" S c s u n g g u h n y a s e s u d a h k e s u l i t a n i t u a d a kemudahan " ( Q . S . A l a n N a s y r a h A y a t 6 ) " Dan u n t u k (memenuhi p e r i n t a h ) Tuhanmu, b e r s a b a r l a h " (Q.S. A 1 H u d d a t s t s i r A y a t 7 ) S e b u a h p e r s e n b a h a n u n t u k :
.
..
Mama, P a p a , S a u d a r a - s a u d a r a k u t e r c i n t a s e r t a Has Mening t e r s a y a n gPROSPEK PERAHAH SUKUbB DALAM FOOD SEGURlTY
(
MEAMANAH PANGAH
), DAN
TATANBAGA
SUKUN
S t u d i
Basus di Kelarahan Tritih Bulaa, Kecamatan
CiIacap Utarrs, Babnpatea Cilacap,
Jawr
Tengrh
J U R U S A M
ILMU
-
ILMU SOSlAL E K O N O M l PERTANIAM
F A K U L T A S PERTANBAN
INSTETUT PERTANIAN B O G O R
RINGKASAN
CAHYA MAYANGSARI. PROSPEK PERANAN SUKUN DALAM FOOD
SECURITY (KEAMANAN PANGAN), DAN TATANIAGA SUKUN.
S t u d i K a s u s d i K e l u r a h a n T r i t i h K u l o n , K e c a m a t a n C i l a c a p U t a r a , R a b u p a t e n C i l a c a p , J a w a T e n g a h . ( D i bawah b i m b i n g a n PROF. D R . R . S . SINAGA). Keamanan p a n g a n ( f o o d s e c u r i t y ) t e l a h t e r c a p a i j i k a t a r g e t t i n g k a t k o n s u m s i t e r t e n t u s e n a n t i a s a d i p e n u h i m e s k i p u n t e r j a d i f l u k t u a s i d a l a m p r o d u k s i , h a r g a d a n p e n d a p a t a n . D i s a m p i n g i t u , a d a f a k t o r k e e m p a t y a n g m u n g k i n d a p a t t e r j a d i d a n niengancam kemanan p a n g a n . F o o d s e c u r i t j r d a l a m t u l i s a n i n i d i t u j u k a n u n t u k m a s y a r a k a t p e d e s a a n k a r e n a , p e r i s t i w a k e l a p a r a n a t a u k e k u r a n g a n p a n g a n s e r i n g t e r j a d i d i p e d e s a a n d a n b u k a n d i p e r k o t a a n . B e r b a g a i c a r a u n t u k m e n g i s o l a s i p e n g a r u h k e t i g a f a k t o r t e r s e b u t , d i a n t a r a n y a d e n g a n d i v e r s i f i k a s i p a n g a n . I d e a l n y a s e m a k i n b a n y a k p a n g a n s u m b e r k a r b o h i d r a t maka a k a n s e m a k i n b a i k . S a l a h s a t u a l t e r n a t i f y a n g d i h a r a p k a n d a p a t b e r p e r a n s e b a g a i p a n g a n p e n g g a n t i b e r a s a d a l a h s u k u n ( A r t o c a r p u s a l t i l i s a t a u A . c o m m ~ ~ n i s ) . P e r a n a n s u a t u k o m o d i t a s p a n g a n d a l a m f o o d s e c u r i t y d a p a t d i t i n j a u d a r i d u a s i s i , s i s i p e r m i n t a a n d a n s i s i p e n a w a r a n n y a ( S i n a g a , 1 9 9 0 ) .
Sukun mempunyai d u a k a l i musim p a n e n d a l a m s e t a h u n y a i t u p a d a b u l a n J a n u a r i
-
M a r e t d a n J u l i-
S e p t e m b e r . K e b e r a d a a n s u k u n p a d a b u l a n J a n u a r i d i d a e r a h T r i t i h K u l o n s a n g a t p e n t i n g d a l a m menun j a n g c a d a n g a n p a n g a n k a r e n a p a d a s a a ti t u
t e r j a d i musim p a c e k l i k ( k e t e r s e d i a a n b e r a s t e l a h h a b i s d a n p a d i b e l u m d a p a t d i p a n e n ) . Tambahan p u l a , d a p a t d i p a k a i s e b a g a i s u m b e r u a n g u n t u k m e m h e l i b a h a n p a n g a n p o k o k . Musim-musim l a i n , d a p a t m e n u n j a n g p e n i n g k a t a n p e n d a p a t a n m a s y a r a k a t d i K e l u r a h a n T r i t i h K u l o n a t a u s e b a g a i c a d a n g a n p a n g a n a p a b i l a t e r j a d i k e g a g a l a n p a n e n . D i t i n j a u d a r i s e g i a g r o n o m i s n y a , t a n a m a n s u k u n r e l a t i f t a h a n t e r h a d a p f l u k t u a s i c u r a h h u j a n . S e h i g g a d a p a t t u m b u h p a d a l a h a n k e r i n g a t a u l a h a n b a s a h . Tanaman s u k u n d a l a m u s a h a p e n i n g k a t a n p e n d a p a t a n s a n g a t mudah d a n m u r a h p e n g e m b a n g a n n y a . D i t i n j a u d a r i s i s i p e r m i n t a a n , s u k u n d i k e n a l m a s y a r a k a t T r i t i h K u l o n s e b a g a i makanan n y a m i k a n . Hal i n i m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u k e n d a l a d a l a m p e n g e m b a n g a n k o m o d i t a s i n i.
S a l a h s a t u y a n g m e r a n g s a n g p e t a n i d a l a m u s a h a p e n i n g k a t a n p e n d a p a t a n a d a l a h h a r g a y a n g d i t e r i m a n y a . P e n e l i t i a n m e n g e n a i a s p e k t a t a n i a g a d i T r i r i h K u l o n t e r n y a t a s t r u k t u r p a s a r d i t i n g k a t p e t a n i a d a l a h s t r u k t u r p a s a r p e r s a i n g a n s e m p u r n a , d a n d i l e m b a g a t a t a n i a g a l a i n l e b i h m e n d e k a t i p a s a r m o n o p o l i a t a u o l i g o p s o n i . S e l a i ni t u p r o p o r s i k e u n t u n g a n a n t a r a p a r t i s i p a n - p a r t i s i p a n p a s a r m a s i h b e l u m e f i s i e n
.
S e l a i n b e r p o t e n s i s e b a g a i a l t e r n a t i f p a n g a n d a l a m s i s t e m k e a m a n a n p a n g a n d a n t a t a n i a g a , t a n a m a n s u k u n j u g a b e r p o t e n s i s e b a g a i t a n a m a n p e n g h i j a u a n .
PROSPEK PERANAN SUKUN DALAM FOOD SECURITY
(KEAMANAN PANGAN), DAN TATANIAGA SUKUH
S t u d i K a s u s d i K e l u r a h a n T r i t i h K u l o n , K e c a n a t a n C i l a c a p Utara, K a b u p a t e n C i l a c a p , Jawa T e n g a h O l e h : C a h y a M a y a n g s a r i A 23.0503 L a p o r n n P r a k t e k L a p a n g a n S e b a g a i S a l a h S a t u S y a r a t u n t u k Memperoleh G e l a r S a r j a n a P e r t a n i a n p a d a F a k u l t a s P e r t a n i a n
-
I n s t i t u t P e r t a n i a n B o g o rJURUSAN ILMU-ILHU SOSIAL EKONOMI PERTANIAN PAKULTAS PERTANIAN
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR 1991
: PROSPEK PERANAN SUKUN DALAM
FOOD
SECURITY (KEAMANAN PANGAN), DAN TATANIAGA SUKUN S t u d i K a s u s d i K e l u r a h a n T r i t i h K u l o n , K e c a m a t a n C i l a c a p Utara, K a b u p a t e n C i l a c a p , J a u a T e n g a h . N a m a M n h a s i s w a : C a h y a M a y a n g s a r i Nonor P o k o k : A 2 3 . 0 5 0 3 P r o g r a m S t u d i : A g r i b i s n i s F a k u l t a s : P e r t a n i a n M e n y e t u j u i D o s e n P e m b i n b i n g P r o f . D r .Buhalf
S . S a a g a NIP. 130 176 9 0 9 M e n g e t a h u i J u r u s a n Tnilgrlul K e l u l u s a n : 7 L n u a r i 1991RIWAYAT
HIDUP C a h y a M a y a n g s a r i . L a h i r d i Y o g y a k a r t a p a d a t a n g g a l 3 Ok- t o b e r 1 9 6 7 . P e n u l i s a d a l a h a n a k k e e m p a t d a r i e n a m b e r s a u d a r a . O r a n g t u a p e n u l i s b e r n a m a I r . S u h a d i d a n M u d j i n a h . P e n u l i s m e n a m a t k a n S e k o l a h Dasar N e g e r i X V I M a n g k u b u m i S u r a k a r t a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 9 , k e m u d i a n m e l a n j u t k a n k e S e k o l a h L a n j u t a n P e r t a m a N e g e r i I d i S u r a k a r t a d a n l u l u s t a h u n 1983. S e t e l a h tamat d a r i SLTP p e n u l i s m e l a n j u t k a n lie S e k o l a h L a n j u t a n A t a s R e g i n a P a c i s S u r a k a r t a , p e n u l i s m a s u k I n s t i t u t P e r t a n i a n B o g o r t a h u n 1 9 8 6 l e w a t PMDK.PERN YATAAN
DENGAN I N 1 S A Y A MENYATAKAN EAHWA KARYA I L M I A H I N 1 BEMAK- E E N A R KARYA SAYA S E N D I R I YANG BELUM P E R N A H D I A J U K A N S E B A G A I KARYA I L M I A H P A D A P E R G U R U A N T I N G G I ATAU LEMBAGA MANA P U N .
