i
PERTANAMAN TERHADAP HASIL JAGUNG DAN KACANG HIJAU DI LAHAN KERING DISERTASI OLEH:
E D Y
08/278611/SPN/00371
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
FAKULTAS PERTANIAN
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
YOGYAKARTA
2012
ii
DI LAHAN KERING
Disertasi untuk memperoleh
derajat Doktor dalam Ilmu Pertanian Minat Agronomi pada Universitas Gadjah Mada
Dipertahankan di hadapan Tim Penguji Program Pascasarjana
Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Gadjah Mada
Pada tanggal: 26 Nopember 2012
Oleh E d y
08/278611/SPN/371
Lahir
PENGARUH PENGELOLAAN AIR, PEMUPUKAN KALIUM DAN POLA PERTANAMAN TERHADAP HASIL JAGUNG DAN KACANG HIJAU
DI LAHAN KERING
E D Y RINGKASAN
Jagung merupakan salah satu sumber karbohidrat utama dan menjadi alternatif sumber pangan. Selain sebagai sumber karbohidrat, jagung juga ditanam sebagai pakan ternak, penghasil minyak dan tepung serta bahan baku industri lainnya. Kebutuhan jagung untuk bahan pangan, pakan dan industri meningkat terus. Impor jagung Indonesia tahun 2010 sudah mencapai 2,2 juta ton. Oleh karena itu produksi jagung harus ditingkatkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan.
Produksi jagung nasional, luas areal panen dan hasil rata-rata masing-masing adalah 17.643.250 ton, 3.864.692 ha, dan 4,56 ton per hektar, dan hal masih tergolong rendah sehingga perlu ditingkatkan melalui intensifikasi pada lahan kering. Selanjutnya dalam upaya meningkatkan produktivitas lahan khususnya lahan kering tadah hujan yang umumnya bermasalah pada ketersediaan lengas maka diperlukan pengelolaan air yang tepat dan terintegrasi antara lain panen hujan, peningkatan daya serap tanah dengan pemanfaatan residu tanaman, pemupukan kalium, penggunaan varietas toleran kekeringan dan penggunaan pola pertanaman yang tepat untuk meningkatkan hasil dan produktivitas lahan.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan bentuk pengelolaan air dan interaksinya dengan pemupukan kalium pada lahan kering dalam meningkatkan produktivitas lahan, hasil tanaman jagung dan kacang hijau.
Penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 percobaan yang dilaksanakan Juli 2010 - Juni 2011. Percobaan I di Rumah Plastik Kebun Percobaan UGM Banguntapan, didesain dengan Rancangan Petak Terpisah. Petak utama adalah Varietas jagung, terdiri dari 4 varietas: Lagaligo, Lamuru, Bima 2 Bantimurung, dan Bima 4 Bantimurung. Anak petak adalah interval waktu penyiraman, terdiri dari 4 taraf: disiram 1, 2, 4, dan 8 hari sekali. Percobaan I bertujuan untuk mendapatkan varietas jagung paling tahan kekeringan untuk digunakan pada percobaan II. Percobaan II dilakukan di Desa Wareng Kecamatan Wonosari Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Daerah Istimewa. Yogyakarta. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Petak-Petak Terpisah, dengan Petak Utama didesain dalam Bujur Sangkar Latin. Petak utama adalah model parit terdiri atas 3 taraf: tanpa parit, parit, parit diisi seresah. Anak petak adalah takaran kalium terdiri dari 3 taraf: kontrol, 37,5 kg KCl.ha-1 dan 75 kg KCl.ha-1. Anak-anak petak adalah waktu menyisip jagung, terdiri dari 2 taraf: waktu sisip jagung 60 dan 70 hari setelah tanam jagung I.
Hasil penelitian percobaan I menunjukkan lengas tanah tersedia dan laju evapotranspirasi sangat dipengaruhi oleh interval waktu penyiraman, makin lama interval penyiraman makin rendah lengas tersedia bagi tanaman dan menurunkan laju evapotranspirasi, tetapi varietas tidak berpengaruh terhadap ketersediaan lengas tanah dan laju evapotranspirasi pada semua interval waktu penyiraman kecuali lengas tanah pada Bima 4 Bantimurung yang lebih rendah. Luas daun, rasio akar tajuk, bobot kering, efisiensi penggunaan air dan hasil biji jagung menunjukkan penurunan dengan makin lama nya interval waktu penyiraman,
kecuali Bima 2 Bantimurung yang menunjukkan daya adaptasi yang tinggi berdasarkan nilai slope dan indeks sensitifitas yang lebih rendah dibandingkan Bima 4 Bantimurung, Lagaligo dan Lamuru.
