00074918.2014.980386

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Download by: [Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji] Date: 17 January 2016, At: 23:34

Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies

ISSN: 0007-4918 (Print) 1472-7234 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbie20

Barriers to the Consolidation of Peace: The

Political Economy of Post-conflict Violence in

Indonesia

Patrick Barron

To cite this article: Patrick Barron (2014) Barriers to the Consolidation of Peace: The Political Economy of Post-conflict Violence in Indonesia, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 50:3, 484-485, DOI: 10.1080/00074918.2014.980386

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2014.980386

Published online: 03 Dec 2014.

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484 Abstracts of Doctoral Theses on the Indonesian Economy

reported a positive social impact, and even fewer respondents reported a posi

-tive religious or other impact. The strong predictors of social, religious, and other impacts are social development programs or services, which indicate the impor

-tance of improving the frequency and coverage of these services. Although these indings present a mixed picture, they show a reduction in the number of poor respondents after inancing—indicating a positive impact.

This study suggests that BMT and BPRS could expand their role in socio economic development by adopting proactive strategies, such as improving their training services (in collaboration with related educational institutions), provid

-ing more information to the wider community about inanc-ing services, increas

-ing their customers’ understand-ing of Islamic terms used in inancial products, and being more innovative in developing inancial products to meet the needs of

their clients.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2014.980385

Barriers to the Consolidation of Peace:

The Political Economy of Post-conlict Violence in Indonesia

Patrick Barron (patrick.barron@asiafoundation.org) Accepted 2014, University of Oxford

What causes postconlict violence to occur in some places emerging from large scale extended violent conlict and not in others? Why do episodes of postconlict violence take different forms? And what causes episodic violence to escalate into larger, renewed, deadly, longlasting violence? The thesis contributes answers to these questions by examining the experience of Indonesia.

Six provinces saw civil war or largescale intercommunal unrest around the turn of the 21st century. In each case, war ended. Yet levels, forms, and destructive impacts of postconlict violence vary signiicantly across areas. The Indonesian cases are used here to build a parsimonious theory of the sources of spatial and temporal variance in postconlict violence.

Multiple methods are employed. A new dataset—the National Violence Moni

-toring System—containing over 158,000 coded incidents, maps extended and postconlict violence across areas and over time. Six districts in three provinces are then studied in depth. Comparative analysis of districts and provinces—draw

-ing on more than 300 ield interviews—identiies the determinants of variations in the levels and forms of postconlict violence.

Postconlict violence is not directly or deterministically produced by poverty, weak state institutions, or fractured social relations, the foci of much of the litera

-ture. To understand why postconlict violence occurs, or does not, and why it takes the forms it does, we need to focus on the political economy of violence: the ways in which, and the reasons why, violence is used by different actors to shape

decisions on the allocation of power and resources.

To this end, a novel, actorcentred explanation is developed. The thesis locates postconlict violence in the incentives of three groups—local elites, local violence specialists, and central state elites—to use violence instrumentally for purposes of accumulation. Violence occurs when members of these groups support its use.

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Abstracts of Doctoral Theses on the Indonesian Economy 485

The extent to which individuals within each group support violence is largely dictated by the expected beneits that violence affords visàvis nonviolent action. Groups see violence as beneicial where it proves to be a successful way to capture a greater share of power or resources. Where a signal is sent that violence ‘pays’ and where the costs of using violence are low—where the use of violence does not lead to death, injury, or arrest—incentives to use it are strengthened. Where there are few peaceful channels for accumulation, groups have heightened motivations to use violence as part of the political and economic game. Conversely, where the use of violence is not expected to be beneicial, is costly, or where peaceful means for getting ahead exist, violence is less likely to be used.

Different combinations of support for, or resistance to, violence from each group determine the forms of postconlict violence. Smallerscale episodes occur where local violence specialists see beneits in using violence. Escalation to larger epi

-sodic violence, such as riots or group clashes, requires the support of local elites. Without such support, postconlict areas will be peaceful or see only smaller scale episodic violence. Escalation to extended violent conlict occurs only where elements of the central state elite support or allow such escalation. In the absence of this, violence remains episodic.

Women Interrupted: Determinants of Women’s Employment Exit and Return in Indonesia Diahhadi Setyonaluri (dsetyonaluri@gmail.com) Accepted 2013, The Australian National University

In OECD countries, marriage and childbearing have consistently been shown to affect women’s employment continuity. Women in these countries generally with

-draw from the workforce at marriage or at the onset of motherhood. In Indonesia, however, the characteristics and effects of such interruptions to women’s work

-ing patterns remain unclear. Exist-ing studies fail to explore the dynamic nature of employment behaviour—particularly employment interruption, which is a strong feature of women’s labourmarket behaviour.

This thesis examines the factors that contribute to interruptions in women’s employment in Indonesia. It adopts a discretetime event history analysis to explore the determinants of women’s transition out of and back into employ

-ment. It pays speciic attention to the effects of the family life cycle on women’s decisions to leave and return to employment. Using longitudinal data from 1996 to 2007, from the 2000 and 2007 rounds of the Indonesia Family Life Survey, this thesis seeks to answer four questions: (a) To what extent and when do women experience work interruption? (b) To what extent do marriage and childbearing inluence women’s decisions to leave employment? (c) To what extent does being in the later stages of childrearing cause women to return to employment? (d) How do education and employment characteristics affect women’s decisions to leave and return to work?

The results of the analyses conducted in this study show that work interruption is common among women in Indonesia. Marriage and the onset of motherhood