BREAKING THE MAGIC CODE: FINDING THE PATTERN OF GOODKIND’S FANTASY FICTION WIZARD’S FIRST RULE.

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BREAKING THE MAGIC CODE:

FINDING THE PATTERN OF GOODKIND'S

FANTASY FICTION WIZARD'S FIRST RULE

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department of the Faculty of Language and Arts Education of the Indonesia University of Education as Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:

Desti Ilmianti Saleh (0809078)

English Education Department

Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

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Breaking the Magic Code:

Finding the Pattern of Goodkind’s

Fantasy Fiction

Wizard’s First Rule

Oleh Desti Ilmianti Saleh

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Juni 2013

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

BREAKING THE MAGIC CODE:

FINDING THE PATTERN OF GOODKIND'S FANTASY FICTION

WIZARD'S FIRST RULE

By

Desti Ilmianti Saleh 0809078

Approved by:

Head of Department of English Education

Faculty of Languages and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M. Ed. NIP. 1962110119871210001 First Supervisor

Prof. A. Chaedar Alwasilah, M. A., Ph.D. NIP. 195303301980021001

Second Supervisor

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ABSTRACT

The present study entitled Breaking the Magic Code: Finding the Pattern of Goodkind’s Fantasy Fiction Wizard’s First Rule aims at identifying the pattern of the story through analyzing the fantasemes. It also attempts to investigate the ways the story constructs the logic of the secondary world.Utilizing a qualitative research particularly descriptive method, the present study adopts Nikolajeva’s (1988) fantasy theory as its major theoretical framework. The study found that the fantasy story construction in the novel is presented through combination of fantasemes. From the analysis of the fantasemes it is clear that the story utilizes a pattern linear to common fantasy fiction, however it also creates a new pattern. Similar to other fantasy stories, this story has a character traveling and leaving home, challenged and helped, performing a task and gaining triumph. The differences are in the absence of primary world which is replaced by heterotopias. The story constructs the logic of the secondary world through following magic laws, namely limitation and consistency. The fantasy story of Wizard’s First Rule also shows that Goodkind as the author transforms myth and fairy tales to fantasy fiction which is more modern.

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ABSTRAK

Penelitian berjudul Breaking the Magic Code: Finding the Pattern of Goodkind’s Fantasy Fiction Wizard’s First Rule bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk cerita dengan cara menganalisis fantasemes (elemen-elemen fantasi). Penelitian ini juga berusaha untuk menginvestigasi cara cerita membentuk logika dari dunia kedua di dalam novel. Menggunakan penelitian kualitatif khususnya metode deskriftif, penelitian ini mengadopsi teori fantasi milik Nikolajeva (1988) sebagai teori utama. Penelitian menemukan bahwa pembentukan cerita fantasi pada novel diperlihatkan melalui kombinasi fantasemes. Berdasarkan analisis fantasemes, terlihat jelas bahwa cerita menggunakan bentuk linear seperti fiksi fantasi yang umum, tetapi cerita tersebut juga menciptakan bentuk yang baru. Seperti cerita fantasi lainnya, cerita ini memiliki karakter yang bertualang dan meninggalkan rumah, ditantang dan dibantu, melaksanakan tugas dan memperoleh kemenangan. Perbedaannya terdapat pada ketiadaan dunia pertama yang digantikan oleh heterotopias. Cerita membentuk logika dunia kedua dengan cara mengikuti aturan magi, yaitu batasan dan konsistensi. Cerita fantasi Wizard’s First Rule juga memperlihatkan bahwa sang penulis, Goodkind mentransformasikan mitologi dan dongeng menjadi fiksi fantasi yang lebih modern.

Kata kunci: fantasy, fantasemes, the magic space, the magic time, the magic passage,

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i

PREFACE ... ii

ACKNOWLEDMENTS ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENT ... v

ABSTRACT ... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Research Questions ... 4

