THE USE OF WESTERN LOANWORDS IN SPIRIT SECTION OF
SUARA MERDEKA NEWSPAPER
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan.
Stefanus Maranta Lahade 112011018
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
SALATIGA
ii
The Use of Western Loanwords in Spirit Section of Suara Merdeka
Newspaper
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan.
Stefanus Maranta Lahade 112011018
Approved by :
Elisabet Titik, M. TransStud., PhD Maria Christina Eko S. M. Hum
iii
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text.
Copyright@2015. Stefanus Maranta Lahade and Elisabet Titik Murtisari, M. TransStud., PhD.
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without the permission of at least one of the copyright owners or the English Language Education Program, Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga
iv
PUBLICATION AGREEMENT DECLARATION
As a member of the (SWCU) Satya Wacana Christian University academic community, I verify that:
Name : Stefanus Maranta Lahade
Student ID Number : 112011018
Study Program : English Language Education Program Faculty : English and Literature
Kind of Work : Undergraduate Thesis
In developing my knowledge, I agree to provide SWCU with non-exclusive royalty free right for my intellectual property and the contents therein entitled:
The Use of Western Loanwords in Spirit Section of Suara Merdeka Newspaper Along with any pertinent equipment.
With this non-exclusive royalty free right, SWCU maintains the right copy, reproduce, print, publish, post, display, incorporate, store in or scan into a retrieval system or database, transmit, broadcast, barter, or sell, my intellectual, property, in whole or in part without my express written permission, as long as my name is still included as the writer.
This declaration is made according to the best of my knowledge. Made in : Salatiga
Date : 27 August 2015 Verified by signee,
Stefanus Maranta Lahade Approved by
Thesis Supervisor Thesis Examiner
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover ... i
Approval Page ... ii
Copyright Statement ... iii
Publication Agreement Declaration ... iv
Table of Content ... v
Thesis Body Abstract ... 1
Key Words ... 1
Introduction... 2
Literature Review ... 5
Western Loanwords ... 5
Types of Loanwords ... 5
Types of Loanwords in Indonesian Newspaper ... 7
English Loanwords in Sport Section of Indonesian Newspaper ... 8
The Effect of Loanwords on Indonesian ... 8
Research Methodology ... 9
Type of Research ... 9
Context of Study ... 9
Data and Source of Data ... 10
Data Collection and Analysis... 10
Findings and Discussion ... 11
Western Loanwords in the Spirit Section of Suara Merdeka ... 11
Types of Western Loanwords ... 11
Necessary loanwords ... 11
Unnecessary Loanwords ... 12
Discussion of the Findings ... 14
Conclusion ... 16
Acknowledgement... 18
References ... 19
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The Use of Western Loanwords in Spirit Section of Suara Merdeka
Newspaper
Stefanus M Lahade
Abstract
This study focuses on Western loanwords in newspaper. The fact that Western language such as English, Latin, and Dutch language has significant influence towards Indonesian because there are many Indonesian words have been adapted from them and that Western loanwords often used in sport articles of newspaper, the writer then intends to conduct a research on Western loanwords in a sport section in a newspaper. That is the Spirit section of Suara Merdeka. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative approach. In this study, the data were taken from Spirit articles of Suara Merdeka newspaper from January 2nd to 31st, 2015. To know whether the loanwords in articles are adapted from Western or other languages, the writer used Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia and Kamus Kata Serapan. This study use Jendra’s theory about the types of loanwords which divide into two types, necessary loanwords and unnecessary loanwords. The findings show that there are 552 Western loanwords found in the articles. For the types of loanwords, there are 459 necessary loanwords and 93 unnecessary loanwords. Necessary loanwords is the type that are most frequently used in the articles. This study may contribute to the the understanding of the words that considered as necessary and unnecessary loanwords in Indonesian language which are adapted from Western loanwords, and language usage in newspaper.
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INTRODUCTION
According to Samsuri (1994) loanwords in Indonesian have been influenced by two languages, local languages such as Javanese and Sundanese. Foreign languages such as Dutch, Arabic, English, and Latin. English, Dutch, and Latin as
foreign language in Indonesia are the most dominant languages that have contributed to the development of Indonesian language. The influence of Western
language in Indonesia was started since the arrival Portuguese into Indonesia in the early Sixteenth Century (Jones, 2008). At that time, the Portuguese are the main
influences of Western language in Indonesia to the regional languages (Lambert, 2012). A century later, the Portuguese began to be shifted by the arrival of Dutch. According to Tadmor (as cited in Matras, 2007) Dutch tried to educate the elite
Indonesian in Dutch school, therefore, many of the elites Indonesian who likely to use Dutch language. This makes Portuguese or Latin language, and Dutch language
have big influence in Indonesian.
