Research and Conservation of Biodiversit

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Chapter 3 The Case Study:

Gunung Halimun National Park

3.1 History of Villages

3.1.1 Ciptarasa

It was in the early years of the 1900s when a village was formed around the present location. In 1915, the Dutch colonial government allowed the possession of the land property rights (Capsinga). There existed only about five houses and a wide range of swidden cultivation area spread around this area at that time. This land was only the area around Cisarua which is located below Ciptarasa and the rights to the land around Ciptarasa could not be acquired. Moreover, the Dutch government declared the forest around Gunung Halimun as protection forest to regulate invasion, by the local people, into the forest.

In 1942 to 43, the Japanese army held the reins of the government in this area instead of Dutch government. At this time, many local people began to expand their cultivation land at their own pleasure because the Japanese declared that the Dutch’s forest conservation policy was no longer valid. During Japanese government period, three families who were related to the customary leader settled there and began to cultivate the land. Swidden cultivation was the principal agricultural style.

After independence in 1945, the first survey was conducted by the Indonesia government. In the 1970s, paddy fields were generally conspicuous instead of swidden cultivation.

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Research and Conservation of

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Table 1: Wealth rank ad typical economic characteristics of local people in Ciptarasa

Rank Typical occupation and characteristics

I Area of private lands is more than 1 hectare. Amount of harvest is between 8 person 625 and 750 l. Self-support is possible. Many people have goods such as (9,7%) television and motor bicycle. Educational and intellectual level is high.

Many people have buffaloes, shops.

II Area of property lands is between 0,5 and 1 hectare. Amount of harvest is 13 person between 175 and 200 l. Self-support is impossible. Many people work as (15,9%) laborers within their villages. Many people rent paddy fields from others.

Most of people have many children.

III Area of property lands is between 0,25 and 0,50 hectare. Amount of 40 person is more than 500 l. Self-support is almost possible. Some people have (48,8%) television, motor bicycle, buffaloes, and shops.

IV Area of private lands is less than 0,25 hectare. Few people have land. 21 person Amount of harvest is little. Few people rent paddy fields from others and (25,6%) work as laborers within their villages. Most of people have many children.

Most of people depend on their children.

3.1.2 Leuwijamang

It was in 1941 when three people settled in this area. At this time, because the Japanese army invaded this area, the forest law about protection forest, made by the Dutch government, became invalid. This the reason why many people reclaimed the forest for cultivation activities. The main agriculture was swidden cultivation. Paddy fields were only managed once a year until the 1970s. The local people did not use chemical fertilizer or pesticides but use organic fertilizer such as ‘goat dung’. Since the 1970s, the swidden cultivation changed to paddy fields. In 1972, the government (jabatan kehutanan) began to manage the forest areas and trees for the purpose of commerce. The local people forgot their own basic way of living and began to work as laborers in the fields.

In 1978, the forest felling activity had finished. The local people returned to cultivate their own lands. However, their basic life had been drastically changed by the big intruder and their daily food was not enough. In 1978 and 1979, several plantation companies attempted to expand their own lands. The local people again began to engage in plantation wage labor. This continued until 1993.

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ The fact is that when the Protection Forest was designated, the local people did not pay much attention because they were satisfied working as laborers in companies rather than cultivating their own agricultural lands. As a result, this made it easy for the government to enclose their traditional lands. Nowadays, there are a lot of traditional lands included into the park. Some people still use their traditional lands within the park. However, most of the people gave up their land.

Table 2: Wealth rank ad typical economic characteristics of local people in Leuwijamang

Rank Typical occupation and characteristics 10 person is between 500 and 750 l. Self-support is almost possible. Some people (20,4%) have shops. Many people do not depend on wage labor.

III Area of private lands is between 0,25 and 0,50 hectare. Amount of harvest 9 person is between 375 and 500 l. Many people work as laborers within their (18,4%) villages, Self support is impossible.

IV Area of private lands is less than 0,25 hectare. Amount of harvest is 24 person between 75 and 125 l. Amount of harvest is not enough at all. Few (49,0%) people have their own land. Some people rent paddy fields from others.

3.1.3 Cibedug

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they did not fell down huge trees. Moreover, scrub (reuma ngora) and secondary forest (reuma kolot), which were already affected by human activities, remained open for agriculture use.

Photo 3. Cibedug village

It was not until 1985 that officials began to patrol the village. Representatives of the local people were force to patrol together. The central government and the Forest Concession board did not recognize each others activities. In 1991, the government negotiated with the local people to transmigrate them to outside the park with some compensation. They resisted government’s demand because they were familiar with this village and they could not have it to turn into old ruins.

Table 3: Wealth rank ad typical economic characteristics of local people in Cibedug

Rank Typical occupation and characteristics

I Area of private lands is more than 0,35 hectare. Amount of harvest is more 8 person than 450 l. Self-support is almost possible. Most people do not work as (12,3%) laborer. Intellectual level is high.

II Area of private lands is between 0,20 and 0,35 hectare. Amount of harvest is 37 person between 300 and 450 l. Self-support is impossible. Many people work as (56,9%) laborers.

III Area of private lands is more than 0,35 hectare. Amount of harvest is more 10 person than 450 l. Self-support is almost possible. Most people do not work as (15,4%) laborer. Intellectual level is high.

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ In 1992, as this area was designated as a National Park, regal property rights in their traditional lands has not been recognized. They have not paid tax since 1992. The park management allows, tacitly, the utilization of lands which have already been expanded, so long as they do not expanded, so long as they d o not expand any further. However, the gathering of fuel wood within the park is completely forbidden.