E o g o r , Maret 1991
KATA PENGANTAR P u j i d a n s y u k u r p e n u l i s p a n j a t k a n k e h a d i r a t A l l a h SWT, a t a s s e g a l a b e r k a t d a n r a h m a t - N y a s e h i n g g a p e n u l i s d a p a t m e n y e l e s a i k a n p e n y u s u n a n l a p o r a n p r a k t e k l a p a n g a n i n i . P e n u l i s a n p r a k t e k l a p a n g a n i n i m e r u p a . k a n s a l a h s a t u s y a r a t u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h g e l a r s a r j a n a p e r t a n i a n p a d a J u r u s a n I l m u - i l m u S o s i a l E k o n o ~ n i P e r t a n i a n , F a k u l t a s P e r t a n i a n , I n s t i t u t P e r t a n i a n B o g o r . Dalam l a p o r a n p r a k t e k l a p a n g a n i n i , p e n u l i s m e n c o b a m e n g e t e n g a h l t a n p r o s p e k p e r a n a n f o o d secrlri t y ( I c e a m a n a n p a n g a n ) , d a n t a t a n i a g a s u k u n d i t i n j a u d a r i s e g i p e r m i n t a a n d a n p e n a w a r a n n y a . P a d a k e s e m p a t a n i n i p e n u l i s i n g i n m e n y a m p a i k a n t e r i m a k a s i h k e p a d a p i h a k - p i h a k y a n g t e l a h i k u t m e m b a n t u s e j a k s a a t p e n e l i t i a n h i n g g a s e l e s a i n y a p e n y u s u n a n l a p o r a n i n i . 1 . P r o f . D r . R . S . S i n a g a s e l a k u d o s e n p e m b i m b i n g a t a s s e m u a k r i t i k , s a r a n d a n b i m b i n g a n n y a . 2 . I r . S u n a r t o d a n D r . I r . B o n a r M . S i n a g a , a t a s s a r a n d a n k r i t i k y a n g d i h e r i k a n p a d a s a a t u j i a n . 3 . I r . P i t o y o s e l a k u K e p a l a D i n a s P e r t a n i a n T a n a m a n P a - n g a n K a b u p a t e n C i l a c a p a t a s b a n t u a n d a n i n f o r m a s i y a n g d i b e r i k a n .
4 . L u r a h T r i t i h K u l o n s e r t a p i h a k - p i h a k d i K e l u r a h a n T r i t i h K u l o n y a n g n a m a n y a t i d a k b i s a d i s e b u t k a n s a t u p e r s a t u . 5 . M a r u h u m , E r i k , L i z a , Y a n t i d a n A g u s d a l a m k e k o m p a k a n - n y a m e n y e l e s a i k a n l a p o r a n p r a k t e k l a p a n g a n i n i . 6 . A i d a , A n a , N d o t d a n Mbak D i b i a t a s s e g a l a p e r h a t i a n d a n b a n t u a n n y a . 7 . Mama, P a p a d a n S a u d a r a - s a u d a r a k u s e r t a y a n g t e r s a y a n g Mas H e n i n g y a n g s e n a n t i a s a m e m b a n t u d a n m e m b e r i sema- n g a t h i n g g a s e l e s a i n y a l a p o r a n i n i . S e m o g a k a r y a k e c i l i n i d a p a t b e r m a n f a a t b a g i y a n g m ~ n e r l u k a n n y a . B o g o r , A w a l A p r i l 1 9 9 1 P e n u l i s
DAFTAR I S 1
PENDAHULUAN
. . .
11
.
L a t a r B e l a k a n g. . .
12
.
P e r u m u s a n M a s a l a h. . .
73
.
T u j u a n d a n K e g u n a a n P e n e l i t i a n. . .
8KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN TEORITIS
. . .
1 0 1.
K o n s e p Keamanan P a n g a n. . .
1 0 2.
K o n s u m s i. . .
11 3.
U s a h a t a n i. . .
1 3 4.
T a t a n i a g a. . .
1 7 5.
K o n s e r v a s i d a n R e h a b i l i t a s i T a n a h. . .
26 METODOLOGI. . .
3 0 1.
P e m i l i h a n L o k a s i P e n e l i t i a n. . .
3 0 2.
P e m i l i h a n S a m p e l. . .
3 0 3.
M e t o d e P e n g u m p u l a n D a t a. . .
3 1 4.
J e n i s d a n S u m b e r Data y a n g D i p e r l u k a n. . .
3 1 5.
M e t o d e A n a l i s i s D a t a. . .
3 2 a.
K o n s u m s i. . .
3 3 b.
A n a l i s a P e n d a p a t a n U s a h a t a n i. . .
3 3 c.
A n a l i s a E f i s i e n s i T a t a n i a g a. . .
3 5 d.
K o n s e r v a s i d a n R e h a b i l i t a s i. . .
3 8 K E A D A A N U M U M DAERAH PENELITIAN. . .
4 0 1.
K e a d a a n G e o g r a f i s , L a h a n d a n I k l i m. . .
4 0 2.
P e n d u d u k d a n M a t a P e n c a h a r i a n. . .
4 1PERANAN SUKUN DALAM FOOD SECURITY
. . .
4 2 1.
S u k u n s e b a g a i S u m b e r B a h a n P a n g a n ( T i n j a u a n S u p p l y ). . .
4 2 2.
S u k u n d a l a m Menu Rumah T a n g g a ( T i n j a u a n d a r i S i s i Demand). . .
5 6 TATANIAGA. . .
6 0 1.
S a l u r a n T a t a n i a g a. . .
6 0 2 . P a r t i s i p a n P a s a r d a n F u n g s i T a t a n i a g a. . .
6 1 a.
P e d a g a n g P e n g u m p u l I. . .
6 1 b.
P e d a g a n g P e n g u m p u l I1. . .
6 4 c.
P e d a g a n g B e s a r. . .
6 4 d.
P e d a g a n g P e n g e c e r. . .
6 5 3.
S t r u k t u r P a s a r. . .
6 5 a.
J u m l a h L e m b a g a T a t a n i a g a. . .
6 6 b.
H a m b a t a n b a g i P e s a i n g B a r u u n t u k M e m a s u k i P a s a r. . .
6 7 4.
E f i s i e n s i T a t a n i a g a. . .
6 9. . .
PEKANAN SUKUNDALAM PENGHIJAUAN 7 3
. . .
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 7 7
. . .
1.
K e s i m p u l a n 7 7 2.
S a r a n. . .
7 6. . .
DAFTAR PUSTAKA 7 9 LAMPIRAN. . .
8 2DAFTAR TABEL Nomor lkk5i H a l a m a n 1. L u a s d a n P e n g g u n a a n L a h a n d i K e l u r a h a n T r i t i h K u l o n , K e c . C i l a c a p Utara
. . .
4 0 2 . P o t e n s i P r o d u k s i S u k u n / P o h o n / T a h u n s e b a g a i C a d a n g a n P a n g a n T i a p Rumah T a n g g a ( d e n g a n k e b u t u h a n k a l o r i 1 0 5 0 0 k a l o r i ) . . 4 9 3 . P e n e r i m a a n , P e n g e l u a r a n d a n P e n d a p a t a n U s a h a t a n i S u k u n p e r P o h o n. . .
5 1 4 . K o m p o s i s i Zat G i z i Beras G i l i n g Masak. . .
5 3 5 . K o m p o s i s i Z a t G i z i d a r i Buah d a n T e p u n g S u k u n. . .
5 4 6 . P e r b a n d i n g a n P o t e n s i P r o d u k s i B e r a s / Ha / T a h u n d a n S u k u n / P o h o n / T a h u n. . .
5 6 7 . S u k u n d a l a m Menu Rumah T a n g g a. . .
5 7 8 . P a n g a n P e n g g a n t i S a a t P a c e k l i k. . .
5 6 9 . P e r k i r a a n M a r j i n T a t a n i a g a Suliun. . .
. . .
7 1 1 0 . P e r b a n d i n g a n K e u n t u n g a n d a n B i a y a d a r i S e t i a p Lembaga T a t a n i a g a. . .
7 2 11. P e n y e b a r a n L a h a n K r i t i s. . .
7 6 1. T i n g k a t P e n d a p a t a n Desa S e k t o r Tanaman B a h a n Makanan T a h u n 1 9 8 9 / 1 9 9 0. . .
6 3 2 . D a f t a r L u a s Tanaman d a n Hasil P e m a n e n a n B u a h S u k u n. . .
8 4 3 a . Data P r o d u k s i B u l a n a n S u k u n. . .
8 5 3 b . Data C u r a h H u j a n S e l a m a S e p u l u h T a h u n ( m m / h a r i ). . .
8 6 4 . Data P r o d u k s i S u k u n B e r d a s a r k a n Umur Tanaman. . .
