PLANNING & EARTHMOVING
MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
Ferdinand Fassa TSP-308 MPK
OUTLINE
PREPARATION WORK
INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING
EARTHMOVING MATERIALS
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF EARTHWORK
SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS
EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
MASS DIAGRAM
PROBLEMS
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Objectives
Prepare the site ready for construction activities
Scope of Works
(Surface &) Sub-surface Exploration
Site Clearing
(Unhook utilities)
(Demolition)
Staking Out
Grading
Earth work
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PREPARATION WORK (2)
Surface & Subsurface Exploration
Visual inspection
identification of major obstacle, location of utilities, etc.)
(sometimes reliance to as built drawing just is not
adequate)
Rough measurement
Soil test
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PREPARATION WORK (3)
Site Clearing
Unhook utility lines (electricity, gas, water, telephone)
Demolition of Existing Buildings
Hand (manual) dismantling
Tractor w/ grapple
Dozing
Explosive
Wrecking balls
Remove Tress
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PREPARATION WORK (4)
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10
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PREPARATION WORK (5)
Coordinate Geometry
(COGO)
Geo-Satellite
Digital Surveying with GPS
Digital Geodetic Surveying, Mapping, and Planning:
INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING (1)
Earthmoving process is the process of moving soil or rock from one
location to another and processing it so that it meets construction
requirements of location, elevation, density and moisture content.
Activities involved in this process include:
Excavating
Loading
Hauling
Placing (dumping and spreading)
Compacting
Grading and finishing
INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING (2)
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GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF EARTHWORK (1)
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Plan View
Profile View (Potongan Memanjang)
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF EARTHWORK (2)
SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS (1)
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Three Principal Soil Conditions:
Bank: Called “In –Place” Material in its natural state before disturbance unit
volume Bank Cubic Yard (BCY) or Bank Cubic Meter (BCM)
Loose: Material that has been excavated or loaded Loose Cubic Yard (LCY) or Loose Cubic Meter (LCM)
Compacted: Material after compaction Compacted Cubic Yard (CCY) or Compacted Cubic Meter (CCM)
Swell: Soil increase in volume when it is excavated (soil grains loose an air fills the void spaces created)
Shrinkage
Soil’s Volumetric Changes
BANK
LOOSE COMPACTED
Swell (%) = bank unit weight loose unit weight
(
- 1)
x 100%SWELL
SHRINK
Swell Factor (SwF) = loose dry unit weight
Shrinkage Factor (ShF) =
compacted dry unit weight bank dry unit weight
Shrinkage (%) = (compacted dry unit weight) – (bank unit weight)
compacted unit weight x 100%
Example
Example
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Earth Work Calculation
Excavate/dig or (back) fill actual ground level to
desired Level
Average End Method (
ditch/trench excavation
)
Vol. = (A
1+ A
2) / 2 x L
Large Area
Ave. Depth = [
S
depth x weight] /
S
weight
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Ditch / Trench Excavations
Average End Method
L
A
2A
127
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Find the volume of excavation required for the area shown in
figure below. The figure at each grid inter-section represents the
depth of cut at that location
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