In the case of English, English did not just influence Indonesian in the past because Great Britain had ruled Indonesian for few years, but also made big
influence to Indonesian in this globalization era. English is the language that makes great influence towards language in the world. The research conducted by Rice
University also shows that “English is the second or third most popular world language with around 402 million speakers. It is also the most popular second language in the world" (Kemmer, 2003, p. 23). The statement above also explained
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not just affect how people communicate with each other but also languages that people used around the world. Crystal (1997) said that the appearance of English
can affect the structure of other languages especially providing a source of loanwords for use by other languages. Loanwords is a word that is not from the
language itself, but was borrowed from other languages and adapted to the recipient language (Campbell, 1998). Because Western languages played a big role on the development of Indonesian, therefore, there are many Indonesian words that have
been adapted from those Western languages, such as the words teknologi (technology), stabilitas (stability), negatif (negative), and many more. These
Western loanwords can also be found in mass media, for example, in oral communication like radio and television and written communication such as
magazines and newspapers.
Newspapers, as a written communication normally contains many topics and updated issues that happen in society, for example, the topic and issues about
sports. A daily newspaper usually has a sport section and in sport articles, there are Western loanwords often used because many sport term usually from English and
Latin word.
Based on some particular concerns that Western languages have significant influence towards loanwords in Indonesian, and also that sport articles in daily
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This research aims to find Western loanwords used in the articles of the sport section in Suara Merdeka newspaper. Second is to know the loanwords that
necessary or unnecessary used in the articles. This study may contribute particularly about Western loanwords in Indonesian vocabulary and also the understanding of
the words that considered as necessary and unnecessary loanwords in Indonesian language which are adapted from Western loanwords. This study may give the understanding about the connection between Western loanwords and history of
Indonesian language because basically the use of language is inseparable from the time the language was used and created. Besides that, this study may give an
explanation about unnecessary loanwords in a newspaper which may affect Indonesian language as national pride and identity. Lastly, this study may give a future reference for another researcher in the future on the subject of loanwords in
newspapers.
Suara Merdeka newspaper is an Indonesian language newspaper, as a formal
mass media, this newspaper should use Indonesian correctly. However, when reading the newspaper, particularly on Spirit section, the researcher found a significant use of loanwords. Therefore, the researcher is interested to know if the
loanwords in articles should have been borrowed or not because if the Suara Merdeka newspaper as mass media read by many Indonesian people often use
unnecessary loanwords it also could affect the language used by Indonesian. So the researcher came up with two research questions, first is what are Western loanwords used in the articles? And what are the necessary and unnecessary Western
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Western Loanwords
Definition of loanword was proposed by Campbell (1998) as “a lexical item (a words) which has been borrowed from another language, a word which originally
was not part of the vocabulary of the recipient language but was adopted from some other language” (p. 56). According to Crystal (1994) borrowing words or loanwords are the production of words from one language or dialect into another. From the
definitions above, loanwords can be defined as those adopted from another language, and may suffer from some changes (phonemic or grapheme) to adapt to
the recipient language. Therefore, Western loanwords that will be discussed in this research means words that are borrowed from Western languages such as Latin, Dutch, Italy, and English and may go through some changes (phonemic or
grapheme) to adapt with Indonesian language.
Types of loanwords
According to Jendra (2010) there are two types of loanwords in Indonesian. The first one is named necessary loanwords. Necessary loanwords are words borrowed from other languages because there are no word in recipient language that
could express the words' meaning. The next type of loanwords is unnecessary loanwords. Unnecessary loanwords are borrowed from a foreign language, although
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clear what is meant by synonymy in this definition because there are different types of this semantic category. Therefore, it needs to be elucidated.
Lyons (1977) proposed some theories about synonyms. There are three types of synonyms, Full synonymy, total synonymy, and complete synonymy. Full
synonym is synonyms which have identical meanings. Total synonymy is synonyms that are synonymous in all contexts. Complete synonymy is the synonym
that are identical at all levels of meaning.