8 75 a . D a t a P r o d u k s i B u l a n a n P a d i S a w a h ( T a h u n 1 9 8 7 ) 5 b . Data P r o d u k s i B u l a n a n P a d i S a w a h ( T a h u n 1 9 8 8 ) 5 c . Data P r o d u k s i B u l a n a n P a d i S a w a h ( T a h u n 1 9 8 9 ) 6 . Data P r o d u k s i B u l a n a n U b i k a y u d a r i T a h u n 1 9 8 7
-
1 9 8 9. . .
7 . P r o d u k s i B u l a n a n I J b i J a l a r d a r i T a h u n 1 9 8 7-
1 9 6 9. . .
8 . P r o d u k s i B u l a n a n J a g u n g d a r i T a h u n 1 9 8 7 - 1 9 8 9. . .
9 . P e r k i r a a n M a r j i n T a t a n i a g a B u a h S u k u n M e l a l u i S a l u r a n 1 d a n 2. . .
.
. . .
DAFTAR GAMBAR Nomor lk.kS 1 . P r o s e s T e r j a d i n y a k l a r j i n d a n N i l a i M a r j i n T a t a n i a g a
. . .
2 . P e m b e n t u k a n Harga d i S e t i a p T i n g k a t Lem- b a g a T a t a n i a g a d a l a m P a s a r B e r s a i n g Sem- p u r n a. . .
3 . P r o d u k s i B u l a n a n S u k u n d a n C u r a h H u j a n 4 . T r e n d P r o d u k s i S u k u n 5 . P r o d u k s i B u l a n a n P a d i , S u k u n d a n U b i k a y u 6 . S a l u r a n P e m a s a r a n S u k u n d a r i K e l u r a h a n. . .
T r i t i h K u l o n 7 . S a l u r a n P e m a s a r a n y a n g D i t e l i t i d a l a m P e m a s a r a n B u a h S u k u n d a r i K e l u r a h a n T r i -. . .
t i h K u l o n t i a l a r n a nDAFTAR LAHPIRAN Nomor S u r a t M e n t e r i P e r t a n i a n k e p a d a K e t u a Ya- y a s a n B h i n n e k a Swa S e m b a d a P e r i h a l P r o - y e k S u k u n , t a n g g a l 1 6 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 9 . . . S u r a t K e t u a Y a y a s a n B h i n n e k a Swa S e m b a d a k e p a d a D i r j e n RAHBIN T r a n s m i g r a s i d a n D i r j e n PANKIM T r a n s m i g r a s i P e r i h a l T a n a m a n S u k u n u n t u k L a h a n T r a n s m i g r a s i , t a n g g a l 1 4 P e b r u a r i 1 9 9 0
. . .
S u r a t G u b e r n u r T i n g k a t I Jawa T e n g a h k e p a d a B a p a k P r e s i d e n P e r i h a l BANPRES B i b i t S u k u n d a n M a n g g a , t a n g g a l 2 8 A g u s t u s 1989 . . . S u r a t D i r e k t u r J e n d r a l P e n y i a p a n P e m u k i m a n D e p a r t e m e n T r a n s m i g r a s i k e p a d a K e t u a Y a y a s a n B h i n n e k a Swa S e m b a d a P e r i h a l T a n a m a n S u k u n u n t u k L o k a s i T r a n s m i g r a s i , t a n g g a l 8 Maret 1 9 9 0. . .
I s s u e K e r a w a n a n P a n g a n. . .
. . .
K l i p i n g S u k u n K l i p i n g S u k u n. . .
P e t a W i l a y a h K e c a m a t a n C i l a c a p U t a r a P e t a W i l a y a h K e l u r a h a n T r i t i h K u l o nPENDAHULUAN 1. L a t a r B e l a k a n g B e r d a s a r k a n p e n g a l a m a n s e j a r a h I n d o n e s i a , p e n g a d a a n p a n g a n m e r u p a k a n m a s a l a h y a n g s a n g a t s t r a t e g i s k a r e n a me- r ~ y a n g k u t k e p e n t i n g a n m a s y a r a k a t l u a s . S e d a n g u n t u k masa s e k a r a n g i n i p e n g a d a a n p a n g a n j u g a d i k a i t k a n d e n g a n u s a h a p e n i n g k a t a n k u a l i t a s m a n u s i a . U s a h a - u s a h a p e n i n g k a t a n k u a l i t a s m a n u s i a b a i k d a r i s e g i k e s e h a t a n a t a u p e n d i d i k a n s a n g a t t e r g a n t u n g p a d a d a p a t a t a u t i d a k n y a p e m e n u h a n k e - b u t u h a n f i s i o l o g i s y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n p e m e n u h a n a k a n b a h a n m a k a n a n . M a s a l a h i n i s e l a l u r e l e v a n u n t u k d i b i c a r a - k a n d a n s a n g a t m e n a r i k b i l a d i k a i t k a n d e n g a n p e n g a m a n a n p a n g a n d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a b e r k e m b a n g . Makanan p o k o k s e b a g i a n b e s a r r a k y a t I n d o n e s i a a d a l a h b e r a s . Hal i n i d i t u n j u k k a n d e n g a n b e s a r n y a k o n s u m s i b e r a s p e r k a p i t a d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n k o n s u m s i b a h a n p a n g a n l a - i . n n y a y a n g m e n c a p a i r a t a - r a t a 1 4 4 k g g a b a h / k a p i t a / t a - hun (BPS, 1 9 8 9 ) . S e t e l a h I n d o n e s i a m e n c a p a i s w a s e m b a d a b e r a s p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 4 , m a s a l a h y a n g m u n c u l i a l a h b a g a i - mana m e n j a m i n k e t e r s e d i a a n b e r a s s e c a r a b e r k e s i n a m b u n g a n u n t u k memenuhi k e b u t u h a n m a s y a r a k a t d a l a m r a n g k a memper- t a h a n k a n p r e d i k a t s w a s e m b a d a t e r s e b u t . S a l a h s a t u u s a h a y a n g p e r l u d i g a l a k k a n d a l a m h a 1 i n i a d a l a h m e n g a n e k a r a - gamkan makanan p o k o k s u m b e r k a r b o h i d r a t . P a n g a n s u m b e r k a r b o h i d r a t d i I n d o n e s i a s e l a i n b e r a s a d a l a h u b i k a y u , u b i j a l a r , s a g u , j a g u n g , u w i , k i m p u l d a n g a d u n g .
2
U s a h a - u s a h a p e n i n g k a t a n p r o d u k s i b a h a n makanan i n i t e r u s m e n e r u s d i p a c u d e n g a n b e r b a g a i p a k e t t e k n o l o g i d a n memang r e l a t i f b e r h a s i l . Namun s e r i n g k a l i p e n g a r u h alam y a n g t i d a k d a p a t d i k e n d a l i k a n s e p e r t i s e r a n g a n hama d a n p e n y a k i t a t a u b e n c a n a m e n y e b a b k a n t e r j a d i n y a p e n u r u n a n p r o d u k s i y a n g t a j a m . B e g i t u j u g a k e a d a a n d i musim k e m a r a u m e n y e b a b k a n t e r j a d i n y a p a c e l c l i k y a n g b e r l t e p a n j a n g a n d a n m e n g a k i b a t k a n k e r a w a n a n p a n g a n . C a d a n g a n p e n g a m a n a n p a n g a n I n d o n e s i a y a n g d i k o o r d i - n a s i k a n BULOG memang s e l a l u t e r s e d i a , d a l a m a r t i k e t i k a t e r j a d i p a c e k l i k b a h a n p a n g a n m a s i h t e r s e d i a d i p a s a r . Namun y a n g m e n j a d i m a s a l a h a d a l a h k e t i d a k m a m p u a n m a s y a r a - k a t u n t u k m e m b e l i n y a . Mengapa h a 1 i n i d a p a t t e r j a d i ? Hal i n i t e r j a d i k a r e n a d a y a b e l i m a s y a r a k a t y a n g b e r k u r a n g y a n g d i s e b a b k a n o l e h p e n u r u n a n p e n d a p a t a n n y a d a n a t a u k e - n a i k a n h a r g a b a h a n p a n g a n t e r s e b u t . J a d i , k e r a w a n a n p a - n g a n a k a n l e b i h t e r a s a d i p e d e s a a n d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t y a n g b e r p e n d a p a t a n r e n d a h . S u m b e r p e n d a p a t a n u t a m a p e t a n i a d a l a h d a r i h a s i l p r o d u k s i n y a d a n p a d a s a a t t e r j a d i p a - c e k l i k r e l a t i f l e b i h r e n d a h d a n p a d a s a a t y a n g s a m a t e r - j a d i k e n a i k a n h a r g a p a n g a n s e h i n g g a m e n y e b a b k a n d a y a b e l i y a n g b e r k u r a n g . U s a h a u n t u k m e m p e r k e c i l r e s i k o k e r a w a n a n p a n g a n a d a - l a h d e n g a n d i v e r s i f i k a s i p a n g a n . I d e a l n y a , s e m a k i n b a - n y a k p a n g a n s u m b e r k a r b o h i d r a t maka a k a n s e m a k i n b a i k . S a l a h s a t u k o m o d i t a s a l t e r n a t i f y a n g d i h a r a p k a n d a p a t
