

ecological resilience could be applied to human system under the umbrella of

‘social-ecological resilience’ (Wilson, 2012 p.1220). Hastrup (2009) in Wilson

(2012 p.1220) suggested that the social-ecological framework has been criticized

for relying too heavily on deterministic and positivist natural science-based

behavioral assumptions that may not necessarily be true for the resilience of

human system. Afterwards, the result of the criticisms has been an emergent

third strand of research focused on the resilience of human systems and

communities, referred to as social resilience (Wilson, 2012 p. 1220). Social

resilience is defined as “ the ability of groups or communities to cope with

external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political, and

environmental change” (Adger, 2000 p.347 in Brand and Jax, 2007).

The generally accepted definition of resilience has been ‘‘the capacity of a

system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change to still

retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks.

Resilience is measured by the size of the displacement the system can tolerate

and yet return to a state where a given function can be maintained’’ (Forbes et

al., 2009, p. 22041). As a result, resilience has become a powerful notion that

transcends both the natural and social sciences and that is increasingly used as a

basis for policy-making.

The term Community Resilience (CR) is used to describe the

community’s ability to deal with crises or disruptions (O.Cohen,et.al, 2012 p.1).

To add, Magis in O.Cohen,et.al (2012, p.1) described resilience as “ the existence,

development, and engagement of community resources by community

members to thrive in an environment characterized by change, uncertainty,

unpredictability, and surprise. Nowadays, the notion of resilience may be

beginning to replace ‘sustainability’ as the buzzword of political and

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vulnerability have begun to provide an important conceptual framework to

understand how communities respond and adapt to environmental and societal

changes (Adger, 2006).

RESEARCH METHODS

To simplify the analysis of many revealed phenomena using evidences

available, thus this exploratory research will adopt either qualitative approach

or quantitative approach (mixed method). The qualitative approach will be

used to answer question of problems which relate to the structure changes of

society, the identification and exploration of the unwritten factors of social

capital for example the customary law, norm, trust and the impact toward

society’s resilience (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994, p.4). Furthermore, to obtain an

adequate level of generalization, the quantitative approach used to investigate

the perception of society regarding aspects of social capital and institutional

factor which correlate to the society’s social and economic resilience. Data

collection techniques include small-group discussion, open ended and

semi-structured interviews, oral histories, and detailed case studies. Case study is

used as a basic consideration to capture the deep figure of individuals, groups,

or organization to test the fitness of theory and or to test whether one theory is

better than others (Page & Meyer, 2000, p.22).

Research took place in Fish Market Kedonganan Village, Badung

Regency Bali with fisherman resilience as the research object. Kedonganan

Fisherman Village was chosen for several reasons such as:

1)

Fish Market in Kedonganan Village has the biggest capacity of fish

production in Badung Regency and supply some others fish market

outside the regency. One of them is Fish Market in Kusamba, Klungkung

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2)

Beach-line society of Kedonganan Village shows a various function

characteristic in social life for example beside being a full time fisherman,

some of them also work as a fish retailer in the fish market, fish-grill

service, culinary business (own restaurant) or any other services that

related to tourism.

3)

The society shows a significant structural shift in economic activity

shown by the changes in the level of fisherman job vacancy within the

last 2 decades.

The respondent included individuals such as fisherman (either local or

migrant), entrepreneur (local business owner of beach-view restaurant), and

officials from local government, the administrative village (Desa Dinas), the

customary village (Desa Adat or DA), The village credit institution (Lembaga

Perkreditan Desa or LPD), the coastal management board (BPKP2K), fisheries

cooperatives (KUD). The total number of respondents were 84 persons (37 local

fishermen, 33 migrant fisherman, and 2 respondents from each institutions

including entrepreneur), age range between 22 – 65 years old (45 years old in

average).

To analyze the community resilience, some indicators proposed by

Wilson (2012, p.) where community resilience is the conceptual space at the

intersection between economic, social, and environmental capital. Putnam

(1995) in Yuliarmi (2011) mentioned that the social capital refers to traits of

social organization including networks, norm, and trust which facilitate the

coordination and the conduct for a mutual benefit among parties. Meanwhile,

institutional factors, adapted from Yuliarmi’s questionnaire (Yuliarmi, 2011),

are measured by indicators of social role, cultural role, economic role, and

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14 SURVEY RESULTS

Local and M igrant Fishermen in Kedonganan Village

The fishermen respondents divided into two ethnic group: local/

Balinese ethnic (fisher who was born and have permanent residence in

Kedonganan Village), and migrant ethnic (mostly came from: Madura, Lombok

and Banyuwangi). Both of the groups have a clear division of strata in terms of

job distribution over the fisheries. Local fishermen are usually acts as the owner

of boats and other supporting necessary infrastructure of fisheries; meanwhile,

migrant fishermen are 'laborers', working under the instructions of local

fishermen.

