The inferences in finding referents of person deixis in Kingsman: The Secret Service Movie script.

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ABSTRACT

Lancerianda, Rendy. (2016). The Inferences in Finding Referents of Person Deixis in Kingsman: The Secret Service Movie Script. Yogyakarta: English Letters Study Program Sanata Dharma University.

Kingsman: The Secret Service is one of the successful movies released in

2015. Directed by Matthew Vaughn, this British spy action comedy movie tells about spy recruitment, which involves Eggsy as the main character. In this movie, Vaughn inserted many personal pronouns in some dialogues, for example first person ‘I’ and ‘we’, second person ‘you’, and the third person ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, and ‘they’. Besides, Vaughn also inserted some vocatives such as ‘Merlin’ and ‘Eggsy’ as name of someone or something, and ‘a guerrilla army base’ as a noun phrase.

This study is conducted to answer the following questions: (1) What are the referents of person deixis which occur in the Kingsman: The Secret Service movie script? and (2) What are the inferences needed to identify the referents of person deixis which occur in Kingsman: The Secret Service movie script?

The first question was answered by collecting and analyzing the data from the movie script by using pragmatic approach. In collecting and analyzing the data, the writer found 480 utterances that include person deixis. Then, the writer classified the data into (1) Anaphora, (2) Cataphora, and (3) Exophora. Then, the classified data were used to find the referents of the person deixis. From the script, the writer found 26 anaphoric references, 9 cataphoric references, and 16 exophoric references.

The second question in the problem formulation was answered by the description of kind of inference or background knowledge that is needed to identify the referents of person deixis which occur in the Kingsman: The Secret

Service movie script. The inference can be seen visually from the movie, it is seen

from the gesture of the speaker when the utterance is spoken. They can also be found from the context of the utterance.

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ABSTRAK

Kingsman: The Secret Service adalah salah satu film yang dinilai sukses pada tahun 2015. Dengan disutradarai oleh Matthew Vaughn, film bergenre spy komedi aksi ini bercerita tentang pencarian agen rahasia yang melibatkan Eggsy sebagai pemain utama. Dalam film ini, Vaughn menyisipkan banyak pronominal persona (kata ganti) dalam setiap dialognya, seperti kata ganti orang pertama ‘saya’ dan ‘kami’, kata ganti orang kedua ‘anda’, dan kata ganti orang ketiga ‘dia’ dan ‘mereka’. Selain itu, Vaughn juga menyisipkan beberapa kata vokatif

seperti ‘Merlin’ dan ‘Eggsy’ sebagai nama orang atau benda, dan ‘a gorilla army

base’ sebagai frasa nomina.

Studi ini dirancang untuk menjawab pertanyaan dalam formula pertanyaan: (1) Apa sajakah rujukan dari deiksis persona yang muncul dalam skrip film Kingsman: The Secret Service? dan (2) Inferensi apa sajakah yang dibutuhkan untuk mengidentifikasi rujukan tersebut?

Pertanyaan pertama dapat terjawab dengan mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data yang didapat dari naskah film, dengan menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik. Dalam mengumpulkan dan menganalisa data, penulis menemukan 480 ungkapan yang mengandung deiksis persona. Kemudian, penulis membagi data tersebut menjadi (1) Anafora, (2) Katafora, dan (3) Exofora. Kemudian data tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan deiksis persona dalam film tersebut. Dari hasil analisis, penulis menemukan 26 rujukan anafora, 9 rujukan katafora, dan 16 rujukan exofora.

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THE INFERENCES

IN FINDING REFERENTS OF PERSON DEIXIS

IN

KINGSMAN: THE SECRET SERVICE

MOVIE SCRIPT

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

RENDY LANCERIANDA Student Number: 094214064

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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THE INFERENCES

IN FINDING REFERENTS OF PERSON DEIXIS

IN

KINGSMAN: THE SECRET SERVICE

MOVIE SCRIPT

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

RENDY LANCERIANDA Student Number: 094214064

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to

Mami, Ayah,

Vina, Ian, Mas Serra,

Sylvia,

Mamah, Papah

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Allah SWT, for always bringing light to my life. I am very thankful for everything Allah gives to me. I also thank Allah SWT for sending me the talented people that will be mentioned below.

My deep gratitude goes to my thesis advisor, Adventina Putranti, M.Hum. for her patience, support, and encouragement in guiding me to accomplish this thesis. My deep thanks also go to all my lecturers in English Letter Study Program of Sanata Dharma University for the chance to learn English and life values together, especially to Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.Sc., as my academic advisor. I also want to express my thankfulness to Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum., for the help during the proposal seminar time and as the co-advisor of my thesis. I also thank Mbak Ninik for always helping me with the administrative matters.

My deep gratitude goes to my beloved parents, my father in heaven

Hariyadi and my mother Sri Sumarni, and to my beloved siblings Serra Argo Rianda, Ian Carianda, and Shofia Vilina Rianda, for their irreplaceable care, love, support, patience, and advice. I thank them for the time we spend. I also thank them for always understanding me in every tough time I get through.

Last but not least, my gratefulness goes to all of the people whose names cannot be mentioned one by one here. May God bless us forever.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE……… Ii

APPROVAL PAGE………. Iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE………. Iv

STATEMENT OF WOKS’ ORIGINALITY………. V LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH……..…….... Vi

MOTTO PAGE………. Vii

DEDICATION PAGE……….. Viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………. Ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS………. X

ABSTRACT………... Xii

ABSTRAK... Xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………... 1

A. Background of the Study……….. 1

B. Problem Formulation……….... 2

C. Objectives of the Study………. 3

D. Definition of Terms………... 3

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE……… 5

A.Review of Related Studies………. 5

B.Review of Related Theories………... 7

1. Deixis...……… 7

a. Person Deixis..……….. 8

i. Pronouns………. 8

ii. Vocatives……… 9

b. Spatial Deixis……… 10

c. Temporal Deixis……….... 11

2. Reference and Referent……….. 11

a. Endophora………. 12

i. Anaphora ……… 12

ii. Cataphora……… 12

b. Exophora………... 13

3. Inference………. 13

4. Three-Act Structure……… 13

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY………... 16

A. Object of the Study……….. 16

B. Approach of the Study………... 17

C. Method of the Study……… 17

1. Kind of Data………... 17

2. Data Collection……….... 17

3. Data Analysis………... 18

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………... 21

A. The Referents of the Person Deixis Occur in the Kingsman: The Secret Service Movie……….………. 21

1. Endophora……….………. 21

a. Anaphora……….………. 21

b. Cataphora……….……….... 34

2. Exophora……….………... 38

B. The Inference Needed to Find the Referents of the Person Deixis in the Kingsman: The Secret Service Movie……….……. 42

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION……… 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY………. 50

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ABSTRACT

Kingsman: The Secret Service is one of the successful movies released in

2015. Directed by Matthew Vaughn, this British spy action comedy movie tells about spy recruitment, which involves Eggsy as the main character. In this movie, Vaughn inserted many personal pronouns in some dialogues, for example first person ‘I’ and ‘we’, second person ‘you’, and the third person ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, and ‘they’. Besides, Vaughn also inserted some vocatives such as ‘Merlin’ and ‘Eggsy’ as name of someone or something, and ‘a guerrilla army base’ as a noun phrase.