1.3 Aims of the Study ... 4

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 4

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 4

1.6 Research Methodology ... 5

1.6.1 Data Collection ... 6

1.6.2 Data Analysis ... 6

1.7 Clarification of the Terms ... 7

1.8 Organization of Paper ... 8

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 9

2.1 Fantasy Literature ... 9

2.2 Nikolajeva’s Notions of Fantasemes (The Narrative Elements of Fantasy) . 16 2.2.1 The Magic Space... 16

2.2.2 The Magic Time ... 18

2.2.3 The Magic Passage ... 19

2.2.4 The Magic Impact ... 21

2.3 Synopsis of Wizard’s First Rule by Terry Goodkind ... 22

2.4 A Survey of Previous Research of Fantasy Fiction ... 23

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY... 25

3.1 Research Questions ... 25

3.2 Research Subject and Context ... 25

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3.5 Data Analysis ... 27

3.6 Data Presentation ... 28

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 33

4.1 Analyzing Fantasemes: Breaking the Magic Codes... 33

4.1.1 The Magic Space... 34

4.1.1.1 The Structure of the Secondary World ... 34

4.1.1.2 The Location of the Secondary World ... 36

4.1.1.3 The Description of the Secondary World ... 38

4.1.2 The Magic Time ... 42

4.1.3 The Magic Passage ... 44

4.1.4 The Magic Impact ... 47

4.2 Finding the Pattern of Wizard’s First Rule ... 50

4.3 Constructing the Logic of Secondary World ... 54

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ... 57

5.1 Conclusion ... 57

5.2 Suggestions ... 58

REFERENCES ... 59

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1.1 The Structure of Secondary World………... 27

Table 3.1.2 The Location………... 28

Table 3.1.3 The Description………... 29

Table 3.1.4 The Magic Time………... 29

Table 3.1.5 The Magic Passage………... ... 30

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of the study. It includes the

background of the study, research questions, the aims of the study, the scope of

the study, the significance of the study, research method, data collection and data

analysis, clarification of terms, and organization of the paper.

1.1Background of the Study

There are a lot of opinions about the definitions of fantasy fiction.

Generally, fantasy fiction is delineated as stories containing several invented

elements, such as action, characters or settings of the story, which does or do not

exist in the real world (Fitzgerald, 2008). The children and young adult’s literature

including those several elements, namely magical beings or events, unrealistic

world, the mysterious sense, a wonder, and the destruction of the natural laws are

classified into fantasy fiction (Nikolajeva, 1988). One of the examples of fantasy

fiction is The Lord of the Rings (1954-56) series by Tolkien, whose setting is in an

invented world called the Middle Earth. The world is inhabited by many creatures,

such as hobbits, elves, orcs, etc. The story tells about the main character, Frodo

who gets the task to bring the magical ring to the land of Mordor. During his

journey, he finds many trials and also gets some magical help by the elves until

the ends he succeeds to return the ring and to break it. So does, Terry Goodkind’s

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the invented world. The main character, Richard who lives in the free land of

magic called Westlands is named to be the Seeker of the Truth. He has task to find

a magical box to stop evil power of Darken Rahl in the lands of magic Midlands

and D’Hara. To do his task, he is supplied by a magical thing namely the Sword

of the Truth, and accompanied by a wizard, a mother confessor, and a boundary

warden. In the end, Richard succeeds in finding the box and killing Rahl.

Clearly, both stories Lord of the Rings and Wizard’s First Rules are

surrounded by various magical and imaginary features and situated in unrealistic

world. Those magical elements are the important elements that characterize a text

as a fantasy fiction. Nikolajeva (1988) terms magical elements as fantasemes

which are used to introduce magic surroundings, events, figures, objects, and their

interaction in a certain story where its presence constructs a text as fantasy genre

(further explanations are going to be elaborated in Chapter II). Specifically, she

categorizes fantasemes into four major fields among others are magic space,

magic time, magic passage between two worlds, and the impact of this passage. In

other words, the space, the time, the magical things, the figures, the actions, and

their interactions found in Wizard’s First Rule are fantasemes which can be

analyzed to reveal how the story is constructed as fantasy fiction as the focus of

this present study.

However, as the elements are interrelated, the analysis of one element

cannot be separated from the others. It is in line with Nikolajeva’s notion that

every element is related to each other. She uses Bakhtin’s notion of chronotope to

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chronotope means “a significant connection of temporal and spatial relations

artistically assimilated by literature”. From this view chronotope is defined as the

relation between place and time. Widely, contextualizing chronotope in fantasy

fiction, the fantasy cronotope is the unity of different fantasemes which can be

used to describe the secondary world of the story (Nikolajeva, 1988; cited in

Salminen, 2009).