d i a r a h k a n m e n j a d i p a n g a n p e n g g a n t i b e r a s s e l a i n u b i k a y u , u b i j a l a r , j a g u n g , d a n s a g u a d a l a h s u k u n . S u k u n ( A r t o c a r p u s a l t i l i s a t a u A . c o m m u n i s ) a d a l a h t a n a m a n b u a h - b u a h a n p e n g h a s i l k a r b o h i d r a t y a n g t e r g o l o n g p e r e n i a l . O l e h k a r e n a i t u t a n a m a n s u k u n a k a n menyumbang- k a n h a s i l s e c a r a k o n t i n y u s a m p a i p u l u h a n t a h u n . C i r i t e r s e b u t m e r u p a k a n k e l e b i h a n y a n g m e n g u n t u n g k a n a p a b i l a d i t i n j a u d a r i s e g i a g r i b i s n i s n y a . Tanaman sulcun altan t e - r u s m e m b e r i k a n h a s i l d a r i r a n t i n g - r a n t i n g y a n g s e m a k i n lama m a k i n b e r t a m b a h b a n y a k ( P i t o y o , 1 9 8 9 ) . S u k u n r e l a t i f c e p a t m e n g h a s i l k a n b u a h j i k a s y a r a t t u m b u h n y a t e r p e n u h i y a i t u s e k i t a r 3
-
4 t a h u n . P a d a s e - t i a p t a h u n musim umumnya t e r j a d i p a d a b u l a n J a n u a r i-
M a r e t d a n J u l i-
S e p t e m b e r . Musim b u a h b i a s a n y a s a n g a t d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h m u l a i n y a musim h u j a n d a n musim k e m a r a u s e r t a l a m a n y a b u l a n b a s a h . K e b e r a d a a n b u a h s u k u n p a d a b u l a n - b u l a n t e r s e b u t s a n g a t p e n t i n g k a r e n a p a d a s a a t y a n g s a m a t a n a m a n p a d i a t a u p a l a w i j a b e l u m b e r p r o d u k s i ( P i - t o y o , 1 9 8 9 ) . D e p a r t e m e n P e r t a n i a n b e r p e n d a p a t bahwa k a n d u n g a n k a r - b o h i d r a t d a l a m b u a h s u k u n d a p a t d i p e r g u n a k a n s e b a g a i b a - h a n makanan t a m b a h a n d i l u a r b e r a s . O l e h k a r e n a i t u d a - lam m e l a k s a n a k a n k e b i j a k s a n a a n d i v e r s i f i k a s i p a n g a n d a n p e r b a i k a n g i z i m a s y a r a k a t , D e p a r t e m e n P e r t a n i a n mengan- j u r k a n p e n g e m b a n g a n p e n a n a m a n s u k u n . D e p a r t e m e n P e r t a n i a n c q . D i r e k t o r a t J e n d e r a l P e r t a n i a n Tanaman P a n g a n d a l a mt a h u n 1 9 9 0 / 1 9 9 1 a k a n m u l a i mengembangkan t a n a m a n s u k u n d i p e k a r a n g a n a t a u h a l a m a n r u m a h ( s u r a t N e n t e r i P e r t a n i a n k e p a d a Y a y a s a n B h i n n e k a Swa S e m b a d a , L a m p i r a n 1 ) . D i r e k t o r a t J e n d e r a l P e r t a n i a n Tanaman P a n g a n m e l a l u i P r o y e k PSP2DT ( P e n y e d i a a n S a r a n a P r o d u k s i P e r t a n i a n Dae- r n h T r a n s m i g r a s i P u s a t ) b a n t u a n Bank D u n i a , m e n y e d i a k a n 2 0 0 0 b i b i t s u k u n u n t u k l a h a n p e k a r a n g a n d i K a r a n g Agung T e n g a h ( t r a n s m i g r a s i p a s a n g s u r u t d i S u m a t r a S e l a t a n ) d a n 1 0 0 0 0 b i b i t s u k u n d i M u a r a Wahau ( t r a n s m i g r a s i l a h a n k e - r i n g d i K a l i m a n t a n T i m u r ) u n t u k d i u j i c o b a . ( B u t i r 4 , s u r a t Y a y a s a n BSS k e p a d a D i r e k t o r a t J e n d e r a l P e n y i a p a n Pemukiman, D e p a r t e m e n T r a n s m i g r a s i , L a m p i r a n 2 ) . Dalam r a n g k a p e n i n g k a t a n p e n d a p a t a n p e t a n i , p e n i n g - k a t a n k o m o d i t a s a g r i b i s n i s / a g r o i n d u s t r i d i Jawa T e n g a h , G u b e r n u r J a w a T e n g a h t e l a h m e n g a j u k a n p e r m o h o n a n BANPRES b i b i t s u k u n s e b a n y a k 11 0 0 0 p o h o n k e p a d a B a p a k P r e s i d e n ( L a m p i r a n 3 ) . K a b u p a t e n C i l a c a p s e j a k t a h u n 1 9 8 5 t e l a h mengembang- kan p e n a n a m a n p o h o n s u k u n s e b a g a i " i d e n t i t a s " K a b u p a t e n C i l a c a p . P e n g e m b a n g a n i n i m e r u p a k a n i n i s i a t i f K e p a l a D i - n a s P e r t a n i a n K a b u p a t e n C i l a c a p s e m a s a j a b a t a n B u p a t i P u d j o n o y a n g s e k a r a n g m e n j a d i G u b e r n u r Lampung. P a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 7 j u m l a h t a n a m a n m e n c a p a i 7 0 0 0 0 p o h o n d a n t e r - s e b a r d i b e b e r a p a d a e r a h C i l a c a p . P e n y e b a r a n t a n a m a n s u - kun d i t e m p u h l e w a t j a l u r p r o y e k y a n g d i b i a y a i d a r i APBN, D a e r a h T i n g k a t I J a w a T e n g a h , D a e r a h T i n g k a t I1
K a b u p a t e n C i l a c a p , j a l u r d i n a s l a i n n y a , s w a d a n a , b a n t u a n , h a d i a h , p e r b a n y a k a n s e n d i r i o l e h
RT/RW.
D i r e k t o r a t J e n d e r a l P e n y i a p a n Pemukiman, D e p a r t e m e n T r a n s m i g r a s i menyambut b a i k g a g a s a n Y a y a s a n BSS u n t u k mengembangkan t a n a m a n s u k u n d i d a e r a h t r a n s m i g r a s i . D i - r e k t o r a t J e n d e r a l P e n y i a p a n L a h a n b e r p e n d a p a t bahwa t a - naman s u k u n d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n p e n y e d i a a n b a h a n p a n g a n d a n memperkaya j e n i s t a n a m a n d i d a e r a h t r a n s m i g r a s i . S e - l a i n i t u p a r a t r a n s m i g r a n p a d a umumnya t e l a h m e n g e n a l ca- r a b e r c o c o k t a n a m s u k u n d i d a e r a h a s a l n y a . D i r e k t o r a t J e n d e r a l P e n y i a p a n Pemukiman a k a n m e n g g u n a k a n h a s i l p e n g - k a j i a n d i S u m a t r a S e l a t a n d a n K a l i m a n t a n T i m u r s e b a g a i b a h a n p e r t i m b a n g a n u n t u k m e l a k s a n a k a n p e n g e m b a n g a n t a n a m - a n s u k u n p a d a masa y a n g a k a n d a t a n g ( s u r a t D i r e k t u r J e n - d e r a l P e n y i a p a n Pemukiman k e p a d a Y a y a s a n B h i n n e k a Swa Sernbada, L a m p i r a n 4 ) . M a s a l a h p e n g e m b a n g a n s u k u n s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u a l t e r - n a t i f p a n g a n n o n - b e r a s u n t u k m e n u n j a n g k e a m a n a n p a n g a n n a s i o n a l m e n d a p a t t a n g g a p a n d a r i b e b e r a p a l e m b a g a a t a u a h l i . S e p e r t i t e l a h d i s e b u t k a n d i a t a s D e p a r t e r m e n P e r - t a n i a n c q . D i r e k t o r a t J e n d e r a l P e r t a n i a n Tanaman P a n g a n s u d a h mempunyai r e n c a n a u n t u k mengembangkan s u k u n s e b a g a i t a n a m a n p e k a r a n g a n . D e m i k i a n p u l a h a l n y a d e n g a n D i r e k t o - r a t J e n d e r a l P e n y i a p a n P e m u k i m a n , D e p a r t e m e n T r a n s m i g r a s i menyambut b a i k g a g a s a n t e r s e b u t .Namun d a l a m s u r a t n y a k e p a d a K e t u a Y a y a s a n B h i n n e k a Swa S e m b a d a , M e n t e r i P e r t a n i a n m e n y e b u t k a n : " O l e h k a r e n a i t u , a p a b i l a p a s a r a n b u a h s u k u n c u k u p b a i k d a n t e l a h me- m a s y a r a k a t maka h a s i l s u k u n k e c u a l i d a p a t d i k o n s u m s i s e n - d i r i s e b a g a i s u m b e r k a r b o h i d r a t p e n g g a n t i b e r a s j u g a d a - p a t menambah p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a
" .