3.2 Population

Statistic data shows that there now exists 51 village (desa) within and around GHNP including three district which are Bogor, Sukabumi and Lebak (BCP-JICA, 1999). Furthermore, these village within Bogor, Sukabumi and Lebak areas have approximately 896 people; 3,300 people and 1,734 people respectively.

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3.3 Economy

Table 5 shows the economic level in the three villages is extremely low. Incomes of Ciptarasa, Leuwijamang ad Cibedug are 2.6 million rupiahs, 3.1 million rupiahs and 1.1 illion rupiahs respectively. Especially, the income of the local people in Cibedug is far lower than the other two. Income can be divided into 5 categories, agriculture, forest, wage labor, commerce ad others.

In Ciptarasa and Cibedug, income from cash crops and wage labor within the village is distinctive. Especially in Cibedug, these cover more than 70% of their annual income. On the other hand, in Leuwijamang, income from cash crops and wage labor within the village account for approximately 20%.

Earnings from gold mining is the principal income in the three villages, especially in Leuwijamang (39.2% of total income per year). Because of their lack of opportunity to increase their earnings, they often largely depend on income from gold mining even though they recognize that such activities are illegal. Gold mining is one of the most serious threats to GHNP because this activity causes not only forest destruction but also water pollution in the rivers.

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Traditional People and Biodiversity

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park

Tables 5: The annual income of local people (%)

Name of Village Agriculture Forest Wage labour Incomes

Rice Cash Domestic Wood Wood Handy Others Gold Within Out of Commerce Others (Rp.) crops animals (natural) (plated) -crafts village village

Ciptarasa 0.4 20.2 6.9 1.6 0 2.4 0 22.5 19.5 0 16.9 9.6 2.623.000

Leuwijamang 0 13.9 4.6 0.4 0 0.1 0.1 39.2 7.0 18.0 5.6 11.1 3.118.000

Cibedug 0 40.7 2.8 0 1.4 0.8 1.1 12.4 35.3 1.3 3.1 1.1 1.138.000

1) Cash crops include banana, clove, cassava, coffee, pepper, spices, sugar cane, pumpkin and so on. 2) Wood means both fuel wood and construction wood.

3) Others in forest is birds in Leuwijamang, useful tree leafs in Cibedug.

4) Wage labor out of village mean tea plantation labor in Leuwijamang, cutting scrubs and planting trees in Forest Concession Area in Cibedug. 5) Others include labor in guest house and support by families in Leuwijamang, making wayang, clothes ad agricultural machines support by

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3.4 Technology

3.4.1 Traditional Agro-forestry (Harada, 1998)

The local people utilize the surrounding forest and land for various uses such as swidden cultivation (huma/ ladang), irrigated rice field (sawah), garden (kebon/ kebun) and mixed tree garden (kebon talon/ leuweung talun), Fig. 4 shows the traditional cultivation cycle of the local people around GHNP. After cutting down the trees at first, the ground is utilized for swidden cultivation for at least one year to cultivate vegetables such as corn and leguminous plats as well as uplad rice. Local people harvest the upland rice only once and vegetables several times a year. After harvesting, it depends on the soil condition whether the local people utilize the land more as swidden cultivation or not. Local people judge the condition from the amount of water which seeps out of the soil. If the amount of the water is abundant enough to accumulate, local people change their initial utilization system into rice field. This mostly means the completion of the natural ecosystem.

If the water is not much, swidden cultivation is left alone to be utilized for secondary crops (jami) for one or two years. In this land upland rice is not cultivated at all, but corn and leguminous plants are cultivated.

After the land is utilized for secondary crops, the land acquires two alternatives. The one is to leave it alone without any trimming. The forest left alone for one or two years is called scrub (reuma ngora), “reuma” which is the area indicated by the appearance of dense young scrub. Moreover, forst left alone for about three years is called secondary forest (reuma kolot). The local people divide the forest into two concepts in accordance with plant sucession steps. It takes about five years after harvesting the second crops until the land is categorized as old forest to be utilized for swidden cultivation.

If the land is left alone, the forest recovers naturally to be secondary forest and the natural forest cycle ha been completed. The other system is to utilize it as garden after harvesting the second crops. This is called kebon. In the garden, annual plants such as corn and pea are cultivated for daily consumption. Fruit trees such as banana and durian, first growing trees for construction of houses und useful plants such as bamboo and rattan are planted as well. After the land is utilized as garden for several years, planted trees reach high and the forest becomes dense. This forest is called mixed garden, kebon talun. In the lower layer of the scrub, annual plants continue to be cultivated. After this stage, the sunlight can’t reach the ground, as a consequence the canopy closes. This stage is called talon which means mixed forest. At this stage, annual plants can’t be harvested are not only consumed for daily life but also sold in the market. This the forest utilization cycle by the local people.

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Primary forest or old secondary forest (Leuweung Kolot)

Swidden cultivation (huma/ ladang) (1 – 2 years)

Water is no abundant Water is abundant

Secondary crop (jami) (1 – 2 years) Paddy field (sawah)

Scrub (reuma ngora) Garden (kebon)

(less than 5 years)

Mixed garden (kebon talun)

Secondary forest (reuma kolot) Mixed forest (talun) (more than 5 years)

1) Swidden cultivation is often conducted within mixed garden or mixed forest.

2) During fallow period cultivation of vegetables and breeding of fishes are conducted in the paddy field.

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Photo 4. Primary forest (leweung kolot)

Photo 5. Swidden cultivation (huma) Photo 6. Paddy field (sawah)

Photo 7. Scrub (reuma ngora) Photo 8. Secondary forest (reuma kolot)

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3.4.2 Agricultural Process in Paddy Field

Labor in paddy fields consists of a chain of process including soil preparation, a nursery for seedling, plantation of nursery, weeding and harvest. The process mentioned below is one examples which was conducted in 1998/ 1999 in Ciptarasa.