This study is conducted to answer the following questions: (1) What are the referents of person deixis which occur in the Kingsman: The Secret Service movie script? and (2) What are the inferences needed to identify the referents of person deixis which occur in Kingsman: The Secret Service movie script?

The first question was answered by collecting and analyzing the data from the movie script by using pragmatic approach. In collecting and analyzing the data, the writer found 480 utterances that include person deixis. Then, the writer classified the data into (1) Anaphora, (2) Cataphora, and (3) Exophora. Then, the classified data were used to find the referents of the person deixis. From the script, the writer found 26 anaphoric references, 9 cataphoric references, and 16 exophoric references.

The second question in the problem formulation was answered by the description of kind of inference or background knowledge that is needed to identify the referents of person deixis which occur in the Kingsman: The Secret

Service movie script. The inference can be seen visually from the movie, it is seen

from the gesture of the speaker when the utterance is spoken. They can also be found from the context of the utterance.

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ABSTRAK

Kingsman: The Secret Service adalah salah satu film yang dinilai sukses pada tahun 2015. Dengan disutradarai oleh Matthew Vaughn, film bergenre spy komedi aksi ini bercerita tentang pencarian agen rahasia yang melibatkan Eggsy sebagai pemain utama. Dalam film ini, Vaughn menyisipkan banyak pronominal persona (kata ganti) dalam setiap dialognya, seperti kata ganti orang pertama ‘saya’ dan ‘kami’, kata ganti orang kedua ‘anda’, dan kata ganti orang ketiga ‘dia’ dan ‘mereka’. Selain itu, Vaughn juga menyisipkan beberapa kata vokatif

seperti ‘Merlin’ dan ‘Eggsy’ sebagai nama orang atau benda, dan ‘a gorilla army

base’ sebagai frasa nomina.

Studi ini dirancang untuk menjawab pertanyaan dalam formula pertanyaan: (1) Apa sajakah rujukan dari deiksis persona yang muncul dalam skrip film Kingsman: The Secret Service? dan (2) Inferensi apa sajakah yang dibutuhkan untuk mengidentifikasi rujukan tersebut?

Pertanyaan pertama dapat terjawab dengan mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data yang didapat dari naskah film, dengan menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik. Dalam mengumpulkan dan menganalisa data, penulis menemukan 480 ungkapan yang mengandung deiksis persona. Kemudian, penulis membagi data tersebut menjadi (1) Anafora, (2) Katafora, dan (3) Exofora. Kemudian data tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan deiksis persona dalam film tersebut. Dari hasil analisis, penulis menemukan 26 rujukan anafora, 9 rujukan katafora, dan 16 rujukan exofora.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Kingsman: The Secret Service is a British movie released in 2015. The

awards, such as The Best British Film on 2015 by Empire Award, UK and The

Best Comic Book Adaptation Movie by IGN (Imagine Games Network) on 2015,

are the proofs that this movie is one of the successful movies in 2015. With a

touch of comedy, Kingsman: The Secret Service tells about spy recruitment,

which involves Eggsy as the main character. Matthew Vaughn was the one who

directed and wrote the script of this British spy action movie.

In the movie script, there are so many conversations and we know as dialog.

The writer found so many deixis occurring in the dialog. For the people who do

not learn about language deeply, they may not be familiar with the term ‘deixis’.

In fact, deixis often appears in the outcome of language.

Cutting (2002: 7) states that deixis is known as the referring expression

points to the referent in the context (whether interlocutors can see it or not).

Cutting (2002: 7) divides deixis into three types: person, place, and time. Deixis is

defined as the terms that are used to refer to someone or something, space, and

time. Furthermore, according to Yule (1996: 9), deixis is a form of referring that is

tied to the speaker context. In the previous example, the case is that the listener

has to understand the message that the speaker tries to deliver. When the listener

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says, the listener may get lost in understanding the message of the utterances. The

more two speakers have in common, the less language they will need to use to

identify familiar things (Yule, 1996: 8). There is where the deixis comes from.

However, this study only focuses on the person deixis. Person deixis

includes the words used to point to a person. There are three kinds of person

deixis, first person ‘I’ and ‘we’, second person ‘you’, and the third person ‘he’,

‘she’, ‘it’, and ‘they’. There are “I, you, we, they, he, she, and it”.

Then, since we often find something unfamiliar in the movie, the writer

tried to reveal the entity of the reference being referred to, or next will be called as

referent. Then, this study also discusses the background knowledge that the

audiences probably need to understand in order to be familiar with the movie and

its story line. This kind of background knowledge is then called as inference. The

importance of the inference identification in this study is to help the audiences is

understanding the movie. This study can help the audience to grasp what the

movie tries to tell to them. The broader the knowledge the audiences have, the

bigger the probability of them to understand about the movie. Thus, despite of

focusing on the person deixis, this study also focuses on the referent and inference

of the person deixis itself.

B. Problem Formulation

This study is conducted to answer the following questions:

1. What are the referents of person deixis occur in the Kingsman: The Secret

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2. What are the inferences needed to identify the referents of person deixis

occur in the Kingsman: The Secret Service movie script?

C. Objectives of the Study

This study attempts to answer the problems found in Kingsman: The Secret

Service movie, especially in terms of person deixis. Firstly, this study finds out the

referent of the person deixis in Kingsman: The Secret Service movie. It used to

help the audience understand the referent of the person deixis found in the movie.

The writer has to synchronize the image of referent used in this study.

Afterward, the writer analyzes what inference is needed to identify the

referents of person deixis which occur the movie. It means that this study tries to

find what probable field, discipline, or specialty that the audience should

understand to find the link they probably miss when they watch the movie.

D. Definition of Terms

Person deixis clearly operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified by

the pronouns for first person (‘I’), second person (‘you’) and third person

(‘he’,’she’,’it’) (Yule, 1996: 10). In this study, a person deixis is pronoun that

refers to particular person.