It is interesting to know that the local fishermen can divided into two

categories based on their main activities in fishery. First category are those who

still making fishing as their main occupation. There are no certain data about

how many local fisher still active fishing to the sea this last year. Gede Sudiarta

(44 years old), Vice Head of “ Kertha Bali” fishermen group, mentioned that

there are a certain decrease of local fishermen amount in go fishing by

themselves, to around 65 fishermen (about 5% from total 130 of local

fishermen). Local fishermen in first category also employ some migrant fisher.

Second category are those who no longer fishing on the sea. As the owner of the

boat, they fully depend on their worker to gain some benefit from the fishery.

Local fishermen from this category usually have other activities (etc: running

other business, or at other formal office), and put a fisher as their additional job.

Local fishermen in Kedonganan Village are members of two major

groups of fishermen in Kedonganan, namely Kertha Bali Group and Putra Bali

Group. Each group consists of 60 members. They separate in to three small

groups based on their responsibility in fishing (catch fish), fish collector, and

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15 Economic Transition in Kedonganan Village

The most noticeable transition in economic structure of Kedonganan

Village is appears on the main occupation of the people. It is changing from

mostly in primary sector (fishermen) to tertiary sector (trade and services). The

rapid expansion of tourism since 1990s also brought changes to job

opportunities in to tourism-related activities, including hotels, transportation,

and beach-view seafood restaurants. Those who were not working at the

tourism, has also transform from a fisherman in to a fish trader and fish

collector at the market in Kedonganan Village.

Respondent I Ketut Madra (50 years old), Head of Microfinance

Institution (LPD) Kedonganan, states that the changing of the economic

structure in Kedonganan Village started around 1980s, by the shifting of the

traditional fishing system to semi-modern fishing system, particularly in using

trawl boats (motorized boats). On that time, a famous state owned commercial

bank in corporate with Kedonganan fisheries cooperatives (KUD Kedonganan),

give non-collateral loans to the local fisher in order to help them having a

motorized boat. Those loans not only earned by personal fisher but fisher group

as well. In this process, KUD Kedonganan tried to develop their business, then

gives chance to migrant fisher (from Banyuwangi) to catch and trade fish in

Kedonganan Village area.

The situation continued until there was a conflict appears between local

and migrant fishermen. Moreover another problem arises when the KUD

Kedonganan, failed to control the circulation of fish quantity which coming

from the sea. The over-production of the fish made some environment problem

at the sea shore of Kedonganan Village, such as: air and land pollution. Other

social problems like prostitution became a serious problem for the society.

Wilson (2012, p.1222) expressed this condition as common condition (namely:

community transition) which is usually happen in the early stage of resilient

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which can happen because of the imbalance of the economic and environment

changes adopted between two or more ethnic groups.

Next stage to go to reliance communities is what Wilson (2012, p.1222)

mentioned as a “ period of readjustment” . In this phase, small groups of local

fishermen become more recessive because felt less competitive than migrant

fisher. Until they start thinking about how to stay alive in the land, being a

trader, a driver, and also build a shop, café and beach-view seafood restaurants.

At that time there were many restaurants occupying the coastal areas, as the

effect of tourism expansion.

Based on the Regional Act No. 29/ 1995, restaurants at Kedonganan

actually located at coastal border areas, it against the rules on Land Use of

public areas. In line with the magnitude of tourism industry development in

Kedonganan 1990s, the number of restaurant continues to increase up to more

than 50 buildings restaurant (BPKP2K in Suadi, 2009). The increasing number of

restaurant crowded into the limited space of the coastline, and marginalized

sacred space used for religious ceremonies.

Moreover, the data also showed that the ownership of the restaurants is

dominated by non-local community (only less than 20% of the restaurant

owned / managed by the local community). Setting efforts then conducted by

involving village authorities (customary village and administrative village). At

this phase the resistance condition of fishermen community in Kedonganan

entering a new stage, known as “ the period of recovery” .

The Involvement of Local Institution to form the Resiliency Traits

In 2006 three village institutions, customary village (Desa Adat),

administrative village (Desa Dinas), and village council (Lembaga

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat), were initiated to rearrange the utilization of

coastal resources in Kedonganan Village. One km in length of coastal area was

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restaurant, and other socio-cultural purposes. The construction and reallocation

of new restaurants became the main focus of the community. The village

meeting was decided built 24 units restaurant, and equally distributed to six

hamlet (banjar). People in each hamlet became the shareholders of one

restaurant, and can elected managers to run the business and decide on the

sharing system within their own group.