In October, the local people cut the weeds and the ear of rice plants, which had been left since last year, with a sickle (arit). Subsequently they prepared the soil for planting roughly with a hoe called a pacul (dibaladah). The land had been left for a month until the land was filled with water. In November, the field was leveled again conscientiously with a spade (garu). Weeds which came to the surface of water were removed (diambangkeun/ dioyos). One or two week later, the field was leveled again with a pole called garu (nganglér/ digaru).

During the soil preparation, they prepared rice plants for planting. Rice plants were soaked in water for a night (dikeueum). After picking out of the water, these were put into the soil and covered with banana leaves for two night (dipeuyeum). These were spread over the field prepared in advance (ditebar). When the height of seedling reached between 25 and 40 cm in the nursery, seedling were picked up and tied into bundles (dibabut).

These bundled seedling were then planted out in December (ditandur). One week later, they scattered fertilizer (dibérak). In January, they dug the weeds and buried picked weeds in soil by hand (dioyos). Furthermore, they conducted same activities a month later. In March, they cut the weeds on the ridge between the rice fields to avoid damage from mice (dibabad). In April, they harvested the rice plants with a sickle called étém (dibuat/ mipit). Harvested rice plants were bound tightly and dried for approximately a month (dilantay). After this, the rice plants were bound again (dibeungkeut/ diunjal).

Photo 11. Cultivation with hoes (dibaladah)

Photo 12. Cultivation with buffalos (ngagaru/ digaru)

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Photo 14. Plantation of bundled seedling (tandur) Photo 15. Wedding on the ridge of paddy field (dibaladah)

Photo 16. Harvesting rice plants with a stick (dibuat)

Photo 17. Harvested rice plants (mocong)

Photo 18. Rice storage (leuit) Photo 19. Poking bundled rice plants (nutu)

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Table 6: Labor system in paddy field (%)

Name of Self Collabor- Equal Exchange Wage Amount of

village ative invested labor/

year/ family

Ciptarasa Cultivation 81.8 12.5 3.6 2.1 39.2

Nursery 87.8 11.4 0.8 2.6

Planting 39.3 59.2 1.5 9.7

Weeding 93.7 5.3 1.0 23.7

harvesting 34.0 65.3 0.7 21.6

Leuwijamang Cultivation 61.0 5.4 4.6 29.0 35.1

Nursery 94.8 5.2 2.8

Planting 22.7 69.9 5.2 2.2 10.3

Weeding 69.2 14.3 1.0 15.5 36.2

harvesting 16.0 83.5 0.5 28.4

Cibedug Cultivation 79.2 1.7 4.6 14.5 38.0

Nursery 84.0 6.2 9.8 1.9

Planting 44.5 20.6 25.1 9.8 13.6

Weeding 79.5 0.6 19.9 30.2

harvesting 29.9 70.1 8.9

3.4.3 Agricultural Process in Swidden cultivation

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3.4.4 Agricultural Labor System

Local people manage their cultivated land based on the following labor systems.

Self labor (sorangan)

This the labor conducted within a family.

Collaborative labor (ngepak)

This is the labor conducted for planting and harvest. Those who engaged in the labor the planting of rice plants have a right to join in the labor of harvest automatically. They eventually receives 20% of the total amount of the harvest in reward for their labor. In case of absence of the participant, the deputy who designated him is allowed to join in the activity. It is often the case that the owner of the land purposely invites the person who are not involved in the planting activity. He can also get 20% of the rice from his own labor efforts.

Equal labor (mantuan)

This the labor conducted between relatives or within neighborhoods. This labor is not accompanied with money but free of charge. Those who helps others in the field do not except collateral labor.

Photo 25. Seedling are planted with pole (ngaseuk)

Photo 23. Cut trees and grasses are burn (ngahuru)

Photo 22. Trees and grasses are cut with an axe (nyacar)

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Exchange labor (liliuran)

This the labor with previous contract labor among several person. People work together successively in each paddy field. Those who are supported in their own paddy field have an obligation to contribute labor force to other members. If they can not support their friends for unavoidable reason, they ought to compensate for their debt with a proportionate amount of money.

Wage labor (kuli)

This is the onerous labor. Money is distribute in accordance with the total number of labor days. Table 6 describes this labor system in the paddy fields in three village. The activities are categorized within cultivation, nursery, planting, weeding and harvesting. This table shows that almost all activities are conducted by self labor. Furthermore, exchange labor is uncommon in each village. The ratio of wage labor in Ciptarasa is less than Leuwijamang and Cibedug.

In swidden cultivation and garden, a self-reliant labor system is more obvous than in the rice field (Table can not be shown).

3.4.5 Forest Utilization

3.4.5.1 Knowledge of the Local People concerning the Forest

The local community around GHNP usually has their own traditional knowledge for their daily activities needs. People know the situation of their surrounding environment and utilize the plants for their daily needs. The forest in Leuweung Keramat (Holy forest, Devil forest) in Cibedug community is called Devil Forest. The results of the survey in the forest indicate that Puspa (Schima walichii), Rasamala (Altingia excelsa), Mara (Macaranga sp.), Huru Carulang (Litsea tomentosa), Awi tali (Gigantochloa apus), Pasang (Quercus argentea) were noted or identified as the dominant species.