Dalam k a l i m a t t e r s e b u t t e r d a p a t s e b u a h k a t a k u n c i y a i t u p a s a r a n . P a s a r d i s e b u t s e b a g a i k a t a k u n c i k a r e n a p a d a d a s a r n y a p r o s p e k p a s a r k o m o d i t a s i n i a k a n m e n e n t u k a n p e n g e m b a n g a n s u k u n p a d a masa y a n g a k a n d a t a n g . H a r g a y a n g b a i k a k a n membe- r i k n n r a n g s a n g a n p r o d u k s i k e p a d a p e t a n i s e h i n g g a pengem- b a n g a n n y a a k a n b e r j a l a n d e n g a n s e n d i r i n y a . P e n e k a n a n s i s i p e r m i n t a a n ( p o t e n s i p a s a r ) i n i men- j a d i p e r h a t i a n s a l a h s a t u T e n a g a A h l i K e p a l a BULOG. S i - n a g a ( 1 9 9 0 ) , d a l a m t u l i s a n n y a y a n g d i t u j u k a n s e b a g a i b a - h a n m a s u k a n k e p a d a K e p a l a BULOG m e n y e b u t k a n bahwa k e t e r - b a t a s a n pemahaman ( k e k u r a n g a n i n f o r m a s i ) d a r i s i s i p e r - m i n t a a n m a s i h m e r u p a k a n k e n d a l a p e n g e m b a n g a n s u k u n s e - h i n g g a p a d a s a a t s e k a r a n g i n i b e l u m w a k t u n y a u n t u k m e - n g e m b a n g k a n s u k u n s e c a r a b e s a r - b e s a r a n y a n g b e r s k a l a n a s i o n a l . B e r t i t i k t o l a k d a r i u r a i a n l a t a r b e l a k a n g d i a t a s , d i h a r a p k a n k o m o d i t a s s u k u n d a p a t b e r f u n g s i g a n d a y a i t u , s e b a g a i p e n g g a n t i p a n g a n p a d a s a a t t e r j a d i k e r a w a n a n p a - n g a n d a n s e b a g a i u s a h a u n t u k p e n i n g k a t a n p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a p e d e s a a n . D i s a m p i n g i t u , s u k u n d a p a t m e n j a d is a l a h s a t u t a n a m a n p e n g h i j a u a n d i p e k a r a n g a n a t a u h a l a m a n r u m a h k a r e n a s i f a t h i d r o o r o l o g i n y a 2. P e r u r n u s a n H a s a l a h P e r t u m b u h a n p e n d u d u k d a r i t a h u n k e t a h u n memang r e l a t i f d a p a t d i t e k a n d e n g a n P r o g r a m K B y a i t u s e k i t a r 2 . 1 5 p e r s e n u n t u k s e l a n g w a k t u a n t a r a 1 9 8 0
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1 9 8 5 (SUPAS, 1 9 8 5 c,h.lau S t a t i s t i k I n d o n e s i a , 1 9 8 9 ) . D i l a i n p i h a k p e r t u m b u h a n p r o d u k s i p a n g a n s e m a k i n b e r k u r a n g k a r e n a w a - l a u p u n p r o d u k s i t e r u s d i p a c u d e n g a n b e r b a g a i p a k e t t e k n o - l o g i t e t a p a k a n m e n c a p a i t i n g l r a t leveling off. D i k h a w a - t i r k a n p a d a s u a t u w a k t u a k a n t e r j a d i k e r a w a n a n p a n g a n d a n s e l a n j u t n y a a k a n b e r p e n g a r u h p a d a k e a d a a n e k o n o m i n e g a r a s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n . Tambahan p u l a , p r o d u k s i p e r t a n i a n t i d a k d a p a t d i p e r k i r a k a n s e c a r a t e p a t k a r e n a p e n g a r u h k e - t i d a k t e n t u a n alam. Hal i n i m e n u n j u k k a n b e t a p a p e n t i n g n y a p e m e n u h a n k e b u t u h a n p a n g a n m a s y a r a k a t d a l a m k a i t a n n y a d e - n g a n s i s t e m k e a m a n a n p a n g a n . I n d o n e s i a t e l a h m e n c a p a i s w a s e m b a d a b e r a s p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 4 d a n a d a k e c e n d e r u n g a n p a n g a n p o k o k m a s y a r a k a t b e r a - l i h p a d a b e r a s s e l u r u h n y a . Dengan d e m i k i a n , m e m p e r t a h a n - k a n s w a s e m b a d a b e r a s t e r s e b u t a k a n m e n j a d i b e b a n y a n g s a n g a t b e r a t . D i v e r s i f i k a s i p a n g a n s u m b e r k a r b o h i d r a t m e n j a d i s a l a h s a t u c a r a y a n g d i h a r a p k a n d a p a t m e r i n g a n k a n b e b a n t e r s e b u t . K o m o d i t a s y a n g t e l a h d i a n j u r k a n a d a l a h t a n a m a n p a l a w i j a d a n s a g u.
U n t u k l e b i h m e m p e r k a y a p i l i h a n p a n g a np e n g g a n t i b e r a s maka s u k u n d i u s u l k a n u n t u l c m e n j a d i s a l a h s a t u a l t e r n a t i f k a r e n a b e b e r a p a k e l e b i h a n n y a . Namun d e m i k i a n , t e r l e b i h d a h u l u p e r l u d i t e l i t i b a - g a i m a n a s i s t e m k o m o d i t a s s u k u n y a n g s e b e n a r n y a t e r m a s u k k e l e b i h a n - k e l e b i h a n y a n g d i s e b u t k a n . D e m i k i a n j u g a h a l - n y a d e n g a n a s p e k k o n s u m s i d a n t a t a n i a g a n y a ; b a g a i m a n a p e r s e p s i m a s y a r a k a t t e r h a d a p s u k u n , b a g a i m a n a p e r a n a n s u - kun d a l a m k o n s u m s i m a s y a r a k a t s e c a r a umum, b a g a i m a n a p r o s p e k p a s a r j i k a s u k u n t i d a k b e r f u n g s i s e b a g a i f o o d s e - c u r i t y d a n b a g a i m a n a p o t e n s i s u k u n s e b a g a i t a n a m a n p e n g - h i j a u a n s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u a l t e r n a t i f p a d a p e n g u s a h a a n n y a . 3 . T u j u a n d a n K e g u n a a n P e n e l i t i a n a . T u i u a n : S e c a r a umum, p e n e l i t i a n i n i b e r t u j u a n u n t u k m e n g e t a - h u i bahwa s u k u n d a p a t b e r p e r a n s e b a g a i food s e c u r i t y b i l a t e r j a d i k e r a w a n a n p a n g a n d a n s e b a g a i s a r a n a u n t u k m e n i n g - k a t k a n p e n d a p a t a n m a s y a r a k a t p e d e s a a n d i t i n j a u d a r i p r o s - p e k p a s a r n y a . S e c a r a k h u s u s , p e n e l i t i a n b e r t u j u a n u n t u k :
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M e m p e l a j a r i s i f a t - s i f a t a g r o n o m i s d a n k a n d u n g a n g i z i s e r t a k e a d a a n u s a h a t a n i s u k u n y a n g m e l i p u t i t e k n i s bu- d i d a y a d a n p e n d a p a t a n u s a h a t a n i n y a .-
M e m p e l a j a r i p e r s e p s i konsumen t e r h a d a p s u k u n d a n p e - r a n a n s u k u n d a l a m p o l a k o n s u m s i m a s y a r a k a t .- M e m p e l a j a r i s i s t e m p a s a r s u k u n y a n g m e l i p u t i e f i - s i e n s i t a t a n i a g a , s t r u k t u r d a n t i n g k a h l a k u p a s a r , s a l u r a n t a t a n i a g a n y a , d a n p a r t i s i p a n p a s a r s e r t a f u n g - s i y a n g m e l i p u t i t a t a n i a g a y a n g d i l a k u k a n .
