35 DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Buku
Beck, Rudiger S. ” Bandwagon Effect”, dalam Giyanpeitro Mazzoleni(eds), The international Encylopedia of Political Communication, Singapore: John Wiley&
Sons,2015.
Fahmi, Ismail, “Analisis Drone Emprit Membedah Robots Dalam Skandal Sandiagauno’, dalam Ismail Fahmi, Membaca Indonesia, Jakarta: Media Karnels,2019.
Jurnal
Akdeniz,Yaman,“Anonymity, Democracy and Cyberspace”, Social Research, No 69(1)(2002), 223-234.
Bradshaw.S&Howard,P.N.,”Why Does Junk News Spread So Quickly Across Social Media? Algoritms, Advertising and Explosure in Public Life”, Knight Fondation,2018, 1-24.
Camil,R., Attamimi,N.H, dan Esti, K. “Di Balik Fenomena Buzzer : memahami Lansakap Industri dan Pengaruh Buzzer di Indonesia”, LaporanRiset Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance, 2017
Chawki,Mohamed, “Anonymity in Cyberspace: Finding the Balnce between Privacy and Scurity”,Droit-it, 2006.1-24.
Galuh, I G.A.A. Kade, “Media Sosial dan Demokrasi (Studi Kasus Transformasi Aktivitas Media Sosial Ke Gerakan Nyata Bali Tolak Reklamasi Periode Agustus 2013 sampai dengan Juli 2015), Tesis Politik dan Pemerintahan UGM, 2015.
Goldenberg,Amit and J.Gross,James, “Digital Emotion Contagion”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, No.xx(2020), 1-13.
Hasfi,N., Usmand,S.,Santosa,H.P, “Anonimitas di Media Sosial : Sarana Kebebasan Berekspresi atau Patologi Demokrasi?”, Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi,Vol 15, No.1,28-38.
Hill, David T & Sen, Krishna, “The Internet in Indonesia’s New Democracy”, Democratization,No 7:1, hlm 119-136
Howard, Philip N. , Woolley, Samuel, dan Calo, Ryan., “ Algorithms, bots, and political communication in the US 2016 election: The challenge of automated political
36 communication for election law and administration”,Journal of Information Technology and Politics, Vol 15, No. 2(2018).
Howard, Philip,N., and Kollanyi,B., “Bots, #Strongerln, and #Brexit: Computational Propaganda during the UK-EU Referendum”, Computational Propaganda Researt Note, No.1(2016).
Jati, Wasisto Raharjo, “ Cyberspace, Internet , Dan Ruang Publik Baru : Aktivisme Online Politik Kelas Menengah Indonesia”, Jurnal Pemikiran Sosiologi, Vol.3 No.1(2016),1-11.
Larsson, Andres Olof & Moe, H. ,”Studiying Political Microblogging : Twitter Users in the 2010 Swedish Electtion Campaign”, New Media &Society, No 14(5)(2011),729-747
Levy, Ro’ee, “ Social Media, News Consumtion, and Polarization: Evidence from a Field Experiment”, American Economic Review, No 111(3)(2021),831-870
Lim, Marlyna, “Many Clicks but Little Sticks: Social Media Activism in Indonesia”, Journal of Contemporary Asia, doi: 10.1080/00472336.2013.769386, 2013, 2-19.
Lim, Merlyna, “@rchipelago online : The Internet anda Political Activism in Indonesia”, Disetertasi di University of Twente,Enschede, The Netherlands,2005
Lim, Merlyna. (2005). @rchipelago online: The Internet and Political Activism in Indonesia. Dissertation of The University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
Syahputra, I, “Demokrasi Virtual Dan Perang Siber Di Media Sosial: Prespektif Netizen Indonesia”, Jurnal Aspikom, Volume 3 No.3 (2017), 457-475
Utomo, Wisnu Prasetya, “ Menimbang Media Sosial dalam Marketing Politik di Indonesian: Belajar dari Jokowi-Ahok di Pilkada DKI Jakarta 2012”, JurnalIlmuSosial dan IlmuPolitik, No 1(2013), 67-84.
Wolfsfeld, G., Segev, E., &Sheafer, T, “Social Media and the Arab Spring”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, No. 18(2013):115–137.
Laporan Riset.
Assosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII). “LaporanSurvei dan Profil Perilaku Pengguna Internet di Indonesia 2018”, 2019.
37 Bolsover,G. , “Computational Propaganda in China : An Alternative Model of Widespread Practice”, Computational Propaganda Working Paper, Oxford Internet Institute,2017.
Bradshaw,S.&Howard,P.N., “The Global Disinformation Disorder: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation”, Working Paper No.2, Project on Computational Propaganda, Oxford Internet Institute,2019
Bradshaw,S., and Howard,P.N, “Troops,Trolls and Troublemakers : A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation”, Working Paper Computational Propaganda Project, Oxford Internet Institue, 2017
Neudert, Lisa-Maria N., “ Computational Propaganda In Germany: A Cauntionary Tale”, Working Paper Computational Propaganda Project, No 7, Oxford Internet Institue,2017.