So equivalent or synonym means in this present study is the full synonym. Lyson’s typologies mentioned above can complete the explanation of the types of loanwords from Jendra. Therefore ‘necessary loanwords’ in this present study refer
to those words that are necessarily borrowed from a foreign language because there is no full synonym in Indonesian. For examples such as televisi which is adapted
from English word ‘television’, the word ‘television’ has no full synonym in Indonesian language. Therefore, the word is necessary for Indonesian and adapted
into Indonesian language. Then unnecessary loanwords are those having been unnecessarily borrowed from a foreign language because there is a full synonym in Indonesian language that could replace the foreign word. An example of
unnecessary loanwords is ‘snack’, word snack is often used in Indonesia, but actually this word has full synonym which is kudapan in Indonesian. Kudapan in
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between meals. Therefore, kudapan is a full synonym of snack because it has identical meaning with the word ‘snack’. This word is unnecessarily borrowed for
Indonesian language because actually there is an Indonesian word as the full synonym of the foreign word.
Types of Loanwords in Indonesian Newspaper
Research about types of loanwords in Indonesian newspaper had been conducted by Susilowati (2012). This research was entitled “An Analysis of English
Loanwords used in Kompas Newspaper”. This study analyzed and identified the English loanwords used in articles about economy and education. This research used descriptive qualitative research. The types of loanwords used in this research
were the theory from Samsuri’s theory.
Samsuri (1994) divided loanwords in Indonesian into three types. First is
simple word which is a foreign word adapted into indonesian either the spelling or pronunciation. Second is complex word, this is a loanword which is adapted to
Indonesian both the spelling and pronunciation. The last is translation word which is indonesian word that actually translated from foreign language.
The results of this research showed that there are 184 English loanwords
used in the articles and total of words from the article is about 3678 words. The results also show that the most frequently type of loanwords used in the articles is
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the used of loanwords. Besides that this study used Samsuri’s theory while the present study use Jendra’s theory.
English loanwords in Sports Section of Indonesian Newspaper
Sekarrosa (2014) conducted research about loanwords in sport section of a
newspaper. The data of this study were taken in the period of time from February, 18th 2013 until February, 22nd 2013. Sekarosa (2014) identified the English borrowing words in two sections of Kompas namely Bussiness and Sport. The total
458 English borrowing words were used as the data of this research. This study classified the borrowing words based on typological classification of lexical
borrowing by Capuz (1997).
There are three types of lexical borrowing first is loanwords (recipient language borrows both form and meaning of donor language), loan blend (recipient
language borrows some parts of form from donor language and replaces part of it by a native item), loan translation (reproduce the borrowing words by means of
recipient language). The result shows that the most dominant type of borrowed words are loanwords with 282 data were found and the lowest is substitution or loan
translation with 11 data.
The Effect of Loanwords on Indonesian
A study about effects of loanwords on Indonesian had been conducted by
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considered as an interference to Indonesian language or have integrated with
Indonesian.
This study used Femina Magazines 2012 edition as the source of data. The French loanwords which are considered as interference to Indonesian are the loanwords that has not been adjusted both the phonological feature and
pronunciation. Then the French loanwords that has been adjusted to Indonesian are considered as integration. The results show that approximately 87% of the French
loanwords are interference loanwords.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Type of research
This research uses descriptive qualitative study. Qualitative research
method is a research approach that produces the data description of words spoken or written (Suyanto, 2007). According to Aggarwal (2008) descriptive study aimed
to gather information about the condition or situation that applies for the purpose of description and interpretation. This study uses descriptive qualitative study because this study will analyze words not numbers, document some sources of data,
interpret, examine, and analyze the data.
Context of Study
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January 2015. The writer found and analyzed the types of Western loanwords based on Jendra’s theory.
Data and Source of Data
The data source was taken from articles in the sport section in Suara
Merdeka newspaper. The writer chose articles from Suara Merdeka because sport section in this daily newspaper cover many kinds of sports news not just one particular sport. Then, Suara Merdeka is one of the most popular newspapers in
Indonesia especially in central Java. The section was chosen because first sport is interesting issue in Indonesia especially in this year because reported many sports events such as transfers of football players, Asian cup 2015, NBA, and Moto GP.
Second because there were Indonesian sport terms as Western loanwords. The data was taken in the period of January 2015 because it was the time when there were a
lot of news or issues about sports like football players transfer or American basketball league and tennis.