In this study, a reference is the act of using language to refer to entities in

the context (Cutting, 2002:7). There are two kinds of reference according to

Cutting (2002: 9-10): Endophora, which consists of anaphora and cataphora, and

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While a referent is the entity being the referred to (Cutting, 2007). In this

study, the referent is the thing that the reference refers to. Referent usually occurs

in the text, but sometimes it does not occur in the text.

Inference is what thinking adds to what we know, read, or learn (Silver,

Dewing, & Perini, 2012). In this study, the inference is the background knowledge

of the audience about the topic that the speaker is talking in the utterance of the

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

Kingsman: The Secret Service is a British spy action comedy movie directed

by Matthew Vaughn. This movie is about a recruitment and training of a potential

secret agent, Gary Unwin - or called as Eggsy – into a secret spy organization that

aimed to tackle a global threat from a wealthy eco-terrorist.

Released on 13 February 2015, the movie was actually based on the comic

book The Secret Service created by Mark Millar and David Gibbons. This British

action movie was directed by Matthew Vaughn, and it became his most

commercially successful film to date because of the positive reviews and awards

received by the movie such as: The Best British Film on 2015 by Empire Award,

UK and The Best Comic Book Adaptation Movie by IGN (Imagine Games

Network) on 2015.

In the movie, there were many deixis. According to Yule (1996) and Cutting

(2002), there are three kinds of deixis: person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal

deixis. However, this study only focuses on person deixis.

The first study was from a thesis from Silvia Kurnia Dewi (2007). In this

study, Dewi analyzed the person deixis that appears in the Dreamgirls Musical

Movie soundtrack entitled It’s All Over. Using pragmatic approach, the study

found that the kinds of person deictic expressions always refer to reference to

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speaker, second person pronoun refers to the addressee, and third person pronoun

refers to the other participants nor speaker nor the addressee.

Ike Endah Rachmawati (2007) conducted a thesis that analyzed the case

study among the students of English Department Program of Diponegoro

University, Semarang. By using Levinson’s book, she studied the person deixis

involved in the conversation in the environment of English Department Program

of Diponegoro University. From the study, she found that the first person deictic

expression found were aku, saya, and kita; second person deictic expression found

were dia, deknen, beliau, the name of the third person and kinship terms.

The last study was conducted by Agustina Meliani in 2002. The study

analyzed the kinds of deixis that appear in written language: person deixis, time

deixis and place deixis from those ten stories. By counting the total of each type

of deixis, the study found that person deixis is mostly used in the while stories and

followed by place deixis and time deixis. She also found out that the use of deixis

may not lead the reader to confusion by knowing the clear references mentioned

by the speaker.

The previous studies are very useful for conducting this thesis. However,

this thesis only used the studies that relate to this thesis: deixis, and person deixis.

This research is different from all the studies above because the focus is only on

the person deixis, the referent and the inference of person deixis found in the

movie.

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B. Review of Related Theories 1. Deixis

According to Yule (1996: 9), deixis is a form of referring that is tied to the

speaker context. Cutting (2002: 7) states that deixis is known as the referring

expression points to the referent in the context (whether interlocutors can see it or

not). The linguistic form that is used to accomplish this referring is called deictic

expression. In the movie, there are a lot of deictic expression insertions. The

deictic expression is related to the speaker’s context. The speaker may do some

gestures or point to certain things to help the listener get the message of the

speaker. In the Kingsman: The Secret Service movie, deictic words can be found

frequently. Furthermore, we may met many deictic expression in daily spoken

language.

As the definition states, deictic words point to things in the physical-social

context of the speaker and addressee(s) and whose referents can only be

determined by knowing the context in which they are used (Kreidler, 1998: 144).

Deixis includes the use of demonstratives, first and second pronouns, tense,

specific time and place adverbs like now and here, and a variety of grammatical

features tied directly to the circumstances of utterance (Levinson, 1983: 54).

Levinson’s statement is supported by Yule that he divides deixis into three

categories: person deixis, spatial deixis and temporal deixis. They can be used to

indicate people (person deixis), location (spatial deixis), or time (temporal deixis),

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a. Person Deixis

This study only focuses on the personal pronoun or pronouns that refer to

person. Person deixis clearly operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified

by the pronouns for first person (‘I’), second person (‘you’), and third person

(‘he’, ’she’, or ’it’) (Yule, 1996: 10). According to Cutting (2002: 7), person

deixis is used to point to a person, with the personal pronouns ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘they’,

‘we’, ‘she’, ‘he’, or ‘it’.

The example of person deixis are ‘Dora and Yuka go to school every

morning. They go to school by bus.’ The word ‘they’ is included as person deixis,

since it refers to a personal pronoun that represents ‘Dora and Yuka’.

i. Pronouns

A pronoun is used in place of a noun (Azar, 1999: 32). Pronouns are

classified into singular and plural pronouns. A singular pronoun is used to refer to

a singular noun. A plural pronoun is used to refer to a plural noun. Each of them is

divided into four: subject pronoun, object pronoun, possessive pronoun, and

possessive adjective. The following table from Azar (1999) will show us the

classification of personal pronouns:

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Subject pronouns are used as subjects of sentences. For example, ‘Amy has

a bike. She bikes to work.’ The word ‘she’ refers to Amy, and it stands as a

subject pronoun of the sentence since it is located as the subject of the sentence.

Object pronouns are used as the object of verbs. For example, ‘Bella never

skipped the class. I know her very well.’ The word ‘her’ refers to Bella, and it

stands as the object pronouns of the sentence based on its function as the object of

the verb in the sentence.

Possessive pronouns are not followed immediately by a noun; they stand

alone. For example, ‘That book is mine. Yours is over here.’ The words ‘mine’

and ‘yours’ represent the possession of the noun ‘book’. That kind of function

does not need any following noun, that is why they stand as possessive pronouns

of the sentence.

Possessive adjectives are followed immediately by a noun; they do not stand

alone. For example, ‘Your pencil is here. Her pencil is over there.’ As the

definition stated, the possessive adjectives of the sentence are the words ‘your’

and ‘her’. We call them possessive adjectives by the fact that a noun ‘pencil’

follows them, they do not stand alone.

ii. Vocatives

A vocative is a subclass of proper nouns that has another function, which is

to call or indicate the person or thing that is addressed by their name. In English,

people do this by merely calling the name of the person. Compared to reference,

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“Other kind of title/ proper name often come in two distinct set, one for use

in address (as vocative in second person usage) and the other for use in reference

(i.e. referring to individual in third person role)” (Levinson, 1983: 70). This

calling function is considered simpler than the reference function since it applies

only to other people (or may be to animals that are treated like people) and it is

only appropriate when the person called is present. This shows that person deixis

is about not only the usage of personal pronoun, but also the usage of vocatives.

Vocatives are noun phrases that refer to the addressee (Levinson, 1983: 71).