Sanovich,Sergey “ Computational Propaganda in Rusia : The Origins of Digital Misinformation:, Working Paper Computational Propaganda Project, No.3, Oxford Internet Institue,2017.
Woolley, Samuel C. and Howard, Philip N., “Computational Propaganda Worldwide : Executive Summary”, Working Paper Computational Propaganda Project, No.11, Oxford Internet Institute,2017.
Woolley,S.C., and Guilbeault,D.R, “Computational Propaganda In The United States of America: Manufacturing Consensus Online”, Working Paper Computational Propaganda Project, No. 5, Oxford Internet Institute,2017.
Media
Adhi Bhaskara, “Rumor Propaganda Rusia di Pilpres As 2016 Berulang di Indonesia”, 6 Februari 2019, https://tirto.id/rumor-propaganda-rusia-di-pilpres-as-2016-berulang-di- indonesia-dfSw, diakses pada 20 Januari 2021
Andr010, “Kemkominfo: Internet Jadi Referensi Utama Mengakses Berita dan
Informasi”, 10 Agustsus 2015 ,
https://kominfo.go.id/index.php/content/detail/5421/Kemkominfo%3A+Internet+Jadi+
Referensi+Utama+Mengakses+Berita+dan+Informasi/0/berita_satker,diakses pada 21 Januari 2021
Andrian Pratama Taher, “Sengkarut Pilkada DKI Pada Jenazah Nenek Hindun”, 13 Maret 2017, https://tirto.id/sengkarut-pilkada-dki-pada-jenazah-nenek-hindun-ckBb, diakses pada 2 Januari 2021
Ellen Nakashima, KarounDemirjian, dan P. Ruker, “Top U.S. intelligence official: Russia meddled in election by hacking, spreading of propaganda’, 5 Januari 2017,
38 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/top-us-cyber-officials-russia- poses-a-major-threat-to-the-countrys-infrastructure-and-
networks/2017/01/05/36a60b42-d34c-11e6-9cb0-
54ab630851e8_story.html?utm_term=.9a362fe9868b, diakses pada 30 Januari 2021
Ismail Fahmi, “Perang Robt Kubu 01 Vs 02 : #VisiMisiJokowiMenang vs
#HaramPilihPemimpinIngkarJanji, 14 januari 2019 https://pers.droneemprit.id/perang- robots-kubu-01-vs-02-visimisijokowimenang-vs-harampilihpemimpiningkarjanji, diakses pada 12 Desember 2020
Jessi Carina, “ Pilpres 2019 dan Isu PKI yang Mengusik Jokowi”, 30 Juni 2019, https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/06/30/09413151/pilpres-2019-dan-isu-pki-yang- mengusik-jokowi?page=all, diakses pada 20 Desember 2020
Kominfo, “Temuan Kominfo: Hoax Paling Banyak Beredar pada Bulan April 2019”, 5 Juni 2019, https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/18440/temuan-kominfo-hoax- palingbanyak-beredar-di-april-2019/0/sorotan_media, diakses pada 1 Januari 2021.
Mavrck, “The Ris of Micro-influence”, 19 April 2016, https://www.mavrck.co/influencer-marketing-2-0-rise-micro-influencers-white-paper/, diakses pada 1 Desmber 2020
Richard Fletcher, “The Truth Behind Filter Bubble”, 22 Januari 2020, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/risj-review/truth-behind-filter-bubbles-bursting- some-myths, diakses pada 2 Januari 2021
Stefan Nicola, “ Markel Feels Hillary’s Pain As Web Trolls Bombarded Her With Abuse”, 22 Desember 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12- 22/merkel-feels-hillary-s-pain-as-web-trolls-bombard-her-with-abuse, diakses pada 20 Desember 2020
The Guardian, “I Felt Disgusted :Inside Indonesia’s fake Twitter Account Factories”, 23 Juli 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/23/indonesias-fake-twitter- account-factories-jakarta-politic, diakses pada 21 Desember 2020
Tim Cek Fakta Kompas, “Cegah “Hoax”, Situs Berita “Online” Akan ditandai Barcode”,
8 Januari 2017,
https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2017/01/08/12264517/cegah.hoax.situs.berita.online.aka n.ditandai.barcode., diakses pada 4 Desember 2020.
Makalah Seminar
Ismail Fahmi, “Peta dan Tantangan Gerakan Anti Hoax Indonesia”, Makalah disampaikan pada Tech Talk-The Habibie Centre, Jakarta, 31 Januari 2017.
39 Ismail Fahmi, “ Cyber Troops and Computational Propaganda in The Indonesian Presidential Election 2019”, International Seminar CSEAS Kyoto University, Kyoto,20 Juli 2019