Data Collection and Analysis
In this research, there were three steps of data collection. The first was finding and marking the Western loanwords in the articles. To decide the Western
loanwords in the articles, the researcher used Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan
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equivalent words for the unnecessary loanwords the researcher used Kamus Sinonim Indonesia (Yulianti, 2014). After these steps, the loanwords were
calculated and analyzed.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Western Loanwords in the Spirit Section of Suara Merdeka
After reading and checking the articles in Spirit section of Suara Merdeka
newspaper from 2nd to 31st January 2015, the writer found 552 Western loanwords from the total of 5,146 words in the articles. So the percentage of
Western loanwords used in the articles is 10,73%.
Types of Western Loanwords
According to Jendra (2010) Western loanwords in Indonesian are divided
into two types: necessary loanwords and unnecessary loanwords. The following are the findings of Western loanwords based on their types.
Necessary loanwords
In Spirit section of Suara Merdeka newspaper from 2nd to 31st january 2015 which consisted of approximately 600 articles, the researcher found 552 Western
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1. “Serena Williams melepaskan servis ke arah Lucie Safarova pada pertandingan piala Hopmen di Perth, semalam.”
2. “Mereka unggul penguasaan bola dengan persentase 52 banding 42.” 3. “Los Rojiblancos unggul agregat 6-1.“
4. “Program Satlak Prima harus berkesinambungan dan modern.” 5. “Meningkatkan kekuatan anaerobik dan kelincahan.”
The words servis, persentase, agregat, modern, and anaerobik in above
sentences are adopted from foreign language because there is no full synonym in Indonesian. Therefore those words are considered as necessary loanwords.
Unnecessary loanwords
The finding shows that 93 out of the total 552 Western loanwords belong to
unnecessary loanwords. These Western loanwords belong to this group because there are full synonyms in Indonesian that could replace and express the meaning
of those words. For examples:
1. “Klub harus punya neraca keuangan bagus jika ingin melakukan aktivitas transfer.” The word aktivitas which is borrowed from English word
‘activity’ actually have full synonym in Indonesian which is ‘kegiatan’. In
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) (Pusat Pembinaan dan
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2. “Ronaldo menjadi rival Messi untuk memperebutkan pemain terbaik
Eropa." The word rival which is borrowed from English word ‘rival’ actually have full synonym in Indonesian which is ‘saingan’
3. “Berkat penempatan kok yang akurat.” The word akurat which is borrowed from Latin word ‘accurate’ actually have full synonym in
Indonesian which is ‘tepat’
4. “Reynanda sukses menaklukkan lawannya.” The word sukses which is borrowed from English word ‘success’ actually have full synonym in
Indonesian which is ‘berhasil’
The three examples above i.e. rival-saingan, akurat-tepat, and sukses-berhasil have similar explanation. In KBBI these words share identical meaning. First
saingan and rival have identical meaning such as pesaing. Akurat and tepat have identical meaning tepat benar. Sukses and berhasil have identical meaning mendapat hasil.
5. “Turnamen ini diikuti oleh beberapa klub nasional.” The word turnamen which is borrowed from English word ‘tournament’ actually have full
synonym in Indonesian which is ‘kejuaraan’. Kejuaraan is the full
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Discussion of the Findings
From the findings of the Western loanwords found in the articles of section of Suara Merdeka Spirit from January 2nd to 31st, 2015. It is revealed that many
words and terms in Suara Merdeka newspaper especially in Sport section were borrowed from foreign languages in this case is Western languages such as English, Latin , Italy, France, and Dutch. This shows that the Western languages greatly
affect the development of Indonesian language. This is because since long time ago, Indonesian language has been in contact with Western language. For example,
when Indonesia was colonized by the Portuguese, English, and Dutch whose language was already known and used by people of Indonesia since the colonial era
(Samsuri, 1994).
According to Wardhaugh (2006), language contact could lead to the development of a language. Therefore, due to frequent contact with Western
language, it is no wonder if there are many Western words which are adapted to Indonesian. Besides that Tadmor (as cited in Matras, 2007) stated that in order to develop Indonesian language, it tried to borrow words from foreign languages such
as the languages of southern China, Arab, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, English and local languages. In addition, it also shows that English as one of the Western
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In "Formulation of the National Seminar on Political Language" on 25-28 February 1975, it was confirmed that Indonesian language has 4 main functions.
There are (1) the symbol of national pride, (2) the symbol of national identity, (3) a means of unifying society of different socio-cultural background and language, and
(4) connection tool between cultures and regions (Muslich, 2010). The first and second point of the function of Indonesian language shows that Indonesian language is the national pride and identity. As national pride and identity, then
Indonesian language must be maintained and preserved. Yet the finding show that there are 93 unnecessary loanwords in the articles which are a relatively big number.