Vocative is a noun identifying the person (or animal, object, etc.) addressed and/or

the determiners of that noun. For example, in the sentence, ‘I don't know, Tiara.’

The word ‘Tiara’ is a vocative expression referring to who is being addressed.

This holds an opposing view to the sentence ‘I don't know Tiara,’ where Tiara is

the direct object of the verb, ‘know’. In addressing someone directly, the name

being used (e.g., Tiara, Lidya, my sweetheart, you boys, my daughter) should be

separated from rest of the sentence by using a comma or commas.

b. Spatial Deixis

According to Yule (1996: 12), spatial deixis is clearly relevant to the

concept of distance, where the relative location of people and things in being

indicated.

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Spatial deixis shows the idea of where the thing is located. For example,

‘here’, ‘this’, ‘those’, and ‘these’.

c. Temporal Deixis

According to Cutting (2002: 8), temporal deixis is used to point to a time.

Furthermore, according to Yule (1996: 14), temporal deixis simply indicates the

time when the utterance is spoken. In temporal deixis, we have some indicators

like ‘now’, ‘then’, ‘yesterday’, ‘tomorrow’, ‘today’, ‘tonight’, ‘next week’, ‘last

week’, and ‘this week’. For example, ‘Now you have to submit the assignment to

me.’ The word ‘now is included as the temporal deixis of the sentence, since it

represents the time when the utterance is spoken.

2. Reference and Referent

Reference in an utterance including the indexical expressions such as

personal pronoun and the tense of verb (Leech, 1983: 11). This means that a

reference includes personal pronoun (which includes person deixis) and has

something to do with the time the utterance takes. Thus, the finding of the

reference of an utterance depends on the time, the speaker, the person who the

speaker is speaking to (the interlocutor), and the person whom the speaker is

talking about.

It is a context dependent aspect of utterance-meaning: it is a relation that

holds between speakers (more generally, locutionary agents) and what they are

talking about on particular occasions (Lyons, 1995: 294). This shows that the

reference depends on the context of the utterance, the speakers of the utterance

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Reference is the act of using language to refer to entities in the context

(Cutting, 2002:7). Entity is the object that is present in the real world. Entity is

something that we really refer to, and exists in the real world. This is not the

matter of the name or how we call the object, but about the existence of the object

itself. This means that a reference is the expression of referring any object.

According to Cutting (2002: 7) the referent is the entity being the referred

to. For example, if we have the sentence ‘How are you, Linda?’. From the

sentence, the word ‘you’ referred to Linda. It means that Linda is the referent of

the deictic word ‘you’. Thus, a referent is someone or something the speaker

being referred to.

There are two kinds of reference according to Cutting (2002: 9-10):

a. Endophora

Endophora is when the reference and the referent are mentioned in the

utterance. There are two kinds of endophoric reference:

i. Anaphora

Anaphoric reference is a reference that the referent occurs before the deixis.

For example, ‘Desy, could you please answer the phone?’ In the sentence, the

referent ‘Desy’ is mentioned before the deictic word is ‘you’. It means that the

deictic word ‘you’ is an anaphoric reference since the speaker mentioned the

referent before the person deixis of the utterance.

ii. Cataphora

On the other hand, cataphoric reference is a reference that the referent

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because the grenades have certain explosive substances.’ The deictic word of the

utterance is ‘they’, and the referent ‘the grenades’ is clearly mentioned in the

second sentence. This means that the reference is a cataphoric reference since the

referent is mentioned after the person deixis.

b. Exophora

Exophora is a reference that the referent does not appear or is not mentioned

in the speaker’s utterance. They might be seen or shown from the context or the

speaker’s gestures. For example, a teacher said ‘Do it at home and submit it

tomorrow morning.’ The deictic word ‘it’ refers to a homework.

3. Inference

Inference is what thinking adds to what we know, read, or learn (Silver,

Dewing, & Perini, 2012). The inference is the background knowledge of the

audience about the topic that the speaker is talking in the utterance of the movie.

The audience’s understanding is very important for the moviemaker. This

importance has relationship with the story line understanding. Because by

understanding the topic of what the characters are talking about, the audience is

able to relate and really understand the story of the movie.

4. The Three-Act Structure

The three-act structure is an old principle widely adhered to in storytelling

today (Moura, 2014). We can find this principle in plays, poetry, novels, comic

books, short stories, video games, and the movies. According to Moura (2014),

the three-act structure is classified as: Act 1 (setup), Act 2 (Confrontation), and

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falling action. The aim of the acts is to make sure that the story evolves and the

stakes get higher. The description will be represented by the following graphic.

Moura (2014)’s Three-Act Structure Illustration

C. Theoretical Framework

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the referent and the inference of

person deixis found in the Kingsman: the Secret Service movie. To help the writer

to answer the problems formulation of this study, the writer takes some theories

and makes them as the foundation of this study.

The first and second theories are the theories of deixis and person deixis.

The theories run their important roles in this study. In the theory of deixis, deixis

is a referring expression to point to the referent in certain context. Otherwise, the

theory person deixis defines person deixis as the personal pronouns used in

referring person.

The third and last theories are the theories of reference and inference. In the

theory of reference, reference means a relation that holds between speakers (more

generally, locutionary agents) and what they are talking about on particular crisis

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occasions (Lyons, 1995: 294). Then, inference as the theory defines is the

background knowledge of the reader, then we deal as the audience.

In answering the problem formulation above all of the previous theories

cannot be ignored. Each of them has its own roles in this study. The theories are

applied in this study in the process of analyzing the data.

The deixis and person deixis theories are used as the foundation of

classifying the data into more specific. The theories show the writer how to collect

and classify the data. Then, the theory of reference and inference are the theories

that help the writer to analyze the utterance as the data. The theories lead the

writer to decide whether the person deixis of the utterance can be classified into

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

In this study, the writer analyzes a movie entitled Kingsman: The Secret

Service. The movie that was released on 13 February 2015 was actually based on

the comic book The Secret Service created by Mark Millar and David Gibbons.

This British action movie was directed by Matthew Vaughn and according to

imdb.com (2015) it is considered as successful film to date due to the good ratings

and positive reviews received by the movie.

This study discussed the phrases used in utterances in the dialogue. This

language element was chosen because every deixis refers to one or some referents.

While the referent is always a noun phrase. To limit the object of the study, the

writer bounds the data into one act only: first act. In a movie, according to Moura

(2014) there are 3 major acts called three-act structure: the introduction, the rising

action, and the falling action. The introduction part includes the introduction of

the setting, the major characters, and the story of the movie. Each of the acts has

different duration. In this movie, the first act or introduction part lasts for 25

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B. Approach of the Study

In writing this study, the writer employed pragmatic approach to analyze the

deixis. It is because the data are suitable with pragmatic approach, which

concerned with the language relation to the contextual background features.

