Penatal
Penatal
aksanaan
aksanaan
T
T
erkini
erkini
Kegawatdaruratan pada Diabetes
Kegawatdaruratan pada Diabetes
Sarwono Waspadji
Sarwono Waspadji
Pusat
Pusat Diabetes Diabetes dan dan Lipid,Lipid,
Divisi Metabolik-Endokrin, Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Divisi Metabolik-Endokrin, Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam,
FKUI / RSUPN
FKUI / RSUPN Cipto MangunkusumoCipto Mangunkusumo,, Jakarta
Diabetic Complications
Diabetic Complications
Diabetic Complications
Diabetic Complications
Diabetic Ketoacidosis = DKA
Diabetic Ketoacidosis = DKA
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia
Nonketoric Coma = HHNC
Nonketoric Coma = HHNC
Diabetic Ketoacidosis = DKA
Diabetic Ketoacidosis = DKA
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia
Nonketoric Coma = HHNC
Nonketoric Coma = HHNC
Retinopathy Retinopathy Nephropathy Nephropathy Neuropathy Neuropathy Retinopathy Retinopathy Nephropathy Nephropathy Neuropathy Neuropathy Macroangiopathy Macroangiopathy Macroangiopathy Macroangiopathy Chronic : Chronic : Chronic : Chronic :Acute
Acute
Acute
Acute
Microangiopathy Microangiopathy Microangiopathy Microangiopathy CAD CAD PVD PVD Stroke Stroke CAD CAD PVD PVD Stroke StrokeHypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia
MSebab Kesadaran Menurun pada Diabetes Melitus
Sebab Kesadaran Menurun pada Diabetes Melitus
Sebab Kesadaran Menurun pada Diabetes Melitus
Sebab Kesadaran Menurun pada Diabetes Melitus
Ketoasidosis Diabetik
Ketoasidosis Diabetik
Hiperosmolar non Ketotik
Hiperosmolar non Ketotik
Asidosis Laktat
Asidosis Laktat
Hipoglikemia
Hipoglikemia
Se
Seba
bab La
b Lain -
in - T
Tra
raum
uma
a
-- O
Ob
ba
att
-- Pe
Peny
nyak
akit L
it Lai
ain :
n :
Stroke
Stroke
Koma hepatik
Koma hepatik
Uremik
Uremik
Ketoasidosis Diabetik
Ketoasidosis Diabetik
Hiperosmolar non Ketotik
Hiperosmolar non Ketotik
Asidosis Laktat
Asidosis Laktat
Hipoglikemia
Hipoglikemia
Se
Seba
bab La
b Lain -
in - T
Tra
raum
uma
a
-- O
Ob
ba
att
-- Pe
Peny
nyak
akit L
it Lai
ain :
n :
Stroke
Stroke
Koma hepatik
Koma hepatik
Uremik
Uremik
Diagnosis Banding Koma
Diagnosis Banding Koma
Glukosa
Glukosa Keton Keton Hipervent. Hipervent. Dehid. Dehid. TD TD KulitKulit
mg/d L mg/d L DKA DKA >300 >300 +s/d4+ +s/d4+ ++ ++ ++ ++ N/ N/ hngthngt HONK HONK >500 >500 0 0 s/d+ s/d+ 0 0 +++ +++ N/ N/ NN Hipogli Hipoglik k < < 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 N N lmblmb Asidosis Asidosis Laktat Laktat 20-200 20-200 trc trc s/d s/d + + +++ +++ 0 0 Rnd Rnd hngthngt Non
Non N/ N/ 0 0 s/d s/d trc trc 0 0 s/d s/d + + 0 0 s/d s/d + + VVariasi ariasi NN Metab
Hipoglikemia
Hipoglikemia
Simtom:
Simtom:
Efek
Efek adrenergik adrenergik alfa: alfa: sekresi sekresi insulin insulin menurun,menurun, cerebral blood flow
cerebral blood flow meningkameningkatt peripheral vasoconstriction peripheral vasoconstriction Efek
Efek adrenergik adrenergik beta: beta: glycogenolisis glycogenolisis otot otot dan dan hatihati stimulasi release glukagon
stimulasi release glukagon lipolisis
lipolisis
uptake glukosa otot menurun uptake glukosa otot menurun increase c.o.p, cerebral flow increase c.o.p, cerebral flow
Efek adrenomedullary discharge of Catecholamine Efek adrenomedullary discharge of Catecholamine
augmentasi efek adrenergik augmentasi efek adrenergik alfa dan beta
alfa dan beta
Gejala neuroglikopenik, gejala adrenergik
Gejala neuroglikopenik, gejala adrenergik
Hipoglikem
Kadar Glukosa Darah dan Gejala Hipoglikemik Akut
Kadar Glukosa Darah dan Gejala Hipoglikemik Akut
g g 7272 ll u u k k 5454 o o s s a a 3636 d d a a 1818 r r a a h h ... NeuroglikopeniaNeuroglikopenia Disfungsi
Disfungsi Kognitif Kognitif ringanringan
...