So it also in line with previous study from Retnantiti (2014) that described about mass media that often used foreign language. Besides that, in another mass media such as magazines, Indonesian magazine also often used foreign language (Sitepu,
2012). It proved that mass media still often uses unnecessary loanwords and the use of unnecessary loanwords by the mass media in Indonesia can also reduce the
function of Indonesian as national identity and pride.
Mass media in Indonesia that serves as a means of delivering information to all the Indonesian people should use Indonesian correctly and prioritize the use
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CONCLUSION
Generally, this study aims to find Western loanwords used in articles of
Spirit section in Suara Merdeka newspaper. Besides that this study also aims to find the types of loanwords used in the articles. To find out about Western loanwords used in the articles, the writer used Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2008, 4th ed.)
and Kamus Kata Serapan (Badudu, 2009) as references. Theory of types of loanwords from Jendra (2010) were used to classify the Western loanwords based
on the necessities of the loanwords. Data were collected from articles in Spirit section Suara Merdeka 2nd January to 31st January 2015.
The findings show that there are 552 Western loanwords found in the
articles. There are 459 of necessary loanwords and 93 unnecessary loanwords. Necessary loanwords is the type of loanwords that mostly used. This shows that
Indonesian language has been significantly affected by Western language and has language contact with Western language related with Indonesia's history. However,
there are also many unnecessary loanwords that are used in the articles. This means that Suara Merdeka newspaper also used unnecessary loanwords and it could affect Indonesian language function as national pride and identity.
Globalization era indeed can damage our identity if we are not careful. Robbins (1997) said that tremendous changes brought by globalization can make
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pay attention to the language used by mass media in Indonesia because mass media actually play a big role in this issue. For example Indonesian Broadcasting
Commission or KPI (Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia) as an organization that could control mass media in Indonesia, it should really concern about the Indonesian
language usage in mass media. Then Indonesian people also should contribute themselves. The easiest way of course to use Indonesian language correctly and
accurately and also feels proud to use it.
The findings of this research cannot be generalized because this study is a descriptive qualitative research and just focuses on Spirit section of Suara Merdeka
newspaper in the period of January 2015. In addition, because there are many Western loanwords used in articles of newspaper, for further research the researcher suggests that other mass media such as tabloid, magazine, or even online portal
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
My deepest gratitude would go to my lord, Jesus Christ who guided me
throughout the years of my life. Especially only by His Grace, I could finish this research.
The first person I grant my sincere gratitude is my supervisor, Ibu Elisabet Titik, M. TransStud., PhD who guide and encourage me to complete this research and I remember clearly every suggestion she showed to excel my work. Next
person, my sincere gratitude also goes to Ibu Maria Christina Eko S. M. Hum as my examiner, for the valuable guidance extended to me. She kindly advised several
meaningful revision to make this thesis complete.
My gratitude would go also to my Mother, Father , and Dik Ani for the unceasing encouragement, support and attention. Their perfect attention have been
enough to always make me have spirit to finish this thesis. Let me grant my thanks to my whole big family who always support me to finish this study.
I would not forget to say my gratitude to my dear fellows, Evan, Elim, Dias, Dimas, and all Eleveners who supported me throughout these years of journey to accomplish my undergraduate degree, I thank to you all for the time of togetherness
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REFERENCES
Aggarwal, Y.P. (2007). The Science of Education Research. Kurukshetra: Nirmal Book Agency
Badudu, J. S. (2009). Kamus Kata-Kata Serapan Asing dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Kompas
Capuz, J. G. (1997). Towards a Typological Classification of Linguistic Borrowing. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 10. 81-94
Campbell, L. (1998). Historical Linguistic: An introduction. Eidinburg: Eidinburg University.
Cholsy, H., Wijana, I. D. P., Nadar, F. X.,& Udasmoro, W. (2014). The Status of French Loanwords in Indonesian Language. Humaniora, 26(3). 303-314. Crystal, D. (1997). English as Global Language. London : Cambridge University
Press.
Hornby, A. S. (2010). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. UK: Oxford University Press
Jendra, I. (2010). Sociolinguistics, Study of Societies’ Language. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu
Jones, R. (2008). Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Kemmer, S. (2003). Modern Usage of English. Retrieved October 12, 2014, from http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/usage/
Lambert, T. (2012). A Brief History of Indonesia. Retrieved August 14, 2015, from http://www.localhistories.org/indonesia.html
Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics Vol. 1. UK: Cambridge University Press Matras, Y. & Sakel, J. (2007). Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic
Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Muslich, M. (2010). Bahasa Indonesia Pada Era Globalisasi. Jakarta : Bumi Aksara.