C. Method of the Study

In collecting the data for this study, the writer used internet research and

library research. The writer found the script from moviequotesandmore.com and

some theories from the internet and some other theories from books.

1. Kind of Data

The data needed in this thesis writing was the person deixis found in the

Kingsman: The Secret Service movie. The person deixis deals with personal

pronoun and vocatives. In personal pronouns, there were three types of personal

pronoun. The types of personal pronoun found in this movie were first personal

pronoun such as ‘I’, ‘my’, ‘me’, ‘we’, ‘our’, ‘us’; second personal pronoun such

as ‘you’, ’your’; and the third personal pronoun such as ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’. The

vocatives also found in the movie’s dialog, such as ‘Valentine’, ‘Galahad’, and

‘Eggsy’.

2. Data Collection

The writer collected the data by finding the script on the internet then

checking the validity of the script by watching the movie repeatedly to get the

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Then, the writer limited the data into one act only (act 1 only). Then, the

writer found the person deixis and the referent, which occurred in the dialogue,

found in the movie based on the theory of person deixis and reference. The

collected data were classified into three major categories of reference: (1)

Anaphora, (2) Cataphora, and (3) Exophora.

3. Data Analysis

After gathering the data needed in this study, the writer did an analysis on

the data. There are two major steps in analyzing the data: data observation and

data analysis.

First, the writer observed the collected data of the movie by watching the

movie then validating the script of the movie. Second, the writer collected and

analyzed the entire person deixis expression used in the introduction part (act 1) of

the movie by classifying the type of reference by giving a tick (√) to the destined

table. Then the writer tried to find the referents of the person deixis. The writer

sorted the data chronologically in order to make the table easier to understand.

After finding the referents of the person deixis, the writer concerned about

the inference that the audience will probably need when watching the movie. The

following table is the table used to collect and classify the data:

No. Minutes Speaker Utterance

Reference

Referent Endo

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The ‘number’ column in the previous table is used to give an order to the

collected data so that the data will be displayed chronologically. It means that the

numbers in the column are set by the time the utterance spoken, so the earlier the

utterance is spoken, the earlier the number. Different from it, the ‘number’ column

in the table of the data analysis (in chapter IV) will show us the number of the

data that is originally taken from the data collection in appendix. Thus, the

number in chapter IV may not be in order, only taken data that is used in the

chapter that will show up in the data analysis table. The ‘minutes’ column refers

to the time when the utterance is stated. The ‘speaker’ column contains the one

who speaks the utterance. The ‘utterance’ column filled with the sentence that the

speaker stated at that time. In this column, the person deixis will be in bold letters.

Then, the ‘reference’ column is filled with a tick (√) depending on the reference of

the person deixis shown in the utterance, whether the deixis is an Endo

(Endophora) which include an Ana (Anaphora), a Cata (Cataphora); or as an Exo

(Exophora). The last is column of ‘referent’, the column represents whom the

reference is being referred to. The example of the classification of the data will be

shown as follows.

No. Minutes Speaker Utterance

Reference

“Merlin, I apologise for putting you in this position.”

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Then, the following table is the example of the table used in analyzing

anaphoric reference of the utterance (in Chapter IV) with ‘The Grenade’ as the

referent:

No Minutes Speaker Utterance Referent

13 00:02:22 Galahad “Fucking missed it.” The grenade

318 00:18:44 Harry Hart

“The day your father died, I missed something.”

The grenade

The last step of this study is finding the inferences needed by the audience

to find the referents. In finding the inference, the writer picked some items that are

found from the utterances in the collected data. The chosen items are found from

the table ‘referent’. The writer then looked up the dictionary to find the definition

of the terms that will be used as the data of the inferences. The definition helped

the writer to show the scope of the terms. The definition also helped the writer to

decide what item is included as what terms. For example, ‘a group of mercenaries’

is one of the items that are included as ‘military terms’ because the term includes

something relates to soldier or armed forces (such as the army, navy, marines, and

(36)

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. The Referents of the Person Deixis Occur in the Kingsman: The Secret Service Movie

After collecting and analyzing the data, the writer found 480 utterances that

have person deixis. Then, the writer determined the most suitable referents of

those person deixis. Previously, the writer classified the reference into: (a)

Endophoric and (b) Exophoric reference. Furthermore, in endophoric reference

there are: (a) Anaphoric and (b) Cataphoric reference. Anaphoric reference is a

reference that the referent comes before the pronouns, while cataphoric reference

is a reference that the referent is mentioned or explained after the pronouns.

Exophoric reference is a reference that the referents are not mentioned directly in

the utterance. The referents that occur are described as the following.

1. Endophora

In endophoric reference, the referents are mentioned in the utterance. In this

kind of reference, the referent might occur before or after the pronouns in an

utterance. The divisions are:

a. Anaphora

There are twenty six anaphoric referents found in act 1:

i. The Grenade

As an anaphoric reference, ‘the grenade’ is mentioned before the pronouns.

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00:02:12: “Grenade. Get back.” It shows that the word ‘Grenade’ is spoken

earlier than when Galahad said, “Fucking missed it.” in minutes 00:02:22.

13 00:02:22 Galahad “Fucking missed it.” The grenade

318 00:18:44 Harry Hart

“The day your father died, I missed something.”

The grenade

ii. Merlin

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Merlin’ is mentioned before the pronouns. In

this movie, the word ‘Merlin’ is first mentioned by Harry Hart in minutes

00:02:31: “Merlin, I apologise for putting you in this position.” It shows that the

word ‘Merlin’ is spoken earlier than when Harry Hart said, “Merlin, I apologise

for putting you in this position.” in minutes 00:02:31.

18 00:02:31 Harry

Hart

Merlin, I apologise for putting you in this position.”

Merlin

iii. James

As an anaphoric reference, ‘James’ is mentioned before the pronouns. In

this movie, the word ‘James’ is first mentioned by Merlin in minutes 00:02:42:

“James, your training is over.” It shows that the word ‘James’ is spoken earlier

than when Merlin said, “James, your training is over.” in minutes 00:02:42.

22 00:02:42 Merlin “James, your training is over.” James

23 00:02:42 Harry

Hart

“Welcome to Kingsman, Lancelot.”

James

87 00:05:55 Lancelot “I suppose asking to borrow a cup of sugar is a step too far?”

James

104 00:08:15 Valentine “Listen, I’m so sorry you had to witness all of this unpleasantness due to our uninvited guest.”

James

120 00:09:31 Arthur “Lancelot was an outstanding

agent and a true Kingsman.”