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M e m p e l a j a r i p o t e n s i s u k u n s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u a l t e r - n a t i f t a n a m a n p e n g h i j a u a n . b . K e ~ u n a a a :-
P e n e l i t i a n i n i d i h a r a p k a n d a p a t m e m b e r i k a n g a m b a r a n t e n t a n g s i s t e m k o m o d i t a s s u k u n y a n g s e b e n a r n y a .-
P e n e l i t i a n i n i d i h a r a p k a n d a p a t m e n j a d i b a h a n p e r - t i m b a n g a n b a g i p e m b u a t k e p u t u s a n b a i k d a l a m u s a h a p e n g e m b a n g a n s u k u n s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u k o m o d i t a s p a - n g a n d a l a m r a n g k a k e a m a n a n p a n g a n d a n s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u p e l u a n g k e r j a d a l a m r a n g k a p e n i n g k a t a n p e n d a p a t a n m a s y a r a k a t p e d e s a a n a t a u p u n s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u t a n a m - a n d a l a m p r o y e k - p r o y e k p e n g h i j a u a n .KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN TEORITIS 1. K o n s e p Keamanan P a n g a n Keamanan p a n g a n ( f o o d
s e c r l r i t y )
b i a s a n y a d i l r a t a k a n t e l a h t e r c a p a i j i k a t a r g e t t i n g k a t k o n s u m s i t e r t e n t u s e n a n t i a s a d i p e n u h i w a l a u p u n t e r j a d i f l u k t u a s i d a l a m p r o d u k s i , h a r g a , d a n p e n d a p a t a n . D i s a m p i n g k e t i g a f a k t o r t e r s e b u t ( f l u k t u a s i p r o d u k s i , h a r g a , d a n p e n d a p a t a n ) a d a l a g i f a k t o r k e e m p a t y a n g mungltin t e r j a d i d a n d a p a t mengancam k e a m a n a n p a n g a n . Walaupun a d a kemampuan u n t u k m e m b e l i p a d a h a r g a b e r a p a s a j a t e t a p i b a h a n p a n g a n t i d a k t e r s e d i a d i p a s a r . P e r i s t i w a i n i d a p a t t e r j a d i k a r e n a p a n e n g a g a l . C a d a n g a n p a n g a n t i d a k a d a d a n p e n y a l u r a n b a h a n p a n g a n d a r i d a e r a h l a i n k e t e m p a t b e r s a n g k u t a n s u k a r a t a u t i d a k sama s e k a l i ( S i n a g a , 1 9 9 0 ) F o o ds e c u r i t y
d a l a m p e m b a h a s a n i n i d i t u j u k a n b a g i rumah t a n g g a d i p e d e s a a n . K a r e n a , m e s k i p u n p e d e s a a n m e r u p a k a n s u m b e r p a n g a n t e t a p i c a t a t a n p e n g a l a m a n d i I n d o n e s i a m e n u n j u k a n bahwa b i l a a d a p e r i s t i w a k e l a p a r a n d a n k e k u r a n g a n p a n g a n j u s t r u t e r j a d i d i p e d e s a a n d a n b u k a n d i p e r k o t a a n ( S i n a g a , 1 9 9 0 ) . B e r b a g a i c a r a u n t u k m e n g i s o l a s i p e n g a r u h f l u k t u a s i p r o d u k s i , h a r g a d a n p e n d a p a t a n t e r h a d a p k e a m a n a n p a n g a n rumah t a n g g a d i p e d e s a a n t e l a h d i k e m b a n g k a n , d i a n t a r a n y a membuat c a d a n g a n p a n g a n ( l u m b u n g k e l u a r g a a t a u l u m b u n g d e s a ) , m e n c i p t a k a n l e m b a g a k e u a n g a n ( m e n a b u n g d a nm e m i n j a m ) , d i v e r s i f i k a s i p r o d u k s i u n t u k k o n s u m s i k e l u a r g a s e n d i r i . P e r k e m b a n g a n l u m b u n g d e s a d a n k e l u a r g a a k h i r - a k h i r i n i m e n g a l a m i k e m u n d u r a n ( S i n a g a , 1 9 9 0 ) . D i v e r s i f i k a s i p r o d u k s i u n t u k k o n s u m s i k e l u a r g a s e n d i r i t e l a h d i k e m b a n g k a n p e t a n i d e n g a n menanam t a n a m a n p a l a w i j a s e p e r t i j a g u n g , s i n g k o n g , u b i j a l a r d a n l a i n - l a i n . B a h k a n t a n a m a n s i n g k o n g d i k e n a l m a s y a r a k a t d e s a s e b a g a i l u m b u n g h i d u p k a r e n a u m b i n y a d a p a t b e r t a h a n d i d a l a m t a n a h b e b e r a p a b u l a n s e l a m a p o h o n n y a t i d a k d i c a b u t . S i n g k o n g j u g a d a p a t d i s i m p a n a g a k l a m a j i k a d i o l a h m e n j a d i g a p l e k a t a u t e p u n g ( S i n a g a , 1 9 9 0 ) . S a n g a t i d e a l j i k a a d a t a n a m a n s u m b e r b a h a n p a n g a n y a n g s e l a l u d a p a t m e n g g a n t i k a n b e r a s d i p e d e s a a n j i k a t e r j a d i k e g a g a l a n p a n e n p a d i . S a l a h s a t u k o m o d i t a s a l - t e r n a t i f y a n g d i a r a h k a n m e n j a d i b a h a n p a n g a n p e n g g a n t i b e r a s s e l a i n u b i k a y u , u b i j a l a r , j a g u n g d a n s a g u a d a l a h s u k u n ( A r t o c a r p u s a1 t i l i s )
.
M e n u r u t S i n a g a ( 1 9 9 0 ) , u n t u k d a p a t m e n i l a i p e r a n a n s u a t u k o m o d i t a s p a n g a n d a l a m f o o d s e c u r i t y h a r u s k i t a t i n j a u d a r i d u a s i s i , s i s i p e r m i n t a a n d a n s i s i p e n a w a r a n - n y a a t a u p e n g a d a a n n y a . 2 . K o n s u n s iBahan makanan d a l a m menu d a p a t d i g o l o n g k a n m e n j a d i e n p a t g o l o n g a n : b a h a n n a k a n a n p o k o k d a n b a h a n makanan
s u b s t i t u t , komplemen, s u p l e m e n d a r i b a h a n m a k a n a n p o k o k ( S i n a g a , 1 9 9 0 ) . D i I n d o n e s i a p a d a umumnya b e r a s m e r u p a k a n b a h a n ma- k a n a n p o k o k s e b a g a i s u m b e r k a r b o h i d r a t . D i b e b e r a p a d a e - r a h j a g u n g , s a g u , u b i - u b i a n m e n j a d i b a h a n m a k a n a n p o k o k s u m b e r k a r b o h i d r a t . Ada k e c e n d e r u n g a n d i s e l u r u h I n d o n e - s i a b e r a s m e n j a d i b a h a n makanan p o k o k s u m b e r k a r b o h i d r a t d a n k o n s u m s i p e r k a p i t a t e r u s m e n i n g k a t ( S i n a g a , 1 9 9 0 ) .
.
D i p e d e s a a n p a l a w i j a ( k e t e l a p o h o n , j a g u n g , u b i - u b i a n ) m e r u p a k a n b a h a n makanan s u b s t i t u t s u m b e r k a r b o - h i d r a t b i l a mana b e r a s t i d a k m e n c u k u p i a t a u t e r l a l u ma- h a l . T e t a p i d a l a m l t e c u l t u p a n b e r a s l t e t i g a p a l a w i j a t a d i h a n y a d i m a k a n s e b a g a i n y a m i k a n a t a u b a h a n m a k a n a n s u p l e - men d a r i b e r a s ( S i n a g a , 1 9 9 0 ) . B e b e r a p a p a l a w i j a s e p e r t i j a g u n g , k e d e l e d e n g a n p e n g o l a h a n t e r t e n t u d a p a t m e r u p a k a n b a h a n k o m p l e m e n t e r h a g i b e r a s k a r e n a b e r f u n g s i s e b a g a i l a u k p a u k ( p e r k e d e l , Lahu d a n t e m p e d s b ) . K e n t a n g p a d a s e b a g i a n m a s y a r a k a t d a p a t m e r u p a k a n s u b s t i t u t d a r i b e r a s , t e t a p i r u m a h t a n g g a I n d o n e s i a p a d a umumnya m e n g g u n a k a n s e b a g a i b a h a n makanan n y a m i k a n a t a u s u p l e m e n t e r ( S i n a g a , 1 9 9 0 ) . M a s a l a h y a n g a k a n k i t a h a d a p i p a d a masa y a n g a k a n d a t a n g a d a l a h b a g a i m a n a m e m p e r o l e h k o m o d i t a s s u b s t i t u t b e r a s s e b a g a i s u m b e r k a r b o h i d r a t . S a m p a i s e j a u h mana d a - p a t d i h a r a p k a n t a n a m a n s u k u n d a p a t b e r p e r a n u n t u k m e r i - n g a n k a n b e b a n u n t u k memenuhi k e b u t u h a n k a r b o h i d r a t d a l a mmenu m a n y a r a k a t y a n g t e r l a l u m e n g a n d a l k a n b e r a s a t a u s e - t i d a k - t i d a k n y a d a p a t s e b a g a i b a h a n makanan p e n y a n g g a j i k a b e r a s t i d a k a d a . 3 . U s a h a t a n i M e n g i n g a t k o m o d i t a s s u k u n j u g a d i h a r a p k a n m e n g a r a h p a d a p e n i n g k a t a n p e n d a p a t a n m a s y a r a k a t p e d e s a a n , maka p e r l u d i a n a l i s a u s a h a t a n i n y a . U s a h a t a n i a d a l a h s e l u r u h o r g a n i s a s i d a r i a l a m , t e n a - g a k e r j a , m o d a l d a n m a n a j e m e n y a n g d i t u j u k a n p a d a p r o - d u k s i d i l a p a n g a n p e r t a n i a n ( R i f a i ,
w