The farmers in GHNP community have cultivated the land, maintained the seedlings in the nursery, crops and harvested for religious ceremonies. The people at the Pasir Eurih-village Ciomas, Bogor have a traditional ceremony before they begin to plant the rice in the rice field (Rahayu et. al., 1997). A similar ceremony is conducted by the people surrounding GHNP. Generally in the communities in both villages intended encouragement “yang kuasa” is performed for the success of crops. Harsojo (1984) indicated that the farmers in West Java, apart from rice cultivation, they also produce the fish in fish ponds. This mean that the farmers’ mind are closely related to their own land and rice fields.

3.4.5.2 Utilization of Plant Diversity

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Photo 26. Handycrafts

1) Plants for Food

The various species of plants are recognize as food stuff for the local people of GHNP. They have used rice as a source of carbohydrate, apart from maize, cassava, yam (Dioscorea sp.), bolang (Colocasia sp.) and Hui jahe, for a long time. Those plants grow abundantly in GHNP. The survey indicate that 172 species were used for food. Of these 93 species are used as vegetables, 79 species as a fruits, 5 species as spices, 1 species sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) as sugar and 1 species Ki goong (Premna pubescens) as a soft-drink such as cincau. Some of them have multi uses as vegetables and fruits and so on.

2) Plants for Construction

Local people usually use some species of plants for construction. The plants is selected for function such as a pillar. The house looks like a hut and they build the rice shed close to the rice field.

The survey noted almost 218 plants species used in house construction in the three villages. Among them were found seven species such as Tepus (Zingiberaceae), Mareme (Glochidion sp.), Patat (Phyrium pubinerve), Pinding totot (Hornstedtia paludosa), Kawung (Arenga pinnata), Salak leuweung (Sallaca cf. edulis) and Kiray (Metroxylon sp.) and seven species of rotan-rotanan (Arecaceae) are used for construction rope. The interview with the local community indicated that Injuk which is used for the house roof can last for at least ten years, Kiray leaves for four years, Tepus leaves for seven years and Patat leave for 2 years.

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 3) Plants for Technical Purpose

The results of the survey noted that 335 plant species are used for technological materials. 47 species are used for utensils, 96 species for wood equipment and tool holders and furniture, 193 species for agricultural tools and the other 8 species for traditional instruments.

4) Plants for Traditional Medicine

Although the development of modern medicines has risen surprisingly quickly, this does not mean that traditional medicinal plant use has been lost. The community surrounding GHNP believe in the use of certain plants based on their own experiences and in correlation with their local religious spirits.

The investigation found that there were 153 plants species recorded as being used for traditional medicines such as stomach troubles, cough, ear ache, swellings, head ache, eye drop, toothache, itching, diuretic and for after child birth.

The use of plants for post child birth to reduce blood loss, prevent head ache and recover stimulation. Setyowati_Indarto and Siagian (1992) mentioned that in CMS- Bgr there were 37 species noted. Sunarti and Rahayu (1997) also found 37 species in a village in Sukaresmi-Bgr. Most of the plants which are used for traditional medicine have now been cultivated.

The Sembung plants (Blumea balsamifera) ad Koneng gede (Curcuma domestica) are commonly used after child birth occurring, in particular in West Java as well as other areas (Rahayu et. al., 1997; Siagian et.al., 1997; Siagian, 2000).

The observation and the study indicated that the part of the plant most people prepare for traditional medicine are mostly are the trunk/ bark (77 species), leave (80 species), root/ bulb (20 species), herb (11 species), fruits (13 species), sap (11 species), flowers (5 species) and seed (1 species). The plat parts that are used are sometimes similar in different tribes and somehow are quite distinctive. The continued of exploitation of plants disturb the growing. But the harvesting plant is ruled in order to prevent the wilting of plant.

Some 153 species of medicinal plant which are rare in Indonesia (Moeljono and Sidik, 1999) are used by communities in GHNP such as Alstonia scholaris R. Br., Kadsura scandens (Bl.)Bl., Fibraurea chloroleuca Ness. and Cinnamomum sintok Bl.. The way of using various species of plants for traditional medicine could be single plant. It is also possible to contaminate with the other species according to the information that formulated species is significantly best compare to the single species. This strongly correlated with active component between each and others.

5) Plants for Fuel Wood

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especially in tropical regions because the material is easy to get, cheap and renewable (Anonimous, 1983).

Generally, all of the trees are used by the local community surrounding GHNP (Ciptarasa 229 species; Leuwijamang 209 species and Cibedug 67 species). Cibedug people, however, are one of the communities, around GHNP, that does disturb the forest. The characteristic of the fire wood that is chosen by these local people is the best quality for producing energy, is smokeless and non-aromatic. Therefore, the species of Huru/ Medang (Lauraceae) are not selected as fire wood in Cibedug. Among 272 species of fire woods, 15 species are Eugenia sp., Garcinia rostrata, G. dulcis, Mallotus paniculatus, Blumeodendron tokbrai, Calycina sp., Macaranga javanica, M. tanarius, Paraterisanthes falcataria, Lithocarpus indicus, Glochidion fulvirameum, Quercus gemelliflora, Leungsir, Pasang tanduk and Kayang batu are favoured species.

6) Plants for Multipurpose

There were 147 species of plant noted as being used for other purposes such as traditional ceremonies or religious ceremonies (41 species), animal/ vet. Feeding (71 species), children toys (18 species), ornamental plants (5 species), natural pesticide (4 species), green manure (8 species), a form of sugar (3 species), sugar/ cigarette wrapping and fishing toxin (each of them 2 species).

The variety of species of plant as used in traditional ceremonies are intended to protect against agricultural pest, devil disturbance and diseases as well as for healthy livestock.