... Aktivasi gejalaAktivasi gejala
Keringat autonomik
Keringat autonomik
Gemetar
Gemetar
...
... Berdebar Berdebar ... ... NeuroglikoNeuroglikopeniapenia berat berat Kejang Kejang ... ... ... KomaKoma
Waktu
Waktu
Diagnosis Relatif mudah: pemeriksaan GD
Diagnosis Relatif mudah: pemeriksaan GD
Trias Whipple:
Trias Whipple:
Keluhan dan gejala hipoglikemia s/d kesadaran menurun,
Keluhan dan gejala hipoglikemia s/d kesadaran menurun,
Kadar G
Kadar Glukosa < 45 mlukosa < 45 mg/dL (pada wanita g/dL (pada wanita dapat dapat < 30 mg/dL),< 30 mg/dL),
Bangun kembali setelah diberikan glukosa
Bangun kembali setelah diberikan glukosa
Perlu pemantauan yang lama jika pasien memakai obat long
Perlu pemantauan yang lama jika pasien memakai obat long
acting
acting
Jika hipoglikemia berkelanjutan dapat menyebabkan
Jika hipoglikemia berkelanjutan dapat menyebabkan
kerusakan otak permanen, demensia
kerusakan otak permanen, demensia
Respons Perubahan Hormonal pada Hipoglikemia:
Respons Perubahan Hormonal pada Hipoglikemia:
Penurunan sekresi insulin
Penurunan sekresi insulin
Peningkatan katekolamin dan epinefrin
Peningkatan katekolamin dan epinefrin
Peningkatan sekresi glukagon
Peningkatan sekresi glukagon
Peningkatan sekresi kortisol
Peningkatan sekresi kortisol
Peningkatan hormon pertumbuhan
Penatalaksanaa
Penatalaksanaa
n Hipogl
n Hipogl
ikemia
ikemia
Ringan:
Ringan: Berikan gula murni (bukan pemanis) yangBerikan gula murni (bukan pemanis) yang cukup sampai keluhan hilang
cukup sampai keluhan hilang
Pastikan pemberian makanan / kalori cukup Pastikan pemberian makanan / kalori cukup
untuk selanjutnya, terutama jika OAD long acting untuk selanjutnya, terutama jika OAD long acting
Berat:
Berat:
Berikan glukosa 40 % IV sampai pasien sadar Berikan glukosa 40 % IV sampai pasien sadarBerikan infus rumatan D10 6-8 jam perkolf
Berikan infus rumatan D10 6-8 jam perkolf
cek glukosa darah setiap jam
cek glukosa darah setiap jam
jika < 100 mg/dL berikan kembali bolus D40
jika < 100 mg/dL berikan kembali bolus D40
Jika sudah
Jika sudah 2 2 kali berturut-turut >100 mg/dL, kali berturut-turut >100 mg/dL, setiap 2 setiap 2 jamjam
Jika sudah 2 kali berturut-turut > 100 md/dL, setiap 4 jam,
Jika sudah 2 kali berturut-turut > 100 md/dL, setiap 4 jam,
dst sampai yakin bahwa kadar glukosa darah stabil aman
dst sampai yakin bahwa kadar glukosa darah stabil aman
Perhatikan obat hipoglikemik yang dipakai:
Perhatikan obat hipoglikemik yang dipakai:
Obat kerja panjang, pemantauan dapat lama, berhari
Obat kerja panjang, pemantauan dapat lama, berhari
Perhatikan pula fungsi ginjal dan hati dan usia pasien
Oral Antidiabetic Agents: side
Oral Antidiabetic Agents: side
effects
effects
Risk of hypoglycaemia Risk of hypoglycaemia Weight gain Weight gain ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal side-effects side-effects ± ± ± ± ± ±Adapted from DeFronzo RA.
Adapted from DeFronzo RA. Ann Int Med. Ann Int Med. 1999; 131: 281±303.1999; 131: 281±303.