S o e h a r j o d a n P a t o n g , 1 9 7 3 ) . K e t a t a l a k s a n a a n o r g a n i s a s i i t u b e r d i r i s e n d i r i d a n s e n g a j a d i u s a h a k a n o l e h s e o r a n g a t a u sekum- p u l a n o r a n g - o r a n g , s e g o l o n g a n s o s i a l b a i k y a n g b e r i k a t a n g e n e l o g i s , p o l i t i s maupun t e r i t o r i a s e b a g a i p e n g e l o l a n y a . P a d a d a s a r n y a 4 u n s u r t e r s e b u t m e r u p a k a n u n s u r p o k o k y a n g b e r p e r a n p e n t i n g d a l a m p r o s e s p r o d u b s i s u a t u u s a h a t a n i . L a h a n u n t u k u s a h a t a n i d a p a t b e r u p a l a h a n p e k a r a n g - a n , l a h a n t e g a l a n a t a u l a h a n s a w a h . L a h a n i n i d a p a t d i - p e r o l e h d e n g a n cara m e m b e l i , menyewa, a t a u m e n y a k a p . P e n g g u n a a n l a h a n d a p a t d i u s a h a k a n s e c a r a m o n o k u l t u r a t a u p o l i k u l t u r . Tanaman k e r a s d a p a t d i s e l a d e n g a n t a n a m a n b e r u m u r p e n d e k , t e r u t a m a s e b e l u m t a n a m a n u t a m a t e r s e b u t b e l u m m e n g h a s i l k a n . Dua t a n a m a n a t a u l e b i h d a p a t d i t a - nam b e r s a m a - s a m a u n t u k m e m a n f a a t k a n p e r b e d a a n masa tumbuh d a n p e n g g u n a a n s i n a r m a t a h a r i . T e n a g a k e r j a u n t u ku s a h a t a n i d a p a t d i p e r o l e h d a r i d a l a m k e l u a r g a d a n a t a u d a r i l u a r k e l u a r g a . K e b u t u h a n k e r j a u n t u k k e g i a t a n u s a - h a t a n i d a p a t d i b u a t a p a b i l a d i k e t a h u i u r u t a n p e k e r j a a n y a n g h a r u s d i l a k u l t a n d a n k e b u t u h a n k e r j a u n t u k s e t i a p k e - g i a t a n t e r s e b u t . P e k e r j a a n d a l a m u s a h a t a n i m e n u n t u t ma- cam p e k e r j a y a n g b e r b e d a - b e d a . P e r b e d a a n i n i b i s a meli- p u t i k e a h l i a n , k e t r a m p i l a n , k e k u a t a n d a n p e n g a l a m a n y a n g b e r b e d a . Macam p e k e r j a y a n g d i b u t u h k a n d a l a m k e g i a t a n u s a h a t a n i a n t a r a l a i n u n t u k : membuat p e r s e m a i a n , mengo- l a h l a h a n , m e n c a n g k u l , menanam, m e n y i a n g i , memupuk d a n p e m e l i h a r a a n , memungut h a s i l d a n s e b a g a i n y a . K a r e n a a d a n y a p e r b e d a a n d i a t a s p e r l u d i g u n a k a n f a k t o r k o n v e r s i u n t u k m e n g u k u r c u r a h a n k e r j a t e r s e b u t . Modal m e r u p a k a n u n s u r p e n t i n g d a l a m m e l a k u k a n s u a - t u k e g i a t a n . Modal d a l a m u s a h a t a n i d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e m b e l i s a r a n a p r o d u k s i d a n j u g a p e n g e l u a r a n s e l a m a p r o s e s k e g i a t a n u s a h a t a n i . Sumber m o d a l b i s a b e r u p a u a n g t u n a i y a n g d i m i l i k i p e t a n i a t a u b e r u p a p i n j a m a n d a r i p e - l e p a s u a n g . T u j u a n k e g i a t a n u s a h a t a n i b e r b e d a - b e d a d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h l i n g k u n g a n a l a m n y a d a n kemampuan p e n g u s a h a . K e g i a t - a n u s a h a t a n i a d a y a n g d i t u j u k a n u n t u k memenuhi k e b u t u h a n k e l u a r g a s a j a { s u b s i s t e n t o r i e n t e d ) d a n a d a p u l a y a n g d i - t u j u k a n u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h k e u n t u n g a n y a n g s e b e s a r - b e s a r n y a y a n g d i s e b u t s e b a g a i u s a h a t a n i k o m e r s i a l ( p r o f i t o r i e n - t e d ) .
M e n u r u t p o l a n y a , j u m l a h c a b a n g u s a h a t a n i d a p a t d i b e d a k a n d a l a m t i g a j e n i s y a i t u : ( i ) U s a h a t a n i k h u s u s . U s a h a t a n i k h u s u s h a n y a m e m p u n y a i s a t u c a b a n g u s a h a . F a k t o r y a n g m e m p e n g a r u h i d a l a m m e m i l i h s u a t u c a b a n g u s a h a i a l a h k e a d a a n f i s i k t a n a h d a n k e u n t u n g a n k o m p a r a t i f s u a t u d a e r a h . ( i i ) U s a h a t a n i t i d a k k h u s u s . U s a h a t a n i i n i m e n g u s a h a k a n b e r m a c a m - m a c a m c a b a n g u s a h a . U s a h a t a n i t i d a k k h u s u s y a n g b a i k m e m i l i k i c a b a n g - c a b a n g u s a h a y a n g k o m p l e m e n t e r d a n p e n g u s a h a a n n y a t i d a k b e r s a ~ n a a n s e h i n g g a p e n g g u n a a n t e n a g a k e r j a d a p a t m e r a t a s e p a n j a n g t a h u n . ( i i i ) U s a h a t a n i c a m p u r a n . B e n t u k u s a h a t a n i i n i c l a p a t d i u s a h a k a n a n t a r a t a n a m a n d e n g a n t a n a m a n , t a n a m a n d e n g a n t e r n a k a t a u t a n a m a n d e n g a n i k a n
.
F a k t o r y a n g y a n g s a n g a t m e m p e n g a r u h i t i p e u s a h a t a n i a d a l a h f a k t o r f i s i k d a n f a k t o r e k o n o m i . F a k t o r f i s i k t e r - d i r i d a r i i k l i m , t a n a h d a n t o p o g r a f i . F a k t o r i n i p a d a umumnya t i d a k b e r u b a h d a r i t a h u n k e t a h u n . S e b a l i k n y a , f a k t o r e k o n o m i b e r u b a h d a r i w a k t u k e w a k t u d a n k a r e n a i t u p e t a n i h a r u s m e n g e n a l s e b a b d a n a k i - b a t p e r u b a h a n i t u . F a k t o r e k o n o m i y a n g b a n y a k mempenga- r u h i t i p e u s a h a t a n i a d a l a h b i a y a t a t a n i a g a , p e r u b a h a n h a r g a p r o d u k d a n p e r s e d i a a n m o d a l .S e t i a p p e t a n i d a l a m m e l a k s a n a k a n u s a h a t a n i n y a b e r - t u j u a n u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h p r o d u k s i . S e t i a p u s a h a t a n i t e n t u a k a n m e n g g u n a k a n i n p u t u n t u k m e n g h a s i l k a n o u t p u t d a n k a - r e n a i t u l a h p r o d u k s i y a n g d i h a s i l k a n d a p a t d i n i l a i seca- r a e k o n o m i b e r d a s a r k a n b i a y a y a n g d i k e l u a r k a n d a n p e n e r i - maan y a n g d i p e r o l e h . S e l i s i h k e d u a n y a m e r u p a k a n p e n d a - p a t a n d a r i k e g i a t a n u s a h a t a n i n y a . P e n d a p a t a n i n i d a p a t d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i b a l a s j a s a u n t u k f a k t o r - f a k t o r p r o d u k s i y a n g d i g u n a k a n
.
A n a l i s a p e n d a p a t a n m e m p u n y a i k e g u n a a n b a g i p e t a n i maupun p e m i l i k f a k t o r p r o d u k s i . Ada d u a t u j u a n u t a m a d a - r i a n a l i s a p e n d a p a t a n , y a i t u m e n g g a m b a r k a n k e a d a a n s e k a - r a n g s u a t u k e g i a t a n u s a h a t a n i d a n k e a d a a n y a n g a k a n d a - t a n g d a r i s u a t u p e r e n c a n a a n a t a u t i n d a k a n . A n a l i s a p e n - d a p a t a n d a p a t m e m b e r i k a n b a n t u a n u n t u k m e n g u k u r b e r h a s i l a t a u t i d a k n y a s u a t u k e g i a t a n . A n a l i s a p e n d a p a t a n u s a h a t a n i m e m e r l u k a n d u a k e t e - r a n g a n p o k o k y a i t u k e a d a a n p e n e r i m a a n d a n k e a d a a n p e n g e - l u a r a n s e l a m a j a n g k a w a k t u y a n g t e l a h d i t e n t u k a n . M e n u r u t H e r n a n t o ( 1 9 8 9 ) , p e n e r i m a a n u s a h a t a n i a d a - l a h p e n e r i m a a n d a r i s e m u a s u m b e r u s a h a t a n i y a n g m e l i p u t i : a . J u m l a h p e n a m b a h a n i n v e n t a r i s . b . N i l a i p e n j u a l a n h a s i l . c . N i l a i p e n g g u n a a n u n t u k k o n s u m s i k e l u a r g a .P e n g e l u a r a n u s a h a t a n i a d a l a h s e m u a b i a y a o p e r a s i o n a l d e n g a n t a n p a m e m p e r h i t u n g k a n b u n g a d a r i m o d a l u s a h a t a n i d a n n i l a i k e r j a d a r i p e n g e l o l a u s a h a t a n i . P e n g e l u a r a n i n i m e l i p u t i : .t
+.
*-
a . P e n g e l u a r a n t u n a i . b . P e n y u s u t a n b e n d a f i s i k . c . P e n g u r a n g a n n i l a i i n v e n t a r i s . d . N i l a i t e n a g a k e r j a y a n g t i d a k d i b a y a r . M e m p e r h a t i k a n b e b e r a p a t i n j a u a n p u s t a k a m e n g e n a i a n a l i s a p e n d a p a t a n u s a h a t a n i maka p e n d e k a t a n y a n g d i l a k u - k a n m e n u r u t H e r n a n t o ( 1 9 8 9 ) , s e b a b m e r u p a k a n p o l a u s a h a t a n i s u b s i s t e n . T e t a p i p e n d e k a t a n i n i mempunyai b e b e r a p a k e l e m a h a n j i k a d i p a k a i d a l a m p o l a u s a h a t a n i k o m e r s i l.