Besides that three common institutions, financial institutions also have

important role in develop the resillience of the community in Kedonganan.

Local fishermen have easier access than migrant fishermen in geting loan from

Village Financial Institution (Lembaga Perkreditan Desa/ LPD), and Fisheries

Cooperative (Koperasi Unit Desa/ KUD). It is because of the rule of LPD that

only local people “ member of customary village” can get services facilities

access from LPD. Meanwhile, migrant fishermen mostly are non-permanent

resident, so the KUD or BPR should be more selective in giving loan to migrant

fishermen in order to decresing the risk. According to Basley &Coate (1995);

Karlan (2007); Karlan, Mobious, Rosenblat, & Szeidl (2009) in Shoji et al. (2012,

p.2523), households with poor access to a formal credit market may constantly

invest in social capital to secure access to informal credit sources, because social

capital improves credit market accessibility through social environmental social

collateral mechanisms.

There are also an unique networking between the local and migrant

fishermen related to the financial problem of migrant fishermen. When the

migrant fishermen need more money to fulfil their needs, they will borrow it

from their leader (fishing boat owner from local fishermen). The migrant

fishermen who came from the same place (usually has the same ethnic),

sometimes makes a small group or, their group, usually come from the same

ethnic, will lend them some money. Indeed, many studies have shown the

importance of social networks in making available informal credit and other

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Fafchamps & Lund, 2003; Ligon, Thomas & Worrall, 2002; Murgai, Winters,

Sadoulet, & de Janvry, 2003, in Shoji et al., 2012 p.2523).

ECONOMETRIC APPROACH AND RESULTS

To answer the second question of this research, the canonical correlation

multivariate analysis found the result as explained below,

Firstly, test for function fitness simultaneously using 4(four) different methods

found that all functions are significant statistically which shown by the

significant level below 0.05. The result also can be interpreted as all functions

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Table 2. Analysis of Variance

* * * * * * A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e -- design 1 * * * * * *

EFFECT .. WITHIN CELLS Regression

Multivariate Tests of Significance (S = 4, M = 1 1/2, N = 28 )

Test Name Value Approx. F Hypoth. DF Error DF Sig. of F

Pillais .67469 1.54709 32.00 244.00 .036 Hotellings .84778 1.49686 32.00 226.00 .049 Wilks .47060 1.52710 32.00 215.49 .042 Roys .27059

- - - - -

Eigenvalues and Canonical Correlations

Root No. Eigenvalue Pct. Cum. Pct. Canon Cor. Sq. Cor

1 .371 43.758 43.758 .520 .271

2 .247 29.108 72.866 .445 .198

3 .125 14.707 87.573 .333 .111

4 .105 12.427 100.000 .309 .095

- - - - -

Dimension Reduction Analysis

Roots Wilks L. F Hypoth. DF Error DF Sig. of F

1 TO 4 .47060 1.52710 32.00 215.49 .042 2 TO 4 .64518 1.33445 21.00 169.97 .159 3 TO 4 .80439 1.14977 12.00 120.00 .327 4 TO 4 .90469 1.28534 5.00 61.00 .282

- - -

Source: Primary Data, 2012

Table 2 describes the number of functions that produced from the

calculation. Root number explained the total functions from the correlation

which is 4 functions. As shown by Table 1 that all 4 functions showing different

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for function 2 (Sig of F: 0.159 > 0.05); 0.333 for function 3 (Sig of F: 0.327 > 0.05) ;

and 0.309 for function 4 (Sig of F: 0.282 > 0.05). It means that only Function 1 is

eligible to be further processed. Therefore, even though all functions are

simultaneously significant, yet partial assessment shows that only 1 function

(Function no. 1) that can be further processed.

Secondly, to analyze the contribution of independent variables within

independent canonical variate and dependent variables within dependent

canonical variate, 2 different methods below describe the result clearly.

Method 1. Canonical Weights

Table 3. Canonical weights for Dependent Variables

Standardized canonical coefficients for DEPENDENT variables Function No.