Hasil penelitian percobaan II menunjukkan, pemupukan kalium 75 kg KCl.ha-1 berpengaruh terhadap lengas tanah. Lahan yang diberi parit berisi seresah meningkatkan lengas tanah dibandingkan lahan tanpa parit, namun tidak berbeda dengan lahan yang hanya diberi parit. Air teratus pada pertanaman yang diberi seresah di dalam parit dan pemupukan K 75 kg KCl.ha-1 lebih rendah air teratusnya namun laju evapotranspirasi, suhu, sekapan cahyanya, indeks luas daun, laju pertumbuhan tanaman, laju asimilasi bersih, bobot kering, bobot hasil dan bobot 100 biji jagung lebih tinggi dibandingkan kombinasi perlakuan lainnya. Pada areal pertanaman yang diberi parit berisi seresah dan dipupuk kalium 37,5 kg KCl.ha-1 meningkatkan lebar bukaan stomata, klorofil, efisiensi penggunaan air, kandungan air nisbi daun, kadar dan serapan K pada jagung yang ditanam awal dan jagung sisipan, dan semakin meningkat, dengan pemupukan K 75 kg KCl.ha-1 dibandingkan tanpa pemupukan K, namun sebaliknya kandungan prolin menurun. Waktu menyisip 60 dan 70 hari setelah tanam jagung I umumnya tidak berbeda. Bobot kering, indeks luas daun, laju pertumbuhan tanaman, laju asimilasi bersih, kandungan air nisbi kacang hijau yang ditumpangsarikan dengan jagung, menunjukkan waktu tanam kacang hijau awal lebih tinggi dibandingkan waktu tanam kacang hijau akhir. Bobot kering, indeks luas daun, laju pertumbuhan tanaman, laju asimilasi bersih, dan kandungan air nisbi, klorofil, bobot 100 biji dan hasil biji tanaman kacang hijau meningkat pada areal yang diberi parit dan
semakin meningkat pada areal yang diberi seresah di dalam parit dibandingkan areal tanpa parit, sebaliknya kandungan prolin menurun pada kacang hijau yang ditanam awal, dan pada areal yang diberi parit, dan semakin menurun pada areal yang diberi seresah di dalam parit dibandingkan kacang hijau yang ditanam diakhir dan tanpa parit. N isbah setara lahan dan waktu (NSLW) pada pola pertanaman jagung tumpangsari kacang hijau kemudian disisip jagung saat tanaman jagung I berumur 60 atau 70 hari kemudian ditumpangsarikan lagi dengan kacang hijau meningkatkan nilai setara lahan dan waktu antara 1,8 – 2,3.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa: 1) Jagung Varietas Bima 2 Bantimurung lebih efisien menggunakan air, toleran kekeringan, bobot kering, rasio akar tajuk dan hasil biji lebih tinggi; 2) Penggunaan parit+seresah dan K 75 kg KCl.ha-1 meningkatkan sekapan cahaya, evapotranspirasi, bobot kering, indeks luas daun, laju pertumbuhan tanaman, laju asimilasi bersih, hasil biji, bobot 100 biji, klorofil, kandungan air nisbi, efisiensi penggunaan air, kadar dan serapan K, daya serap akar, dan menurunkan kadar prolin jagung; 3) Penggunaan parit+seresah dan penanaman kacang hijau bersamaan jagung I meningkatkan klorofil, indeks luas daun, laju pertumbuhan tanaman, laju asimilasi bersih, kandungan air nisbi, bobot kering, hasil biji dan bobot 100 biji kacang hijau; 4) Tumpangsari jagung dan kacang hijau, kemudian disisip jagung saat jagung I berumur 60 dan 70 hari, kemudian ditumpangsarikan lagi dengan kacang hijau, diperoleh nilai setara lahan dan waktu 1,8 – 2,3 pada kedua pola pertanaman tersebut.
THE EFFECTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT, POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION, AND CROPPING PATTERN ON MAIZE
AND MUNGBEAN YIELD IN DRY LAND E D Y
SUMMARY
Maize is one of the main sources of carbohydrates and an alternative food source. Aside from being a source of carbohydrate, maize is also grown as animal feed, oil and flour and other industrial raw materials. Need of maize for food, feed and industry continue to increase. Indonesia maize imports in 2010 reached 2.2 million tons. Therefore, maize production must be increased to meet the demand. National maize production, harvested area and average yield of each was 17,643,250 tons, 3,864,692 ha and 4.56 tons per hectare respectively, and it is still relatively low and that needs to be improved by intensification the dry land. Furthermore, in an effort to increase the productivity of land in particular dry land rainfed generally problematic on the availability of moisture it needs proper water management and integrated such as rain harvesting, increasing absorptive capacity of land with the use of crop residues, potassium fertilizer, the use of drought tolerant varieties and the use of cropping patterns to increase the yield and land productivity.