*Obs
*Observed in patienterved in patientss with renal impairmentwith renal impairment
Oedema Oedema Lactic acidosis Lactic acidosis ± ± ± ± ** ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Anaemia Anaemia ± ± ± ±
Principles in Selecting
Principles in Selecting
Antihypergly
Antihypergly
cemic
cemic
Interventions
Interventions
Effectiveness
Effectiveness
in low
in low
ering blood glucose
ering blood glucose
Extraglycem
Extraglycem
ic
ic
effect that may reduce
effect that may reduce
longterm complications
longterm complications
Safety profile
Safety profile
Tolerability
Tolerability
Ease of use
Ease of use
Cost
Cost
NathaManagement of Hyperglycemia
Management of Hyperglycemia
In Patients
In Patients
General Principles:
General Principles:
Maximal blood glucose control, avoiding
Maximal blood glucose control, avoiding
hypoglycemia
hypoglycemia
Meticulous, Prudent, Individualized
Meticulous, Prudent, Individualized
Management
Management
of
of
T2DM
T2DM
synchronized
synchronized
wit
wit
h
h
other
other
disease management
disease management
In critically ill patients, more over in
In critically ill patients, more over in
metabolic decompensation, the blood
metabolic decompensation, the blood
glucose target should be more
glucose target should be more
aggressive and achieved quicker
Sasaran Glukosa darah yang dianjurkan
Sasaran Glukosa darah yang dianjurkan
Pasien Tidak Kritis : Senormal mungkin
Pasien Tidak Kritis : Senormal mungkin
(1
(1
10
10 ±
±
18
180 m
0 mg/d
g/d
L)
L)
Insulin mungkin diperlukan
Insulin mungkin diperlukan
Sedekat mungkin dengan 130 mg/dL
Sedekat mungkin dengan 130 mg/dL
Pasien Kritis: Senormal mungkin
Pasien Kritis: Senormal mungkin
(1
(1
10
10
±
±
18
18
0 m
0 m
g/d
g/d
L)
L)
Umumnya memerlukan insulin
Umumnya memerlukan insulin
Sedekat mungkin dengan 110 mg/dL
Sedekat mungkin dengan 110 mg/dL
*
* Beberapa Institusi mungkin menganggap nilai iniBeberapa Institusi mungkin menganggap nilai ini
terlalu over agresif karena kepedulian akan risiko hipoglikemia
terlalu over agresif karena kepedulian akan risiko hipoglikemia
A D A Clinical Practice Recommendation
A D A Clinical Practice Recommendation
Diabetes Care. 2007;3(suppl 1): S 32-33
The Nice-Sugar Study
The Nice-Sugar Study
ICU setting 3 or more consecutive days
ICU setting 3 or more consecutive days
Intensive (81-108 mg/dL) Intensive (81-108 mg/dL) Conventional (<180 mg/dL) Conventional (<180 mg/dL) Outcome
Outcome mortality mortality at at 90 90 daysdays
3054 intensive control vs. 3050 conventional 3054 intensive control vs. 3050 conventional Similar characteristic baseline
Similar characteristic baseline
Primary outcome available for 3010 and 3012 respectively Primary outcome available for 3010 and 3012 respectively
829 (27.5 %) mortality in intensive control, OR 1.14
829 (27.5 %) mortality in intensive control, OR 1.14
751
751 (24.9%) (24.9%) mortality mortality in in conventional groupconventional group
Seve
Severe hyre hypoglypoglycemia (<cemia (< 40 mg40 mg/dL)/dL)
206 (6.8%) in intensive control
206 (6.8%) in intensive control
15 (0.5 %) in conventional group
15 (0.5 %) in conventional group
The NICE Sugar study investigators.
The NICE Sugar study investigators.