Besides the narrative elements or fantasemes and its relation or

chronotope, fantasy has some important rules. Nikolajeva (1988) formulates the

rules in the term of the magic law that consists of two main laws: limit and

consistency to make a fantasy fiction logical for the readers (further explanations

are going to be elaborated in Chapter II). Gates, Steffel, and Molson (2003)

approve Nikolajeva’s notion of the magic law in which the limit and consistency

should be involved in writing fantasy where the laws aim to help evaluating the

literature which is read. The rules or the criteria of writing fantasy can help the

study to evaluate the logic of the secondary world which is contained in Wizard’s

First Rule, a literature which becomes the primary source of the study.

In line with each purpose of the above notions, this study endeavors to

identify the pattern of a fantasy fiction entitled Wizard’s First Rule through

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1.2Research Questions

Relevant to the background of the study above, this study attempts to

address the following research questions:

1. How are the fantasy elements employed in constructing Wizard’s First Rule as

a fantasy fiction?

2. In what ways does the story construct the logic of secondary world?

1.3Aims of the Study

Relevant with the research questions above, the study aims at:

1. Finding out how the fantasy elements are employed in constructing the story

as a fantasy fiction.

2. Investigating the ways the story construct the logic of secondary world.

1.4Scope of the Study

In this present study, the main focus of the writer is on narrative elements

and secondary world in Wizard’s First Rule by Terry Goodkind. It is pointed to

analyze and to reveal the construction of the story as a fantasy fiction to present

logical secondary world in the novel.

1.5Significance of the Study

Fantasy fiction has become a subject for several studies. One example is

Salminen’s (2009) Fantastic in Form, Ambiguous in Content: Secondary Worlds

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fiction for children connected to the socio-historical of Soviet. To identify the

structure of the Soviet Children’s Fantasy Fiction, she applied Nikolajeva’s

notions of fantasemes and chronotope. It indicates that Nikolajeva’s notions are an

applicable theory to reveal the nature of fantasy fiction. However, this theory is

rarely adopted by Indonesian researchers, particularly in Indonesia University of

Education, whereas some of them used fantasy fiction as their research subject.

Therefore, this present study conduct a similar approach with Salminen’s

thesis, namely applying Nikolajeva’s (1988) notions formulated in the magic code

to identify the pattern of Goodkind’s fantasy fiction Wizard’s First Rule.

Although this study applies a similar approach from the previous study, it is

expected that the study provides new insights for understanding fantasy fiction

through a deep analysis of the nature of fantasy in Indonesia University of

Education, generally in Indonesia. Thus, the different findings and conclusions

will enrich the knowledge about fantasy fiction.

1.6Research Method

To solve the research problems formulated above, this study uses

qualitative approach in descriptive form. The use of qualitative approach is

appropriate because a qualitative research design focuses on specific situations or

people and emphasizes on words rather than number (Maxwell, 1996). The design

is considered appropriate to be applied in this study because the study is proposed

to describe the construction of the story as a fantasy fiction and the logic of the

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1.6.1 Data Collection

The data were collected from the fantasy novel Terry Goodkind’s

Wizard’s First Rule (1994). The data were in the form of words, utterances, and

dialogues that were critically analyzed and purposively selected and directed to

answer the research questions.

1.6.2 Data Analysis

The collected data were categorized into how every element of fantasy

which appeared in the text was related each other, thus it formed an intact

narrative. The collected data were analyzed and categorized by using the

framework of the magic code as proposed by Nikolajeva. To conduct the study,

the following steps were taken:

1. Reading and re-reading the fantasy novel Wizard’s First Rule written by

Goodkind.

2. Collecting and selecting words, utterances, and dialogues which serve as

textual evidence.

3. Categorizing the textual evidence into the narrative elements of fantasy

proposed by Nikolajeva.

4. Analyzing the data by applying relevant theories.

5. Interpreting data.

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1.7Clarification of Terms

To avoid misunderstanding, the following is the clarification of the terms

used in the study:

1. Fantasy

Nikolajeva (1988) disseminates that the most important feature of

fantasy is the presence of magic including magical beings or events,

unrealistic world, the mysterious sense, a wonder, and the destruction

of the natural laws.

2. Fantasemes

Fantasemes are terms for the magical narrative elements used to

introduce magic surroundings, events, figures, objects, and their

interaction in a certain story where its presence constructs a text as

fantasy genre (Nikolajeva, 1988).

3. Chronotope

The fantasy cronotope is the unity of different fantasemes which can

be used to describe the secondary world of the story (Nikolajeva, 1988;

cited in Salminen, 2009).

4. Primary World

Primary world is the usual everyday life which is recognized by

readers and the protagonist (Swinfen 1984, cited in Hongyu 2006).