Variable 1 2 3 4

WH -.245 .310 -.462 -.807

Inc -.808 .029 -.482 .382 Osc .558 -.007 -.762 .342 Cap .002 -.941 -.088 -.353

Source: Primary Data, 2012

Description: WH (Working hour); Inc (Income); Osc (Outsource Migrant

Fisherman);Cap (Capital)

Using the value of canonical weights, take a look at only function 1 that

there are only 2 variables that shows value above 0.5 which are income (inc)

and number of outsource migrant fisherman hired. Income refers to the

monthly income earned by fisherman from fishery activity only. Outsource

refers to the number of migrant fisherman hired by the local fisherman for each

boat. While for the independent variables within the independent canonical

variate, there are 2 variables with higher canonical weight than 0.5 which are

Economic role (0.725) and Social Network (0.544). Economic role as a variate of

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Kedonganan Village including the customary village, the administrative village,

and the financial institution (LPD/ Fishery Cooperative/ BPR). Social network

as a variate of social capital refers to the network that exists between fishermen

and other fisherman, services users, buyer, and institutions.

Table 4. Canonical weights for Independent Variables

Standardized canonical coefficients for COVARIATES CAN. VAR.

COVARIATE 1 2 3 4

EcRole -.725 .345 .014 -.234 SocRole .051 .060 .306 -.579 Cult .304 -.283 .836 -.624 FinRole -.072 .695 .110 -.107 SocNet .544 .560 -.081 .343 Hope -.162 .081 .545 .731 Norm .356 .211 .531 .094 Trust -.243 .564 .508 -.148

- - -

Source: Primary Data, 2012

Description: EcRole(Economic Role); SocRole(Social Role); Cult(Culture);

FinRole(Financial Role); SocNet(Social Network)

Method 2. Canonical Loadings

Table 5. Canonical loadings for Dependent Variables

Correlations between DEPENDENT and canonical variables Function No.

Variable 1 2 3 4

WH -.106 .348 -.448 -.817 Inc -.804 -.124 -.397 .424 Osc .581 -.023 -.772 .257 Cap -.064 -.952 -.154 -.258

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Table 5 illustrates that within dependent canonical variates there are 2 variables

with canonical loadings higher than 0.5 which are income (0.804) and outsource

(0.581). This result is parallel with the previous method.

Table 6.Canonical loadings for Independent Variables

Correlations between COVARIATES and canonical variables CAN. VAR.

Covariate 1 2 3 4

EcRole -.585 .094 -.012 -.364 SocRole -.177 -.071 -.120 -.338 Cult .267 -.141 .557 -.503 FinRole -.163 .631 .296 -.261 SocNet .641 .470 -.331 -.076 Hope -.444 -.178 .539 .572 Norm .236 -.044 .363 .224 Trust .051 .449 .050 .238

- - -

Source: Primary Data, 2012

Based on the Table 6 , there are 2 variables with canonical loadings higher than

0.5 which are Economic Role (0.585) and Social Network (0.641). Again this

method describes the same result with the previous one.

The interpretation:

Using the result of canonical weights and canonical loadings, we can conclude

that;

1.

There is a significant simultaneously correlation between fisherman

resilience with variable of social capital and institutional factors from the

beach-line society in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali.

2.

From 8 variables that form independent variable, there are only 2

variables that have a strong correlation with the society resiliency which

are Economic Role and Social Network.

3.

The negative sign of the Economic Role means that there is a negative

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The higher economic role of the customary village, the administrative

village, and the financial institutions, the lower income and number

outsource fisherman hired by the local fisherman. This is possible

because of the fisherman in Kedonganan Village, mostly have

complimentary job that earn more stable income in terms of value and

time. Besides, period of fishing is vulnerable to climate and fishing

seasons. In fact, financial intermediaries are tend to give an equal

treatment to all client they have in terms of credit loan interest (Madra,

50 years old, The Head of Village Credit Institution, Kedonganan

Village)

4.

The positive sign of the social network means that there is a positive

correlation between the social network and the fisherman resilience. The

tighter social network they have, the higher resilience of fisherman in

Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali. This is explained as when social

network between fishermen, fishermen and buyers, fishermen and the

institution are strong, fishermen will have a broader access to improve

their resiliency trait that on this paper is described with income and

number of outsource fishermen hired.

CONCLUSION

We have tried in this paper to shed some light on the nature of fishermen

resilience in Kedonganan Village, Badung Bali by using 2 approaches which are

the social capital and the institutional factor. The economic transition in

Kedonganan village has reached the 3

rd

phase of Wilson’s transitional raptures,

readjustment, and recovery in community transition phase. Reaching this

position means that the society has already able to articulate well the function

of social capital and institutional factor that exist and naturally become the

character of the Kedonganan society that support the resilience trait. To be more

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24

resilience. Meanwhile, the economic role of any institutions on the village

considered as the main factor that support the economic resilience of

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