Intensive vs. conventional glucose control in
Blood
Blood
Glucose
Glucose
T
T
arget
arget
Critically ill surgical patients: as normal as possible
Critically ill surgical patients: as normal as possible
(1
(110 ±10 ± 140 140 mg/mg/dL)dL)**
Insulin is needed, IV protocol
Insulin is needed, IV protocol
Close to
Close to 1110 mg/10 mg/dL (A)dL (A)
Critically ill non surgical pts: as normal as possible
Critically ill non surgical pts: as normal as possible
(1
(110 ±10 ± 140 140 mg/mg/dL)dL)**
Insulin is needed, IV protocol
Insulin is needed, IV protocol
Keep BG < 140 mg/dL (C)
Keep BG < 140 mg/dL (C)
Non critically ill: as normal as possible, no specific goals
Non critically ill: as normal as possible, no specific goals
Insulin is preferred
Insulin is preferred
FBG <126 mg/dL, Random BG<180-200 mg/dL (E)
FBG <126 mg/dL, Random BG<180-200 mg/dL (E)
*
* Some institutions might considered this blooSome institutions might considered this blood glucose target asd glucose target as
over aggressive due to
over aggressive due to their cautious attitude towtheir cautious attitude toward hypoglycemard hypoglycemiaia
A D A Clinical Practice Recommendation
A D A Clinical Practice Recommendation
Diabetes Care. 2009;32(suppl 1): S 32-33
Diabetes Care. 2009;32(suppl 1): S 32-33
Pemantauan kadar glukosa darah harus cermat
Hy
Hyper-
per-gl
glyycemiacemia Acido Acidossiiss
K
Ketoetossiiss
DK
DK
A
A
Kitabchi an
Kitabchi and Wall d Wall
Hyperglycemia states Hyperglycemia states DM DM HHNC HHNC IGT IGT Stre Stre ssss
Metabolic Acidosis states
Metabolic Acidosis states
Lactic acido
Lactic acido ssiiss
Hy
Hyperchloremic acidoperchloremic acidossiiss
Salic Salic yylilissmm Uremic acido Uremic acido ssiiss D Drug-inducedrug-induced acido acidossiiss Ketotic states Ketotic states K
Ketotic hetotic hyypoglpoglyycemiacemia
Alkaholic keto
Alkaholic keto ssiiss
Starvation keto
DKA Episode and
DKA Episode and
MMortality Rate at Dr.
ortality Rate at Dr.
Cipto
Cipto
MMangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta
angunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta
Y
Year ear Number Number of of Cases Cases Mortality Mortality rate rate %%
1 1998833--884 4 ((9 9 mmoonntthhss)) 1144 3311,,44 1 1998844--888 8 ((448 8 mmoonntthhss)) 5555 4400 1 1999955 ((112 2 mmoonntthhss)) 1177 - -1 1999977 ((6 6 mmoonntthhss)) 2233 1188,,77 1 1999988--999 9 ((112 2 mmoonntthhss)) 3377 5511 2 2000022 ((55 mmoonntthhss)) 3399 1155
P
P
athogenesis of DKA and HHNC
athogenesis of DKA and HHNC
HHNC HHNC DKA DKA
P
P
recipitating Factors of DKA & HHNC
recipitating Factors of DKA & HHNC
Infection
Infection
Cerebro vascular accident
Cerebro vascular accident
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction
Trauma
Trauma
Medication
Medication
Newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes
Newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes
Discontinuation of or inadequate insulin
Discontinuation of or inadequate insulin
Substance abuse
Substance abuse
Clinical Features of DKA
Clinical Features of DKA
Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain
Leg cramps
Leg cramps
Nausea and vomiting
Nausea and vomiting
Confusion and
Confusion and
drowsiness
drowsiness
Coma
Coma
PP
olyuria and nocturia
olyuria and nocturia
Weight loss
Weight loss
Weakness
Weakness
Blurred vision
Blurred vision
Kussmaul respiration
Kussmaul respiration
DKA
DKA HHNCHHNC
HHNC
HHNC
P
H
Hour our HyHydration dration InInssulinulin KK++CCorrectionorrection HCHCO3O3--correctioncorrection
0
0 guguyyuurr 550 0 mmEEq q ppeer r IIf f ppHH
gu
gu yyur ur ssix ix hour hour <7 <7 7-7.1 7-7.1 >7.1>7.1
gu
gu yyur ur Start Start hour hour 22
iv
iv bboluoluss iviv,,
C
Contont bbyy infuinfussionion
d
dsst t ddsstt ddsstt
H
Hour our HyHydration dration InInssulinulin KK++CCorrectionorrection HCHCO3O3--correctioncorrection
0
0 guguyyuurr 550 0 mmEEq q ppeer r IIf f ppHH
gu
gu yyur ur ssix ix hour hour <7 <7 7-7.1 7-7.1 >7.1>7.1
gu
gu yyur ur Start Start hour hour 22
iv
iv bboluoluss iviv,,
C
Contont bbyy infuinfussionion
d
dsst t ddsstt ddsstt
Management of DKA
Management of DKA
at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital,
at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital,
Jakarta
Jakarta
Management of DKA
Management of DKA
at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital,
at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital,
Jakarta
Jakarta
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
A
Penatalaksanaan Ketoasidosis Diabetik
Penatalaksanaan Ketoasidosis Diabetik
*
* 1 1 jam jam 2 2 kolf, kolf, 1 1 jam jam 1 1 kolf, kolf, dstdst
*
* Na Na Cl Cl FisiologisFisiologis
*
* 1/1/2 2 N, N, 2A 2A -- KaKalalau u Na Na > > 15150 0 memek/k/ll
1.