5. Secondary World

The secondary world is projections of authors’ creative imagination

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1.8Organization of the Paper

This paper is organized into five chapters as follows:

CHAPTER I

This chapter presents the introduction of the study. It includes the

background of the study, research questions, the aims of the study, the scope of

the study, the significance of the study, research method, data collection and data

analysis, clarification of terms, and organization of the paper.

CHAPTER II

This chapter elaborates some literary theories relevant to the present study.

It involves the elaboration of the fantasy fiction, the fantaseme (the narrative

elements of fantasy), and the synopsis of the novel.

CHAPTER III

This chapter presents the research methodology which encompasses the

research questions, the research subject and context, the research procedure, the

data collection, the data analysis and the data presentation.

CHAPTER IV

This chapter presents analysis, findings and discussion of findings which

are related to the statement of the problems.

CHAPTER V

This last chapter contains the interpretation toward the result of the

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology which encompasses the

research questions, the research subject and context, the research procedure, the

data collection, the data analysis and the data presentation.

3.1Research Questions

Relevant to the background of the study elaborated in the first chapter, the

present study attempts to address the following research questions:

1. How are the fantasy elements employed in constructing Wizard’s First Rule as

a fantasy fiction?

2. In what ways does the story construct the logic of secondary world?

3.2Research Subject and Context

The subject of the present study is a novel by Terry Goodkind entitled

Wizards’ First Rule (1994). It has 583 pages and consists of 49 chapters. It is the

best selling first book in Goodkind’s the epic fantasy series The Sword of Truth

(Wikipedia, retrieved March 16, 2013). Other novels of the series are Stone of

Tears, Blood of the Flood, Temple of the Winds, Soul of the Fire, Faith of the

Fallen, The Pillars of Creation, Naked Empire, Chainfire, Phantom, and

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This novel is selected as the subject of the present study because it

possesses representative narrative elements of fantasy. The study focuses on

analyzing the ways the story is constructed as fantasy fiction to present logical

secondary world in the novel.

3.3Research Procedure

In gaining the aims of analyzing the data in textual form, the writer applies

qualitative approach in descriptive form. The focus of qualitative research design

is the specific situations or people, and the design emphasizes on words rather

than numbers (Maxwell, 1996). The design is applied because it is considered

appropriate for finding and describing the answers to the research questions. It is

in line with Merriam’s (1988; cited in Alwasilah, 2011) statement that the aims of

the design are for understanding, describing, finding, revealing a hypothesis.

The present study concentrates on the story and the narrative elements

presented in the novel. In general, an analysis of narrative elements of a novel

including: plot, characters, narrative perspective, and setting elements of the

novel, aims to explain the nature of novel genre (Klarer, 1999). However this

present study took different way with Klarer to explain the nature of novel

because the subject analysis is hypothesized as a fantasy fiction. According to

Nikolajeva (1988), fantasy genre possesses a number of features that only inherent

to this genre that she names as fantasemes or narrative elements of fantasy

including: the magic space, the magic time, the magic passage, and the magic

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magic code because the theory was considered as the most applicable theory to

answer the research problems.

3.4Data Collection

The data were collected through reading and re-reading to Wizard’s First

Rule by Goodkind for several times. In the first reading, the writer tried to

understand the story. The second reading was the finding process of the issue,

namely narrative elements of fantasy that would be analyzed. Afterward the writer

searched the appropriate theories which were relevant to the subject. Since the

story and the narrative elements were the focus of the present study, the next

reading concentrated on the ways the story is constructed as fantasy fiction to

present logical secondary world. The collected data were in the form of textual

evidence which were selecting words, phrases, utterances, and sentences. They

were selected and directed in answering the research questions.

3.5Data Analysis

The data were categorized and classified into the term of narrative

elements (fantasemes) which were divided into four major fields; magic space,

magic time, magic passage between two worlds, and the impact of this passage, to

answer the research questions. The collected data were analyzed using the magical

pattern in fantasy called the magic code proposed by Nikolajeva (1988) as stated

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3.6Data Presentation

The analyzed data were then presented in the tables such as the following:

The Magic Space: Structure, Location and Description of Secondary World

Table of Data Presentation 3.1.1:

The Structure of Secondary World

No. were born, D'Hara was just a confederation of kingdoms, as was the Midlands.”