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124 00:09:32 Arthur “He will be sorely missed.” James

158 00:10:47 Merlin “This is his last transmission.” James

412 00:23:00 Harry Hart

“Yesterday a friend of mine died” James

iv. Eggsy

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Eggsy’ is mentioned before the pronouns. In

this movie, the word ‘Eggsy’ is first mentioned by Eggsy in minutes 00:03:53:

“Eggsy.” It shows that the word ‘Eggsy’ is spoken earlier than when Harry Hart

said, “Hello, Eggsy.” in minutes 00:03:54.

61 00:03:54 Harry Hart

“Hello, Eggsy.” Eggsy

“You take care of this, Eggsy.” Eggsy

“And take care of your mom too.” Eggsy

197 00:12:29 Dean “Why don’t you take this and get

the stuff and get yourself some sweets?”

Eggsy

210 00:13:13 Eggsy’s friend 1

“Note his mum’s a wolfie.” Eggsy

“No offense, pal.” Eggsy

“Are you mental, cuz.” Eggsy

225 00:13:31 Rott “Oy, you think you can chat shit

about us and we’ll do nothing just because our guy’s bangin’ Eggsy’s mum?”

Eggsy

“Leave it, let’s go, man.” Eggsy

“You jacked his fucking car keys, bruh?”

Eggsy

250 00:14:49 Rott “I’ve come out of the pub; he’s

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282 00:16:30 Eggsy “Sorry. Gary Unwin.” Eggsy

331 00:19:04 Eggsy “You can’t talk to me like that.” Eggsy

438 00:24:12 Eggsy’s Mom

“Don’t hurt him.” Eggsy

468 00:25:01 Harry

Hart

“So I suggest you leave the boy alone.”

Eggsy

v. Professor Arnold

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Professor Arnold’ is mentioned before the

pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘Professor Arnold’ is first mentioned by Harry

Hart in minutes 00:04:56: “I’m so sorry, Professor Arnold.” It shows that the

word ‘Professor Arnold’ is spoken earlier than when the kidnapper said, “I am

under very strict instructions not to hurt you.” in minutes 00:05:04.

71 00:05:04 Kidnapper “I am under very strict

instructions not to hurt you.”

Professor Arnold 74 00:05:09 Prof.

Arnold

“I am university lecturer.” Professor

Arnold

88 00:06:17 James “Professor Arnold, I’m here to

take you home.”

Professor Arnold

153 00:10:47 Merlin “This is his last transmission.” Professor

Arnold

155 00:10:58 Harry Hart “But what’s curious, is he’s not

actually missing.”

Professor Arnold

vi. Arthur and Galahad

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Arthur and Galahad’ is mentioned before the

pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘Arthur and Galahad’ is first mentioned by

Harry Hart in minutes 00:09:10: “Arthur.” and by Arthur in minutes 00:09:11:

“Galahad.” It shows that the word ‘Arthur and Galahad’ is spoken earlier than

when Harry Hart said, “The others were beginning to wonder if we were going to

(40)

116 00:09:14 Harry Hart “The others were beginning to

wonder if we were going to have a double toast.”

Arthur and Galahad

137 00:10:08 Merlin “Glasses, gentlemen. Please.” Arthur and

Galahad

140 00:10:16 Merlin “You put it in the water supply of

a guerrilla army base.”

Arthur and Galahad

vii. Arthur

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Arthur’ is mentioned before the pronouns. In

this movie, the word ‘Arthur’ is first mentioned by Harry Hart in minutes

00:09:10: “Arthur.” It shows that the word ‘Arthur’ is spoken earlier than when

Arthur said, “Gentlemen, I am thankful to say that it’s been 17 years… since we

last had occasion.” in minutes 00:02:22.

118 00:09:21 Arthur “Gentlemen, I am thankful to say

that it’s been 17 years… since we last had occasion.”

Arthur

180 00:11:37 Harry Hart

“With respect, Arthur, you’re a snob.”

Arthur

181 00:11:37 Harry Hart

“With respect, Arthur, you’re a snob.”

Arthur

viii. Synthetic Cathinone

As an anaphoric reference, ‘synthetic cathinone’ is mentioned before the

pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘synthetic cathinone’ is first mentioned by

Merlin in minutes 00:10:10: “Uganda, 2012. Synthetic Cathinone.” It shows that

the word ‘Synthetic’ is spoken earlier than when Merlin said, “You put it in the

water supply of a guerrilla army base.” in minutes 00:10:16.

141 00:10:16 Merlin “You put it in the water supply of a

guerrilla army base.”

(41)

ix. Kingsman agents

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Kingsman agents’ is mentioned before the

pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘Kingsman agents’ is first mentioned by Merlin

in minutes 00:09:30: “Lancelot was an outstanding agent and a true Kingsman.”

It shows that the word ‘Kingsman agents’ is spoken earlier than when Arthur said,

“I want each of you to propose a candidate and have them report to UK HQ no

later than 9 p.m.” in minutes 00:09:48.

No Minutes Speaker Utterance Referent

126 00:09:48 Arthur “I want each of you to propose a

candidate and have them report to UK HQ no later than 9 p.m.”

Kingsman’s agents

148 00:10:30 Merlin “Indisputable, the work of our

mercenaries but no trace of any chemicals of any kind.”

Kingsman’s agents

x. A group of mercenaries

As an anaphoric reference, ‘a group of mercenaries’ is mentioned before the

pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘a group of mercenaries’ is first mentioned by

Merlin in minutes 00:10:30: “Indisputable, the work of our mercenaries but no

trace of any chemicals of any kind.” It shows that the word ‘A group of

mercenaries’ is spoken earlier than when Merlin said, “He tracked them to this

property in Argentina.” in minutes 00:10:34.

151 00:10:34 Merlin “He tracked them to this property

in Argentina.”

A group of mercenaries

155 00:10:40 Merlin “And while he had them under

surveillance, he became aware that they had effected a kidnapping.”

(42)

xi. Harry Hart

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Harry Hart’ is mentioned before the pronouns.

In this movie, the word ‘Harry Hart’ is first mentioned by Harry Hart in minutes

00:18:18: “My name is Harry Hart.” It shows that the word ‘Harry Hart’ is

spoken earlier than when Arthur said, “It’s all yours.” in minutes 00:11:06.

164 00:11:06 Arthur “It’s all yours.” Harry Hart

303 00:18:21 Harry Hart

“And I gave you that medal.” Harry Hart

306 00:18:23 Harry Hart

“Your father saved my life.” Harry Hart

307 00:18:28 Eggsy “So before you was a tailor, was

Granddady, or you’ll get hurt a lot.”