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Retnantiti, S. (2014). Fenomena Kata Serapan Bahasa Inggris di Kalangan
Penutur Bahasa Indonesia Dan Bahasa Jerman. Jurnal Studi Sosial, 6(1). 53-58
Robbins, K. (1997). What in The World Going On in Production of Culture/ Cultures of Production. London: Sage Production.
Samsuri. (1994). Analisa Bahasa. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Sekkarosa, T. (2014). The English Borrowing Words in Kompas Online Articles. Retrieved October 12th, 2014, from
http://etd.ugm.ac.id/index.php?mod=penelitian_detail&sub=PenelitianDe tail&act=view&typ=html&buku_id=69544&is_local=1
Sitepu, M. (2007). Campur Kode Dalam Majalah Aneka Yess. Retrieved August 10, 2015 from
http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/13466/1/08E01506.pdf Susilowati, N. (2012). An Analysis of English Loanwords used in Kompas
Newspaper. Retrieved October 12th, 2014, from
http://publikasi.stkipsiliwangi.ac.id/files/2012/09/10220696-neneng-s.pdf Suyanto, B. (2007). Metode Penelitian Sosial: Berbagai Alternatif Pendekatan.
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APPENDIX A
List of Necessary Loanwords No Western Loanwords
1 Abnormal
50 Desentralisasi
27 449 Universitas
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APPENDIX B
List of Unnecessary Loanwords
No Western Loanwords Full Synonym in Indonesian
1 Aktivitas kegiatan
2 Aktor pemain film
3 Akurat pas, tepat
4 Amatir pemula
5 Analisis kajian.penyelidikan
6 Anonim tanpa nama, tanpa identitas 7 Antisipasi pencegahan
8 Antusias bersemangat, bergairah
9 Atraktif memikat, memukau
10 Audiensi penonton
11 Awards penghargaan
12 Basis dasar
13 Basket bola keranjang
14 Bisnis usaha dagang, bidang usaha
15 Blok hadangan
16 Boling bola gelinding
17 Bos atasan, kepala, pimpinan
18 Brilian cemerlang
19 Debut penampilan perdana
20 Definitif pasti, tentu
21 Defisit kekurangan, kerugian
22 Dinner makan malam
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24 Distribusi pembagian, pengedaran
25 Donasi bantuan dana
26 Drop anjlok, merosot
27 Efek dampak, akibat
28 Efisien berdaya guna
29 Eksistensi keberadaan 30 Eksperimen uji coba
31 Elite golongan atas
32 Entertainment hiburan
33 Favorit kesayangan, kesukaan
34 Finansial keuangan
35 Fit bugar
36 Forsir paksa
37 Hit terkenal
38 Identik serupa
39 Implementasi penerapan
40 Kandidat calon
41 Klasifikasi pengelompokan
42 Kode isyarat
43 Kompeten berpengalaman
44 Kompetisi kejuaraan perlombaan
45 Kontes perlombaan
46 Kontestan peserta lomba
47 Kontinu berkelanjutan
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50 Kultur budaya
51 Level tingkatan
52 Marjin batas
53 Mayoritas sebagian besar 54 Mobilitas pergerakan
55 Opsi pilihan
56 Organizer pengelola 57 Partisipasi keikutsertaan
58 Partner rekan
59 Performa penampilan
60 Performer penampil
61 Periode kurun, rentang waktu
62 Pose gaya, sikap
63 Prediksi dugaan
64 Premier perdana
65 Presenter pembawa acara
66 Primer pokok, utama
67 Problem masalah
68 Proteksi perlindungan
69 Ranking urutan
70 Regulasi aturan
71 Rekomendasi saran
72 Renovasi pembaharuan, peremajaan
73 Rileks tenang, santai
74 Risiko akibat
31 76 Rivalitas persaingan
77 Ronde babak
78 Signifikan berarti
79 Simpel sederhana
80 Stok persediaan
81 Sukses berhasil
82 Supervisi pengawasan
83 Suporter pendukung
84 Tato rajah
85 Tes Ujian
86 Top tingkat atas, unggulan
87 Total Jumlah
88 Transfer pemindahan, pembelian
89 Trofi piala, penghargaan
90 Turnamen kejuaraan
91 Unit bagian
92 Versus melawan