“There is magic in D'Hara, too, not just in the Midlands. Back then there was magic everywhere. There were no separate boundaries were created with the help of magic . . . but they themselves are not magic.”

The story is categorized as closed world because there is no contact between the primary and the of magic in those lands.

Westland is the secondary world of Midlands and D’Hara because it is created for people who won’t magic. Beside of that, they create the boundaries to separate the three lands. The boundaries are part of the underworld.

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The Location

“They wanted a place to live where there would be no beautiful, wondrous place ….”

5/37

D’Hara

“D'Hara was just a confederation of kingdoms,

as was the Midlands.” 5/38-39 As Midlands, _{D’Hara is a land} of magic.

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The Description

No. Textual Evidence Chapter/ Page

No. Textual Evidence Chapter /Page

The Magic

Time Explanation

1.

Kahlan stared into the fire. “The boundaries are part of the underworld: the dominion of the dead. They were conjured into our world by magic, to separate the three lands. They are like a curtain drawn across our world. A rift in the world of the living.”

“You mean that going into the boundary is, what, like falling through a crack into another world? Into the underworld?”

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The Magic Passage

No. Textual Evidence Chapter/ Page into our world by magic, to separate the three lands. They are like a curtain drawn across our world.”

5/40

The door

The boundary is a passage as a door which separates the three lands. It also leads one land into another. "The boundary," Chase announced,

holding his arm out at the introduction. "I don't see anything," Richard said. Chase smiled. "Watch." He walked on, steadily, slowly. As he went forward, a green glow formed around him, at first hardly perceptible. It grew stronger, brighter, until after another twenty steps it became a Richard could see through it, see the dead trees beyond. Chase stopped something that could be seen.

14/127-128

The Magic Impact

No. Textual Evidence Chapter/Page

The Magic travelers safely through the Hartland forests.” Rachel giggled .... "Are you a lord?"

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guide." His face got a little sad then. with various identities.

Richard thought a moment. "It seems they are part of my past. I can dimly recall that I was a guide. A woods guide, I think. But I don't remember much about it, Mistress Denna. Except I liked the woods." blinking. He felt the anger heat in him. “No one’s swearing loyalty to anyone, least of all me! I’m a woods guide. Nothing more. Get that through your heads right now. A woods guide!”

49/578

“Send word: all hostilities are ended. The war is ended. See to it that all forces are recalled to their homelands, all armies of occupation are withdrawn .... The D’Haran forces are to help get food to the people who would otherwise starve over the winter …. If any forces you encounter don’t follow these orders, you will have to deal with them.” Richard pointed to the commander of the Westland army. “Take your forces and help him ....” ….

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the conclusion of the study which is based on the

findings and discussion in the previous chapter. This chapter also presents the

suggestion for further study based on the result of the research.

5.1 Conclusions

The aims of the study are twofold. First, it attempts to uncover how the

story is constructed as a fantasy literature by figuring out the pattern; and second

to investigate the ways in which the story constructs the logic of the secondary

world in Wizard’s First Rule. The previous chapters show that the story is

narrated through several fantasemes which are interrelated. Those are the magic

space, the magic time, the magic passage, and the impact of the passage. From

the analysis of the fantasemes it is clear that the story utilizes a pattern linear to

common fantasy fiction, however it also creates a new pattern. Similar to other

fantasy stories, this story has a character traveling and leaving home, challenged

and helped, performing a task and gaining triumph. The differences are in the

absence of primary world which is replaced by heterotopias. The story constructs

the logic of the secondary world through following magic laws, namely limitation

and consistency.

The study presents that the magic space is the fundamental fantasemes of

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construction. The magical things interrelated with the magical creatures are the

magic passage between the subject and the magic space of the story. The

fantasemes coalesce to form an adventure story fantasy surrounded by magic. The

whole story shows that the adventure gives the subject the magic impact.

5.2 Suggestions

The study suggests that more studies of fantasy literature be conducted

because fantasy is one of popular genres in literature for children and young

adults. It would be better if the next researchers compare Indonesian fantasy

novel, such as Trilogi Elir: Takdir Elir (2012) by Hans J. Gumulia with English

fantasy novel in Indonesia, such as Rowling’s Harry Potter series (1997-2007).

Research conducted may provide the reason for why English fantasy novels

become more popular than Indonesian novels. Furthermore, the research may

provide the suggestion for Indonesian fantasists to increase their ability in writing

fantasy. This study is also expected to motivate future readers and researchers to

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