1. Rehidrasi Rehidrasi CepatCepat
2. Insulin 2. Insulin
Bolus
Bolus 10 10 U U IVIV. . G.D G.D setiap setiap jamjam
Dr
Drip ip 5 5 U/U/jajam m sasampmpai ai g.g.d. d. < < 20200 0 mgmg/d/dl l -- D5 D5 %%
Drip
Drip 2,5 2,5 U/jam U/jam sampai sampai g.d. g.d. stabil stabil 200 200 -- 300 300 mg/dlmg/dl
Drip
Drip 1 1 U/jam U/jam + + sliding sliding scale scale g.d. g.d. tiap tiap 4 4 jamjam
Dosis
Dosis terbagi terbagi 3-4 3-4 kali kali seharisehari
3.Kalium 3.Kalium < < 3,3,5 5 memek/k/L L ---- 50 50 memek/k/LL 3 3,,5 5 -- 5 5 mmeekk//L L ---- 225 5 mmeekk//LL > >5 5 mmeekk//L L ---- 00 4. 4. Na Na HCO3HCO3 pH pH < < 7 -7 - 77,1,1 5.
5. Faktor Faktor PresipitasiPresipitasi
***
Suhendro 2008
Suhendro 2008
Pengukuran asam laktat perlu pada pengelolaan KAD
Pengukuran asam laktat perlu pada pengelolaan KAD
Serum laktat > 4 mmol/L petanda prognostik buruk
Serum laktat > 4 mmol/L petanda prognostik buruk
Jika disertai kesadaran menurun prognostik buruk
Jika disertai kesadaran menurun prognostik buruk
Perlu pengelolaan yang ketat sejak awal
Perlu pengelolaan yang ketat sejak awal
Pasang CVP segera
Pasang CVP segera
Hidrasi dicapai dengan lebih cepat
Hidrasi dicapai dengan lebih cepat
P
P
revention (1)
revention (1)
Better access to medical care
Better access to medical care
±
±
Intensive patients educationIntensive patients education±
±
Effective communicationEffective communication acute illnessacute illnessReview sick-day management
Review sick-day management
±
±
Insulin treatmentInsulin treatment±
±
Blood glucose goalBlood glucose goal±
±
Treat fever and infectionTreat fever and infection±
±
Start easy digestible liquid dietStart easy digestible liquid dietDo not stop insulin or oral anti diabetes
Do not stop insulin or oral anti diabetes
P
P
revention
revention
(2)
(2)
Increase BG monitoring during acute
Increase BG monitoring during acute
illness
illness
Check
Check
ketone
ketone
bodies
bodies
(either
(either
urine
urine
or
or
blood) when BG > 300 mg/dL
Peran Dokter Umum
Peran Dokter Umum
Pence
Pence
gahan
gahan
terja
terja
diny
diny
a
a
Hiper
Hiper
glikem
glikem
ia
ia
dengan mengelola DM sebaik-baiknya
dengan mengelola DM sebaik-baiknya
mencegah komplikasi kronik
mencegah komplikasi kronik
mencegah komplikasi akut DKA
mencegah komplikasi akut DKA
menghindari komplikasi hipoglikemia
menghindari komplikasi hipoglikemia
Jika menjumpai pasien tersangka
Jika menjumpai pasien tersangka
komplikasi akut:
komplikasi akut:
Pastikan bukan hipoglikemia, kalau ragu,
Pastikan bukan hipoglikemia, kalau ragu,
jangan takut memberikan D40
jangan takut memberikan D40
Jika bukan hipoglikemia, tetapi KAD:
Jika bukan hipoglikemia, tetapi KAD:
Infus NaCl dan segera kirim ke RS
Infus NaCl dan segera kirim ke RS
Jikalau ada (misal di RS primer)
Jikalau ada (misal di RS primer)
dapat diberikan insulin, kemudian rujuk
dapat diberikan insulin, kemudian rujuk
Memerlukan perawatan yang cermat, segera
Memerlukan perawatan yang cermat, segera
di RS dengan peralatan yang memadai
Hibiscus rosasinensis
Hibiscus rosasinensis