It is common in Indonesia that people cultivate with traditional ceremonies by using certain crops. The common species planted for ceremonies are Pacing (Costusspeciosus) to calm and cool the land, Cangkuang leaves (Pandanus furcatus) and Harendong (Melastoma malabathricum) for pest protection, the bark of Teureup (Artocarpus elasticus) for pest control of rice in storage (shed) and for seed for a high yield, as well. The application of various species is often to induce magic power on agricultural activities and it seems the farmer feels worried if their rice fails. The farmer in Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park in Riau cultivate plants such as Setawar (Costus speciosus), Sedingin (Kalanchoe pinnata), Sibokal (Polyalthia subcordata), Ribu-ribu (Anisophylla distincha), Bunga abang kuning (Celosia argentea), Renggau (Flacourtia rukam), at the beginning of cultivation to achieve highest yields (Rahayu and Wiriadinata, 1995).

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 3.4.5.3 Frequency of Forest Utilization

Table 7 shows the high dependence of local people on forest resources such as for food and forest wood in particular. Food includes different things such as young leaves, potatoes, flowers and so on. They gather food not only in gardens but also in the forest. The difference between the three village is not remarkable.

Fuel wood is absolutely indispensable for them because they utilize fuel wood to cook vegetables and boil water for their daily consumption. Generally, they gather fuel wood twice or three times a week. This hard labor is carried out by men. They spend natural trees in the forest as well as planted trees such as fruits trees and useful trees in their own gardens. Frequency of gathering fuel wood from the forest in CRS, LJ and CBD as 38.3%; 30.8% and 75.8% within of a 30 day period respectively. The local people in CBD depend more heavily on the forest than those in other villages. This exemplifies the fact that cultivated trees planted by local people in CBD are not enough so that they are forced to enter into the forest as a daily routine. As mentioned above, considering the situation in CBD, it is of up-most importance that the local people be included in activities to conserve and protect the natural resources of GHNP.

Table 7. Frequency of local people gathering food and fuel wood (%)

Name of Village Food Fuel wood

Forest 1) _Garden2) _Forest1) _Garden2)

Ciptarasa 31.2 68.8 38.3 61.7

Leuwijamang 37.5 62.5 30.8 69.2

Cibedug 37.7 62.7 75.8 24.2

1) _{Forest includes primary forest, secondary forest and scrub. Garden includes swidden agriculture, vegetable}

garden, mixed garden and mixed forest. 2) _{Fuel wood from garden means fruit trees.}

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Fig. 5. Number of each vegetation types used by local people

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ It can also be seen in Fig. 7 that there is no significant difference in the way in which fuel wood is gathered in the different levels. In Ciptarasa and Leuwijamang the total number of days between forest and gardens is almost the same. Because Ciptarasa is located adjacent to GHNP and a forest Concession area, the local people get natural fuel wood from both forests. This means that the function of the forest protection as a buffer-zone is working to some degree. The local people in LJ collect fuel wood from the tea plantation and clove plantation near the village. These areas also function as a buffer-zone to decrease direct destruction of the forest in the park. On the other hand, the frequency with which wood is taken from the forest, in Cbedug, is much higher than that from the garden. It is supposed that the lack of fuel wood from garden facilitate them to raid into the forest intensively. As Cbedug is encroachment area within GHNP,

destructive practices have a direct effort on the forest.

Fig. 7. Frequency gathering fuel wood within 30 days period

Moreover, it can be supposed that there is actually differences in the way fuel wood collected between the three villages. In, Ciptarasa and Leuwijamang, they seldom collect fuel wood. On the other hand, in Cibedug, they often collect fuel wood especially from the forest. Considering that the total amount of consumption within thirty days is similar among the three villages, the total amount per once collection is smaller but more frequent in Cibedug than in Ciptarasa and Leuwijamang.

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As shown in Fig 8, In Ciptarasa, 408 species were utilized including 136 foods, 182 constructions, 276 technologies, 104 medicines, 229 fuel woods and 115 others. In Leuwijamang, 364 species were utilized including 103 foods, 128 constructions, 219 technologies, 105 medicines, 203 fuel woods and 54 others. In Ciptarasa, 408 species were utilize including 136 foods, 182 constructions, 276 technologies, 104 medicines, 229 fuel woods and 115 others.

Fig. 8. Number of species used by local people

3.5 Social Systems

3.5.1 Traditional Land Tenure

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Traditional People and Biodiversity

Table 8: Area of privately property land (ha)

Name of village Class Paddy field Garden, Leased land House Total

Scrub, etc.

Ciptarasa I 1.49 0.19 0 0.009 1.68

II 0.65 0.50 0.02 0.013 1.19

III 0.32 0.19 0.05 0.009 0.57

IV 0.23 0.14 0.11 0.008 0.48

Average 0.67 0.25 0.05 0.010 0.98

Leuwijamang I 0.23 0.32 0.17 0.014 0.74

II 0.55 0.32 0.01 0.012 0.89

III 0.26 0.12 0.07 0.014 0.46

IV 0.12 0.11 0.07 0.009 0.31

Average 0.29 0.22 0.08 0.012 0.60

Cibedug I 0.35 0.18 0 0.006 0.53

II 0.29 0.09 0.03 0.007 0.43

III 0.14 0.07 0.10 0.006 0.31

IV 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.006 0.25

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Table 9: Ratio of private property land again utilization land (%)

Name of village Class Paddy field Except Paddy field

Ciptarasa I 4.30 0.66

The differences of land area among each class is conspicuous, especially in Ciptarasa. This proves that wealth-ranking is considered based on the land area of each person. People in class III have about twice as much land area as those in class IV. Table 9 shows the ratio of private property owned land against utilization land. This implies that in Ciptarasa the lower class people tend to lease agricultural land from the upper class people to fulfill their food consumption because they have little land of their own. In other villages, this distinction could not be found among the classes.