4 . T a t a n i a g a S e l a m a s u k u n t i d a k d i p e r g u n a k a n o l e h k e l u a r g a s e b a - g a i food security d a l a m k e r a w a n a n p a n g a n d i p e d e s a a n , m a - k a d a p a t d i g u n a k a n u n t u k p e n i n g k a t a n p e n d a p a t a n p e t a n i p e d e s a a n . S e b e l u m n y a k i t a p e r l u m e n g e t a h u i p o t e n s i p a - s a r n y a . B a g a i m a n a j u g a a d a a t a u t i d a k n y a p a s a r a t a u kon- sumen k o m o d i t a s i n i m e r u p a k a n f a k t o r y a n g s a n g a t m e n e n t u - k a n p e r k e m b a n g a n n y a d i masa y a n g a k a n d a t a n g . S e c a r a k o n s e p s i o n a l t a t a n i a g a a d a l a h s e m u a k e g i a t - a n y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n p e n y a m p a i a n b a r a n g d a n j a s a s e j a k d a r i p r o s e s p r o d u k s i d i l a k u k a n s a m p a i p a d ak e g i a t a n k o n s u m s i b a r a n g a t a u j a s a y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n . S t a n t o n
dalam
L i m b o n g d a n S i t o r u s (1985) mengemukakan d e - f i n i s i d a n k o n s e p t a t a n i a g a a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : s u a t u k e s e l u r u h a n d a r i k e g i a t a n u s a h a y a n g d i t u j u k a n un- t u k m e r e n c a n a k a n , m e n e n t u k a n h a r g a , m e m p r o m o s i k a n d a n m e n d i s t r i b u s i k a n b a r a n g d a n j a s a y a n g d a p a t memuaskan k e - b u t u h a n p e m b e l i y a n g a d a a t a u p e m b e l i p o t e n s i a l . Dalam h u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n d e f i n i s i i n i , Limbong d a n S i t o r u s ( 1 9 8 5 ) , mengemukakan bahwa t a t a n i a g a p e r t a n i a n m e n c a k u p s e g a l a k e g i a t a n d a n u s a h a y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d e - n g a n p e r p i n d a h a n h a k m i l i k d a n f i s i k d a r i b a r a n g - b a r a n g h a s i l p e r t a n i a n d a n k e b u t u h a n u s a h a p e r t a n i a n d a r i t a n g a n p r o d u s e n ke t a n g a n konsumen t e r m a s u k d i d a l a m n y a k e g i - a t a n t e r t e n t u y a n g m e n g h a s i l k a n p e r u b a h a n b e n t u k d a r i b a - r a n g y a n g d i t u j u k a n u n t u k l e b i h mempermudah p e n y a l u r a n - n y a d a n m e m b e r i k a n k e p u a s a n y a n g l e b i h t i n g g i k e p a d a kon- s u m e n n y a.
M e n u r u t K h o l s d a n Downey ( 1 9 6 8 ) , A z z a i n o ( 1 9 8 2 ) , t a t a n i a g a p e r t a n i a n a d a l a h s u a t u k e r a g a a n u s a h a y a n g m e n c a k u p k e g i a t a n a r u s b a r a n g d a n j a s a m u l a i d a r i t i t i k u s a h a t a n i s a m p a i k e t a n g a n konsumen a k h i r . B r i e m - y e rdalam
A z z a i n o ( 1 9 8 2 ) m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a t a t a n i a g a p e r - t a n i a n a d a l a h s e g a l a s e s u a t u y a n g t e r j a d i d i a n t a r a p e t a - n i p r o d u s e n d a n k o n s u m e n . Dalam s u a t u s i s t e m t a t a n i a g a u n t u k m e n y a m p a i k a n b a - r a n g d a r i t a n g a n p r o d u s e n k e t a n g a n konsumen a k h i rm e l i b a t k a n b e b e r a p a l e m b a g a t a t a n i a g a y a n g membentuk b e r b a g a i s a l u r a n t a t a n i a g a . Lembaga t a t a n i a g a a d a l a h b a d a n - b a d a n y a n g m e n y e l e n g g a r a k a n k e g i a t a n a t a u f u n g s i t a t a n i a g a d i mana p r o d u k b e r g e r a k d a r i p r o d u s e n k e konsumen a k h i r y a i t u b a d a n - b a d a n y a n g t e r m a s u k g o l o n g a n p r o d u s e n , p e d a g a n g p e r a n t a r a d a n l e m b a g a - l e m b a g a p e m b e r i j a s a . S a l u r a n t a t a n i a g a a d a l a h s u a t u c a r a a t a u s i s t e m p e - n y a m p a i a n s u a t u p r o d u k d a r i p r o d u s e n k e konsumen a k h i r y a n g m e l i b a t k a n b e b e r a p a l e m b a g a t a t a n i a g a ( H a n a f i a h d a n S a e f u d d i n , 1 9 8 3 ) . M e n u r u t Downey a n d S t e v e n ( 1 9 8 9 ) , f u n g s i t a t a n i a g a a d a l a h b e b e r a p a k e g i a t a n y a n g membentuk l a n g k a h - l a n g k a h y a n g a k a n d i l a k s a n a k a n agar p e m a s a r a n b e r h a s i l . T a t a c a r a p e l a k s a n a a n f u n g s i - f u n g s i p e m a s a r a n b e r b e d a s e k a l i d a r i k o m o d i t a s s a t u k e k o m o d i t a s l a i n , t e - t a p i b i a s a n y a m e r u p a k a n p r o s e s y a n g t e r a t u r d a n b e r u b a h s e p a n j a n g w a k t u a p a b i l a s i t u a s i n y a b e r u b a h . F u n g s i t a t a - n i a g a y a n g b e k e r j a m e l a l u i l e m b a g a t a t a n i a g a d i k e l o m p o k - kan d a l a m f u n g s i p e r t u k a r a n ( p e n j u a l a n d a n p e m b e l i a n ) , f u n g s i p e n g a d a a n s e c a r a f i s i k ( p e n g a n g k u t a n , p e n y i m p a n a n , d a n p e n g o l a h a n ) , d a n f u n g s i p e n y e d i a a n s a r a n a ( i n f o r m a s i p a s a r , p e n a n g g u n g a n r e s i k o , s t a n d a r d i s a s i , d a n p e m b i a - y a a n ) . K e g i a t a n t a t a n i a g a i n i d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n n i l a i ko- m o d i t a s y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n s e h i n g g a d i l i h a t d a r i s e g i e k o n o m i , k e g i a t a n t a t a n i a g a a d a l a h k e g i a t a n y a n g
p r o d u k t i f . P e n a m b a h a n n i l a i p a d a b a r a n g i n i d a p a t d i l a k u k a n o l e h l e m b a g a - l e m b a g a t a t a n i a g a s e h i n g g a t i n g k a t k e p u a s a n konsumen d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n . D a r i k e g i a t a n - k e g i a t a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h l e m b a g a t a t a n i a g a t e n t u d i h a r a p k a n b a l a s j a s a y a n g memadai b a g i s e t i a p p e l a k u n y a d a n h a 1 i n i a k a n menambah n i l a i p r o d u k . P e r l a k u a n i n i t e r d i r i d a r i b e r b a g a i komponen, a n t a r a l a i n : t e n a g a k e r j a , m o d a l d a n m a n a j e m e n d a n m a s i n g - m a s i n g komponen m e m i l i k i p r o p o r s i t e r t e n t u . K o n t r i b u s i d a r i komponen i n i j i k a d i t a m b a h d e n g a n k e u n t u n g a n d a r i l e m b a g a t a t a n i a g a d i s e b u t m a r j i n t a t a n i a g a u n t u k l e m b a g a t a t a n i a g a y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n . Dengan d e m i k i a n , marj i n t a t a n i a g a s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n d a r i p r o d u s e n k e konsumen a d a l a h j u m l a h d a r i s e l u r u h m a r j i n t a t a n i a g a b a g i l e m b a g a t a t a n i a g a . P e r b e d a a n s a l u r a n t a t a n i a g a y a n g d i l a l u i o l e h s u a t u j e n i s a k a n b e r p e n g a r u h p a d a p e m b a g i a n p e n d a p a t a n y a n g d i - t e r i m a o l e h m a s i n g - m a s i n g l e m b a g a t a t a n i a g a y a n g t e r l i b a t d i d a l a m n y a . J a d i , s u a t u s a l u r a n t a t a n i a g a y a n g b e r b e d a a k a n m e m b e r i k a n k e u n t u n g a n y a n g b e r b e d a p u l a k e p a d a m a s i n g - m a s i n g l e m b a g a t a t a n i a g a y a n g t e r l i b a t d a l a m k e - g i a t a n t a t a n i a g a t e r s e b u t . K o n s e p e f i s i e n s i p e m a s a r a n p a d a d a s a r n y a a d a l a h s u a - t u u k u r a n y a n g r e l a t i f ( B r e s s l e r d a n K i n g , 1 9 7 0 aEd_LELm. Ma ' n u n , 1 9 8 5 ) . R a j u d a n Oppen ( 1 9 8 0 ) m e n y i m p u l k a n bahwa e f i s i e n s i p e m a s a r a n a d a l a h p e r l u k a r e n a d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n
p e n d a p a t a n p e t a n i p r o d u s e n d a n j u g a d a p a t memajukan p e r e k o n o m i a n s u a t u n e g a r a . S e l a i n i t u i n f o r m a s i d a r i e f i s i e n s i p e m a s a r a n s a n g a t membantu u n t u k mengembangkan f a s i l i t a s p e m a s a r a n d a n e v a l u a s i k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e m e r i n t a h t e r h a d a p p a s a r