Harry Hart

407 00:21:13 Harry Hart

“Then let me teach you a lesson.” Harry Hart

453 00:24:37 Dean “I want to know hisfucking name.” Harry Hart

xii. Galahad

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Galahad’ is mentioned before the pronouns. In

this movie, the word ‘a ‘Galahad’ is first mentioned by Arthur in minutes

00:09:11: “Galahad.” It shows that the word ‘Galahad’ is spoken earlier than

when Arthur said, “Let’s face it, Galahad.” in minutes 00:11:31.

178 00:11:31 Arthur “Let’s face it, Galahad.” Galahad

179 00:11:32 Arthur “Your little experiment failed.” Galahad

xiii. Whistler’s paper

As an anaphoric reference, ‘whistler’s paper’ is mentioned before the

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Mom in minutes 00:12:11: “Got any whistler’s papers?” It shows that the word

‘whistler’s paper’ is spoken earlier than when Harry Hart said, “Get em yourself!”

in minutes 00:12:19.

188 00:12:19 Eggsy “Get em yourself!” Whistler’s

paper

196 00:12:28 Dean “Why don’t you take this and get

the stuff and get yourself some sweets?”

Whistler’s paper

xiv. Eggsy’s Mom

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Eggsy’s Mom’ is mentioned before the

pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘Eggsy’s Mom’ is first mentioned by Harry

Hart in minutes 00:04:13: “And take care of your mom too.” It shows that the

word ‘Eggsy’s mom’ is spoken earlier than when Eggsy’s mom said, “What I’d

say to you about speaking to Dean like that?” in minutes 00:12:21.

189 00:12:21 Eggsy’s Mom

“What’d I say to you about speaking to Dean like that?”

Eggsy’s mom

“If he treats your mum so bad, why doesn’t she leave him?”

Eggsy’s mom

“That’s her problem.” Eggsy’s mom

xv. Dean

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Dean’ is mentioned before the pronouns. In this

movie, the word ‘Dean’ is first mentioned by Eggsy’s Mom in minutes 00:12:21:

“What’d I say to you about speaking to Dean like that?” It shows that the word

‘Dean’ is spoken earlier than when Eggsy said, “Why don’t Dean’s poodle go?”

(44)

192 00:12:24 Eggsy “Why don’t Dean’s poodle go?” Dean

193 00:12:27 Dean “I’ll say you what?” Dean

203 00:12:39 Mom “Thanks babe. Here we go.” Dean

Dean

“One of this days I’m gonna smash his face in.”

Dean

256 00:14:55 Rott “and so he’s disrespecting you.” Dean

446 00:24:26 Dean “Fucking tell me his name.” Dean

462 00:24:55 Harry

Hart

“I have enough evidence on your activities to have you locked up for the rest of your life.”

Dean

465 00:24:59 Harry

Hart

“Mister Dean Anthony Baker.” Dean

xvi. Dean and Eggsy

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Dean and Eggsy’ is mentioned before the

pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘Dean’ is first mentioned by Eggsy’s Mom in

minutes 00:12:21: “What’d I say to you about speaking to Dean like that?” While

the word ‘Eggsy’ is first mentioned by Eggsy in minutes 00:03:53: ”Eggsy.” It

shows that the word ‘Dean and Eggsy’ is spoken earlier than when Dean said,

“And while you’re gone, we’ll show your mother if we can be a good family.” in

minutes 00:12:32.

200 00:12:32 Dean “And while you’re gone, we’ll

show your mother if we can be a good family.”

Eggsy and Dean

xvii. Dean, Eggsy, Eggsy’s Mom

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Dean, Eggsy and Eggsy’s Mom’ is mentioned

before the pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘Dean’ is first mentioned by Eggsy’s

(45)

that?” While the word ‘Eggsy’ is first mentioned by Eggsy in minutes 00:03:53:

”Eggsy.” The last is the word ‘Eggsy’s Mom’ is first mentioned by Harry Hart in

minutes 00:04:13: “And take care of your mom too.” It shows that the word

‘Dean, Eggsy, and Eggsy’s mom’ is spoken earlier than when Dean said, “And

while you’re gone, we’ll show your mother if we can be a good family.” in

minutes 00:12:34.

202 00:12:34 Dean “And while you’re gone, we’ll

xviii.Eggsy’s father

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Eggsy’s father’ is mentioned before the

pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘Eggsy’s father’ is first mentioned by Harry

Hart to Eggsy in minutes 00:18:23: “Your father saved my life.” It shows that the

word ‘Eggsy’s father’ is spoken earlier than when Harry Hart said, “And if it

weren’t for his courage, my mistake would have cost the lives of every man

present.” in minutes 00:18:47.

320 00:18:47 Harry Hart

“And if it weren’t for his courage, my mistake would have cost the lives of every man present.”

Eggsy’s father

324 00:18:52 Harry Hart

“So, I owe him.” Eggsy’s father

328 00:19:00 Harry Hart

“And having read your files, I’d think he’d be bitterly disappointed in the choices you’ve made.”

Eggsy’s father

xix. Eggsy’s huge IQ and great performance

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Eggsy’s Huge IQ and great performance’ is

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great performance’ is first mentioned by Harry Hart in minutes 00:19:17: “Huge

IQ, great performance in primary school.” It shows that the word ‘Eggsy’s hhuge IQ and great performance’ is spoken earlier than when Harry Hart said,

“And it all went tits up.” in minutes 00:19:09.

334 00:19:09 Harry Hart

xx. Eggsy and Harry Hart

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Eggsy and Harry Hart’ is mentioned before the

pronouns. In this movie, the word Eggsy and Harry Hart’ is first mentioned by

‘Eggsy’ is first mentioned by Eggsy in minutes 00:03:53: ”Eggsy.” While the

word ‘Harry Hart’ is first mentioned by Harry Hart in minutes 00:18:18: “My

name is Harry Hart.” It shows that the word ‘Eggsy and Harry Hart’ is spoken

earlier than when Eggsy said, “Nonsense, we haven’t finished our drinks” in

minutes 00:20:06.

374 00:20:06 Eggsy “Nonsense, we haven’t finished our

drinks.”

Eggsy and Harry Hart

375 00:20:06 Eggsy “Nonsense, we haven’t finished

our drinks

Eggsy and Harry Hart 394 00:20:23 Harry

Hart

“I would appreciate it enormously if you could just leave us in peace.”

Eggsy and Harry Hart

xxi. Dean’s Poodle

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Dean’s Poodle’ is mentioned before the

pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘Dean’s Poodle’ is first mentioned by Eggsy in

(47)

‘Dean’s poodle’ is spoken earlier than when Poodle said, “After you nicked his

car, Dean says you’re a fair guy I don’t give a shit what your mum says.” in

minutes 00:20:10.