The local people use the customary property system for sustainable management and utilization of restricted land within their communities. These concepts are as follows:

1) Inheritance (warisan)

This land inherited from generation to generation. Generally, the land is divided equally between male and female children after they are independent of their parents.

2) Reclamation (mulung)

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 3) Sale based on labor (warisan)

This is the system used to acquire property rights by providing finance for the land. The price of the land is not as expensive as Sale (jual beli) as is mentioned below, because people pay for the labor which was spent for the reclamation of the land. It also possible that they provided domestic animals such as chicken or buffalos or rice instead of money.

4) Alienation (pamasihan/ paméré)

This is the system used to acquired property rights through alienation of the land.

5) Sale (jual beli)

This is the system used to buy and sell the land. The sale can be divided into two categories, that is permanent sale and temporary sale. The former is the usual sale. The later is a sale which is accompanied by a previous agreement among the person concerned. Generally, when a land owner suffers from a lack of money, they are inclined to pawn their land in order to cover the shortage. Moreover, the person who bought the land from the owner would like to induce a third person to accrue the land. However, he needs to have an obligation to grant permission from the previous owner.

6) Security (gadé)

This is the system that those who are in difficult economy situation take out a loan on their agricultural land. The property rights of the land can not be handed over to those who accommodate money during a loan period. It is often the case that a time limit to return a payment can not be set, but sometimes an agreement is set in advance. Those who take out a loan do not need to pay bac with interest as they did as before. When the money is repaid, the land is returned to the owner. It is often that because he can not afford to return the money, the next generation take on the responsibility for the debt of their parents.

In case of paddy field, as the land owner continuously has the right to the trees planted beside the paddy field, the lender is prohibited for cutting down the surrounding trees without permission. The lender, however, can harvest foods such as fruits for himself during the loan period except in the case of a previous agreement for the distribution of the harvest. Moreover, the lender is allowed to plant useful trees without permission of the borrower.

7) Rent with compensation (maparo/ maro/ marteln/ nengah)

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not so good and a lot of labor is required to level the land, the period of the initial contract tend to be about one or two years. During this contract, the owner does not have the right to demand restoration of the land. At the end of the period, as mentioned above, the harvest distribution can be conducted.

As the owner has the right to plant trees beside the land, the user is not allowed to cut down these trees without permission. The harvest is divided equally between the two sides.

This system is profitable in the case that the owner can not manage his own land and puts it into the hands of others. This could be because he does not have enough time to control the land or he would like to provide the opportunity for those whose land is scarce to utilize the land.

8) Rent without compensation (nginjeum/ numpang garap)

This is the system that the land owner takes out without any compensation. The period of the contract is settled in advance. Those who rent the land are exempted from the duty to distribute harvest or pay money.

During the contract period, the user is not permitted to plant trees but permitted to plant perennial crops or fruits trees. Moreover, the user is forbidden to cut down any trees in the area. If the user is not capable of returning the land by him self, the responsibility is passed to his children. In an emergency situation such as necessity for his children, the owner can insist on the immediate return of his land. Generally, the owner has priority over the user.

9) Contract (séwa)

This is the system that user can manage the other’s land for several years with compensation. During the contract period, the user can acquire all harvest from the land.

Table 10: Customary land property system (%)

Name of village Place Inherit- Reclam- Sale based Alien- Sale

ance ation on labor ation

Ciptarasa Paddy field 60.8 14.7 20.7 3.8 0

Except Paddy field 6.7 76.4 5.5 11.4 0

Leuwijamang Paddy field 89.1 2.2 8.7 0 0

Except Paddy field 71.7 11.8 3.3 10.2 3.0

Cibedug Paddy field 82.2 10.7 4.7 2.4 0

Except Paddy field 45.1 54.9 0 0 0

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ The different situations of these villages influences the different customary land property system employed. The local community in Ciptarasa have vast forests owned by the Forest Concession and can access the forest without any restriction to expand their cultivation land. Their swidden cultivation system also contribute to the increased ratio of extensive reclamation. It is often, however, that they do not cut down primary forest but cut down scrub or secondary forest. This the reason why the ratio of reclamation is high. Because Leuwijamang is an enclave, local people are inevitable forbidden to expand into the forest within GHNP.

3.5.2 Modern Land Tenure

Table 11 summarize the average land acreage (ha/family) and percentage of each land tenure type. Based on the management plan, government land tenure types can be places into 4 categories, private property, plantation, forest concession and national park.

In Ciptarasa, the land area in the Forest Concession is more than 80% and 90% about garden. The land area which is included into GHNP is less than 1%. Because Ciptarasa is located adjacent to Forest Concession and National Park, forest owned by Forest Concession can function as a buffer to protect and conserve the forests in GHNP.

As for Leuwijamang, the largest land area is privately property. Local people also occupy large areas of land in GHNP. The percentage is 29.9% rice field; 66.5% garden and totally 45.5%. However, considering that this area is jurisdicted as an enclave, any land owned by the local people can not exist theoretically within GHNP.

On the other hand, In Cibedug, needless to say, almost all privately owned land of the local people exist within the park. A little cultivation land is found outside the park such as private property land and Forest Concession.

3.5.3 Traditional Property Right and Utilization Right

Table 12 describes the mixed property and used of the land as paddy field, garden, mixed garden, mixed forest, scrub, secondary forest, old secondary forest and primary forest. Because the traditional system of several types of land is identical. The land forms were divided into four groups; (1) paddy field, (2) garden, mixed garden and mixed forest, (3) scrub and secondary forest, (4) old secondary forest and primary forest. Moreover, the utilization right was considered to be different between cultivated plants and natural plants. Cultivated plant were found to be divided into three categories rice and vegetables, trees, (except fuel wood) and fuel wood. Natural plants were divided into three categories grass, tree and fuel wood.