The aims of this study are to obtain the form of water management and its interaction with K fertilization on dry land to increase land productivity, and to increase yields of maize and mungbean. The study consisted of two experiments carried out in July 2010 - June 2011. First experiment was conducted in the House of Plastic Garden Experiments UGM Banguntapan, using Design Splite plot. The
main plot was the variety of maize, consisting of 4 varieties: Lagaligo, Lamuru, Bima 2 Bantimurung, and Bima 4 Bantimurung. Subplot was the interval of time watering, consisting of 4 standard: watered 1, 2, 4, and 8 days. This Experiment aims to get the most drought-resistant maize variety for being used in the second experiment. Second experiment was conducted in Wareng, Wonosari Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. The second experiment used Splite-splite plot design. The main plot was designed in a Latin Square. The main plot, the furrow model, which consists of three standard Furrows: without a furrow, furrow, furrow containing plant residue. Subplot was composed of three K levels: control, 37.5 kg.KCl.ha-1 and 75 kg.KCl.ha-1. Sub-sub plot, the time of maize relay, consisting of 2 standards: time of maize relay 60 and 70 days after planting first maize.
The results of this study in experiment (I) show are available soil moisture and evapotranspiration rate greatly influenced by the interval of time watering, watering the longer the interval the lower the moisture available to plants and reduce the rate of evapotranspiration, but the variety does not affect the availability of soil moisture and evapotranspiration rate at all time intervals except watering soil moisture on the Bima 4 Bantimurung lower. Leaf area, root canopy ratio, dry weight, water use efficiency and yield of maize grain showed a decrease with increasing length of the time interval watering, except Bima 2 Bantimurung indicating high adaptability based on the value of the slope and the sensitivity index is lower than Bima 4 Bantimurung, Lagaligo and Lamuru. The results of study in experiment (II) showed, potassium fertilizer 75 kg KCl.ha-1 is effect on soil moisture. The land was given furrow containing plant residue
increases soil moisture than land without furrow, but no different to land only to be furrow. Internal drainage at planting area that give plant residue in the furrow and potassium fertilization of 75 kg KCl.ha-1 internal drainage is lower but the rate of evapotranspiration, temperature, radiation interception, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, dry weight, seed yield and a weight of 100 seeds of maize is higher than other treatment combinations. At a given planting area furrow containing plant residue and potassium fertilizer 37.5 kg KCl.ha-1 increases the width of stomatal aperture, chlorophyll, water use efficiency, leaf relative water content, and K uptake of maize increased, and higher increasing with potassium fertilizer 75 kg KCl.ha-1 compared with no K fertilization, but rather the content of proline decreased. When maize relay planting 60 and 70 days after planting maize (I) generally do not differ. Dry weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, relative water content of mungbean intercropping with maize, indicating that mungbean planting time early was higher than the mungbean planting time late. Dry weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and relative water content, chlorophyll, weight of 100 seeds and seed yield of mungbean increased in a given area of the furrow and higer increased of the area giv en plant residue in the furrow than without , on the contrary decreased proline content in mungbean that were planted early, and the given area of the furrow, and lower the decrease during a given area of plant residue in the furrow than the mungbean that were planted late and without furrow. Area time equivalency ratio (ATER) on the cropping pattern of maize intercropped mungbean and then relay planting the maize when the maize crop (I)
was 60 or 70 days intercropping with mungbean increase the value of ATER between 1.8 to 2.3.
Based on these results I can conclude that: 1) The Bima 2 Bantimurung is more efficient in use of water and drought tolerant, and it reached the highest in its dry weight, the ratio of the root canopy and grain yield; 2) The use of furrow+plant residue and 75 kg KCl.ha-1 increased radiation interception, evapotranspiration, dry weight, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), grain yield, 100 seed weight, chlorophyll, relative water content (RWC), water use efficiency (WUE), content and uptake of K, root absorption capacity and decreased level of maize proline; 3) The use of furrow+plant residue and early planting mungbean increased chlorophyll, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), relative water conten (RWC)t, dry weight, seed yield and seed weight of 100 mungbean; 4)Intercropping of maize and mungbean, and maize relay when maize first aged 60 or 70 days, then again intercropping with mungbean, the both cropping patterns increased the value of area-time equivalency ratio ranged from 1.8 to 2.3.
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