381 00:20:10 Poodle “After you nicked his car, Dean

says you’re a fair guy I don’t give a shit what your mum says.”

Dean’s Poodle

xxii. Another rent boy

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Another rent boy’ is mentioned before the

pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘Another rent boy’ is first mentioned by Dean’s

Poodle in minutes 00:20:45: “If you’re looking for another rent boy, they’re on

the corner of Smith’s Street.” It shows that the word ‘another rent boy’ is spoken

earlier than when Poodle said, “If you’re looking for another rent boy, they’re on

the corner of Smith’s Street.” in minutes 00:20:46.

404 00:20:46 Poodle “If you’re looking for another rent

boy, they’re on the corner of Smith’s Street.”

Another rent boy

xxiii.One thing Eggsy can do

As an anaphoric reference, ‘One thing Eggsy can do’ is mentioned before

the pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘One thing I can do’ is first mentioned by

Eggsy in minutes 00:23:15: “If there is one thing I can do, it’s keep my mouth

shut.” It shows that the word ‘one thing Eggsy can do’ is spoken earlier than when

Eggsy said, “If there is one thing I can do, it’s keep my mouth shut.” in minutes

(48)

422 00:23:15 Eggsy “If there is one thing I can do, it’s

keep my mouth shut.”

One thing Eggsy can do

xxiv. Valentine

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Valentine’ is mentioned before the pronouns. In

this movie, the word ‘Valentine’ is first mentioned by the news reporter in

minutes 00:23:32: “In celebrity news, The Richmond Valentine movie premiered

in Hollywood, last night.” It shows that the word ‘Valentine’ is spoken earlier

than when the news reporter said, “The story internet billionaire’s rise to power

is expected to be this award season’s hot ticket.” in minutes 00:23:35.

434 00:23:35 The news

reporter

“The story of internet billionaire’s rise to power is expected to be this award season’s hot ticket.”

Valentine

xxv. Dean’s capability to kill Eggsy

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Dean’s capability to kill Eggsy’ is mentioned

before the pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘Dean’s capability to kill Eggsy’ is

first mentioned by Dean in minutes 00:24:51: “I could kill you right now and I

would in the old world, you know it.” It shows that the word ‘Dean’s capability to

kill Eggsy’ is spoken earlier than when Dean said, “I could kill you righy now and

I would in the old world, you know it.” in minutes 00:24:51.

458 00:24:51 Dean “I could kill you right now and I

would in the old world, you know it.”

(49)

xxvi. Criminal evidence of Dean

As an anaphoric reference, ‘Criminal Evidence of Dean’ is mentioned

before the pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘Evidence’ is first mentioned by

Harry Hart in minutes 00:24:54: “I have enough evidence on your activities to

have you locked up for the rest of your life.” It shows that the word ‘criminal

evidence of Dean’ is spoken earlier than when Lancelot said, “Or I shall be forced

to deliver it to the appropriate authorities.” in minutes 00:25:02.

470 00:25:02 Lancelot “Or I shall be forced to deliver it to

the appropriate authorities.”

Criminal evidence of Dean

The previous twenty six referents showed the referents that come before the

pronouns in an utterance.

b. Cataphora

There are nine cataphoric referents found in act 1:

i. Galahad

As a cataphoric reference, ‘Galahad’ is mentioned after the pronouns. In this

movie, the word ‘Galahad’ is first mentioned by Arthur in minutes 00:09:11:

“Galahad.” It shows that the word ‘Galahad’ is spoken later than when Harry

Hart said, “I will count from one to ten.” in minutes 00:01:40.

No Minutes Speaker Utterance Referent

7 00:01:40 Harry Hart “I will count from one to ten.” Galahad

9 00:01:49 Harry Hart “Within that you’ll tell me

what I wanna know”

Galahad

14 00:02:23 Harry Hart “How did I fucking miss it.” Galahad

24 00:02:48 James “Sir.” Galahad

31 00:03:07 Eggsy’s Mom “… if you won’t tell me anything?”

Galahad

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ii. Eggsy’s father

As a cataphoric reference, ‘Eggy’s father’ is mentioned after the pronouns.

In this movie, the word ‘Eggsy’s father’ is first mentioned by Harry Hart to Eggsy

in minutes 00:18:23: “Your father saved my life.” It shows that the word ‘your

father’ is spoken later than when Harry Hart said, “You trained him well.” in

minutes 00:02:34.

20 00:02:34 Harry Hart “You trained him well.” Eggsy’s

Father

27 00:03:01 Harry Hart “I very much regret that your

husband’s bravery can’t be publicly celebrated.”

Eggsy’s Father

34 00:03:10 Mom “I didn’t even know he was away

with his squad.”

Eggsy’s father

35 00:03:11 Mom “I didn’t even know he was away

with his squad.”

Eggsy’s father

iii. Eggsy’s Mom

As a cataphoric reference, ‘Eggsy’s mom’ is mentioned after the pronouns.

In this movie, the word ‘Eggsy’s Mom’ is first mentioned by Harry Hart in

minutes 00:04:13: “And take care of your mom too.” It shows that the word

‘Eggsy’s mom’ is spoken later than when Harry Hart said, “I hope you

understand.” in minutes 00:03:04.

29 00:03:04 Harry Hart “I hope you understand.” Eggsy’s mom

30 00:03:06 Eggsy’s Mom

“How can I understand...” Eggsy’s mom

(51)

iv. Eggsy

As a cataphoric reference, ‘Eggsy’ is mentioned after the pronouns. In this

movie, the word ‘Eggsy’ is first mentioned by Eggsy in minutes 00:03:53:

“Eggsy.” It shows that the word ‘Eggsy’ is spoken later than when Harry Hart

said, “What’s your name, young man?” in minutes 00:03:52.

58 00:03:52 Harry Hart “What’s your name, young man?” Eggsy

59 00:03:52 Harry Hart “What’s your name, young

v. The instruction not to hurt Professor Arnold

As a cataphoric reference, ‘the instruction not to hurt Professor Arnold’ is

mentioned after the pronouns. In this movie, the word ‘the instruction not to hurt

Professor Arnold’ is first mentioned by the kidnapper in minutes 00:05:02: “I am

under very strict instructions not to hurt you.” It shows that the word ‘the

instruction not to hurt Professor Arnold’ is spoken later than when the kidnapper

said, “I am under very strict instruction not to hurt you.” in minutes 00:05:02.

70 00:05:02 Kidnapper “I am under very strict

instructions not to hurt you”

The

instructions not to hurt Prof. Arnold

vi. Valentine

As a cataphoric reference, ‘Valentine’ is mentioned after the pronouns. In

this movie, the word ‘Valentine’ is first mentioned by the news reporter in