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Table 11: Land tenure of local people (%)

Name of Privately Owned Property Plantation Forest Concession National Park

village Paddy garden total Paddy garden total Paddy garden total Paddy garden total

field field field field

Ciptarasa 18.0 3.4 13.0 0 0 0 81.5 96.6 86.6 0.6 0 0.4

Leuwijamang 54.2 25.9 42.2 15.9 7.6 12.3 0 0 0 29.9 66.5 45.5

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ If those who have already cultivated the land would like to ensure the property rights, it is essential to plant trees on purpose so as to assert their right. Banana are not recognize as an indicator of the property right. The inheritance of the land to their children is also approved. It is often the case that even if there exists no planted trees as an indicator, the property right are recognized with the assertion. However, the period of the right can not continue more than three years without precise indicators. The right without any sign is gradually invalid as plant succession grows from scrub to secondary forest.

Whether the land is ensured or left depends on the individual opinion. This is the reason why the customary property rules in scrub and secondary forest are mentioned as a loose system. Scrub or secondary forest without any management may describe the lack of intention to continue to cultivate the lands as garden.

Individual rights of paddy fields is so strict ans strong that no one can enter into the paddy field to pick rice. In the garden, it is possible to gather vegetables with comparative freedom. This explains that a person is allowed to gather for temporary consumption without the owner’s previous permission. However, it is often the case that this rule is available only among close friends or relatives.

Planted trees in paddy fields, gardens, scrub and secondary forest are forbidden to be felled without permission. On the other hand, a person is allowed o gather fuel wood from planted trees such as fruits trees or fast growing trees.

A person is free to gather natural grass, trees and fuel wood from private property. However, in Leuwijamang and Cibedug, it is forbidden to fell natural trees on private property. This is the reason why the limited cultivation areas owned by the local people, in these two villages, do not provide enough natural useful trees, so that they are included to keep the rights for natural resources within their own land.

Old secondary forest and primary forest are open access areas, but nobody can enter into this area for the purpose of gathering forest products for food, fuel wood, materials for construction and so on. This area plays an important role for local people because it sometimes occurs that the gardens do not provide enough fuel wood to fulfill their daily needs. This is the reason why government has to manage the area effectively so that the local people and the government can exist together.

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Table 12: Mixed property an use the land by local people

garden scrub old secondary forest

paddy field mixed garden secondary forest primary forest mixed forest

Property tight tight loose open access

right

utilization artificial rice difficult to utilize possible to utilize with -

-right vegetables comparative freedom

tree possible to utilize with possible to utilize with possible to utilize with

owner’s permission owner’s permission owner’s permission

-fuel wood possible to utilize without possible to utilize without possible to utilize without

owner’s permission owner’s permission owner’s permission

-natural grass possible to utilize without possible to utilize without possible to utilize without

owner’s permission owner’s permission owner’s permission open access

tree possible to utilize without possible to utilize with possible to utilize without

fuel wood possible to utilize without possible to utilize without possible to utilize without

1) Degree of tight is open access > possible to utilize without owner’s permission > possible to utilize with comparatively freedom > possible with owner’s permission > difficult to utilize.

2) “Possible to utilize with comparatively freedom means that the people can utilize plants with post facto approval.

3) “Fuel wood” means not felling trees but gathering trees.

4) Natural grass and trees which are planted and managed intentionally can not utilized without owner’s permission.

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 3.6 Awareness of Local People Concerning Forest Conservation

An opinion survey conducted among villages exemplifies a great number of local people’s perception towards law enforcement in GHNP. The ration of positive answer concerning the forest policy of GHNP (from 1.3 to 1.8) was more than eighty percent. This means that almost all of them know that activities such as the cultivation of land, gathering forest products, cutting down timber for any purpose within GHNP are strongly forbidden. Furthermore, eighty two percent of the local people recognize that they will be punished if they do something illegal within GHNP. There were no differences in perception among the three different villages.

On the other hand, only forty one percent of them knew of the existence of the Protection Forest (Hutan Lindung) which is the antecedent of GHNP. This implies that it is in recent days that the awards of GHNP have developed and increased surprisingly.

Thos who have seen the sign or poles of the boundary of GHNP amounted to only Fifty four percent (45.8; 76.9 and 37.5 percent for CRS, LJ, and CBD, respectively). A higher ratio in LJ can be attributed to the fact that the legal status of this village is an enclave and they are ordinarily forced to recognize the existence of GHNP nearby. However, it is a serious problem that the existence of the poles is not clear for the local people because this could result in unrestricted poaching and the integrity could eventually be detracted from.

Approximately ninety percent of the local people consider that establishing GHNP is necessary and all including local people, should conserve the forest resources of GHNP. The opinion of the local people about conservation at the local level generally demonstrates that the local people agree that forest conservation in inevitable so as not detract from the forest. This opinion was the same among the three villages. Especially, they strongly believe that the primary forest needs to be set as a priority over secondary forest. These answers may result from the local people’s different definition of forest from the general one. “Second forest” in local people’s terminology suggests neglected land followed with swidden cultivation or garden which includes low density trees or grasses. Consequently, they comprehend the land for their daily consumption than as being concerned about the integrity of the area.

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Photo 27. A lot of useful trees are planted on the side of paddy fields.

These contradictory facts can lead to the following two predications. The one is that the local people have only a superficial understanding of forest conservation even though they have already received information about the importance of biodiversity conservation. They only know that the forest policies prohibit any activities within GHNP, but their perception is not enough to understand the true purpose of the law and value of environmental conservation. The second is that they use the forest products and expand their cultivation lands owing to a lack of alternative ways to maintain their lives.

Some 76 % of the local people agreed that they would not encroach any more if given the right to cultivate land in GHNP. There is no difference among the three locations.

More than seventy percent of the people do not want to relocate outside of GHNP (79% percent, 85% percent and 92 percent from Ciptarasa, Leuwijamang, and Cibedug respectively). The result is almost the same even if they are given some compensation. This fact implies that the accomplishment of exclusive injustice of the people is dysfunctional and generates hostility and resentment against government jurisdiction. The unilateral law enforcement eventually jeopardized the relevant park management.

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Furthermore, it is encouraging that all people enthusiastically receive people from outside of this district. Of those interviewed 84% answered that ecotourism can bring benefits. It may be one of the most crucial key point to conquer the problem of GHNP not only within GHNP but also among every related actor concerning GHNP that the local people do not refuse the positive effect from the outside.

It can be concluded that the awareness of local people is regretfully not high to conserve the forest independently because of a lack of information or of the daily needs, as mentioned above. However, it is a fact that more or less almost all people understand forest policies even if they have not yet recognize them in detail. Environmental education is therefore imperative to increase and develop the communities’ awareness toward conservation.

Table 13. Awareness of local people concerning forest conservation

Statements Percentage

Ciptarasa Leuwijamang Cibedug Total

1. Awareness of local people of GHNP

1.1 Do you know of the existence of GHNP?

Yes 91.7 84.6 95.8 90.5

No 8.3 15.4 4.2 9.5

Neutral 0 0 0 0

1.2 Do you know of the existence of Protection Forest?

Yes 50.0 46.2 25.0 40.5

No 50.0 53.8 75.0 59.5

Neutral 0 0 0 0

1.3 Have you ever seen the signs or poles of the boundary of GHNP?

Yes 45.8 76.9 37.5 54.1

No 50 23.1 62.5 44.6

Neutral 4.2 0 0 1.4

1.4 Do you know it is prohibited to use land within GHNP for agricultural purpose?

Yes 87.5 73.1 87.5 81.1

No 8.3 26.9 8.3 16.2

Neutral 4.2 0 4.2 2.7

1.5 Do you know it is prohibited to gather forest products within GHNP for household consumption?

Yes 87.5 69.2 87.5 81.1

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1.6 Do you know it is prohibited to gather forest products within GHNP for selling purpose?

Yes 87.5 69.2 87.5 81.1

No 8.3 30.8 8.3 16.2

Neutral 4.2 0 4.2 2.7

1.7 Do you know it is prohibited to cut down timber within GHNP for household consumption?

Yes 87.5 76.9 87.5 83.8

No 8.3 23.1 8.3 13.5

Neutral 4.2 0 4.2 2.7

1.8 Do you know it is prohibited to cut down timber within GHNP for selling purpose?

Yes 87.5 76.9 87.5 83.8

No 8.3 23.1 8.3 13.5

Neutral 4.2 0 4.2 2.7

1.9Do you know you will be punished if you do something illegal within GHNP?

3.1 Primary forest felling for the purpose of agricultural utilization (swidden agriculture, paddy field) causes forest destruction.

Agree 87.5 96.2 95.8 93.2

Disagree 12.5 3.8 4.2 6.8

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Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 3.2 Secondary forest felling for the purpose

of agricultural utilization causes forest

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3.9 Local people should contribute to

the management of GHNP because they have traditional knowledge of forest resources.

Agree 91.7 88.5 91.7 90.5

Disagree 0 0 0 0

Neutral 8.3 11.5 8.3 9.5

4. Utilization at Local level

4.1 Local people should have the right to occupy primary forest within GHNP.

Agree 79.2 84.6 66.7 77.0

Disagree 12.5 0 29.2 13.5

Neutral 8.3 15.4 4.2 9.5

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4.8 Felling timber for house construction in secondary forest within GHNP should be allowed.

Agree 66.7 84.6 83.3 78.4

Disagree 25.0 3 8.3 12.2

Neutral 8.3 11.5 8.3 9.5

4.9 Local people need some utilization of the forest.

Agree 95.8 92.3 95.8 94.6

Disagree 0 0 4.2 1.4

Neutral 4.2 7.7 0 4.1

4.10 If given the right to cultivate land in GHNP, local people would not encroach 5.1 Willingness to relocate to a place

outside of GHNP.

Agree 12.5 3.9 4.2 6.8

Disagree 79.2 84.6 91.7 85.1

Neutral 8.3 11.5 4.2 8.1

5.2 If given some compensation, local

people are willing to be relocated to a place outside of GHNP.

Agree 16.7 3.9 8.3 9.5

Disagree 70.8 80.8 83.3 78.4

Neutral 12.5 15.4 8.3 12.2

5.3 Giving the right to utilize or occupy forest of GHNP is the way to conquer the problem.

Agree 66.7 88.5 79.2 78.4

Disagree 12.5 0 0 4.1

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5.4 Government should allow local people

to participate in making management plan for GHNP..

Agree 91.7 88.5 87.5 89.2

Disagree 0 0 0 0

Neutral 8.3 11.5 12.5 10.8

5.5 The role of the third party such as NGOs is essential to solve conflicts.

Agree 79.2 88.5 95.8 87.8

Disagree 8.3 0 0 2.7

Neutral 12.5 11.5 4.2 9.5

6. Outsider

6.1 Local people enthusiastically receive people outside of this district.

Agree 100 100 100 100

Disagree 0 0 0 0

Neutral 0 0 0 0

6.2 Ecotourism brings a lot of benefits to local communities.

Agree 83.3 80.8 87.5 83.8

Disagree 4.2 7.7 12.5 8.1