THE OBLIGATORY MOVES OF BACKGROUND SECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSAL INTRODUCTIONS : An Analysis of Undergraduate Students’ Research Proposals in English Education Program.

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THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS

An Analysis of Undergraduate Students’ Research Proposals in English Education Program

A Research Paper

Submitted to English Education Department of Faculty of Language and Litrature Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

SarjanaPendidikan degree

SitiZakiah

0802974

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUND SECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSAL INTRODUCTIONS

An Analysis of Undergraduate Students’ Research Proposals in English Education Program

Oleh: SitiZakiah

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra

Agustus 2015

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

THE OBLIGATORY MOVES OF BACKGROUND SECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSAL INTRODUCTIONS

An Analysis of Undergraduate Students’ Research Proposals in English Education Program

By SitiZakiah

0802974

Approved by:

Supervisor,

PupungPurnawarman, M.S.ED., Ph.D. NIP. 196810131998031001

Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and LiteratureEducation

Indonesia University of Education

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Siti Zakiah,2015

THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

THE OBLIGATORY MOVES OF BACKGROUND SECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSAL INTRODUCTIONS

An Analysis of Undergraduate Students’ Research Proposals in English Education Program

ABSTRACT

This study aims to investigate the obligatory moves of students’ research proposal introduction. This study used a descriptive study, particularly text analysis. The participants of this study were last semester undergraduate students of English study program at one public university in Bandung. This study employed four data collection techniques; research site, population, sample of the study, and research instrument. The data were, then, analyzed based on the theory of Swales’ CARS (Create a Research Space) model of introduction (1990, 1994, and 2008). The result shows that among 50 background section of research proposal introductions there are only 15 background section of research proposal introductions that incorporate the three obligatory moves of introduction. Besides, the occurrences of each obligatory moves has their own proportion. The most common moves was stating the previous research (M-1c) with 46 occurrences (61%). While the indication of gap/ niche based on previous research that has been stated before (M-2) and the statement of purpose of the research that will be conducted based on the gap (M-3a) became the least common move with each of the occurrences was 15 (20%). Although there were background sections that also incorporated the niche or indication of gap, but those are not stated based on the previous research. These niches were stated based on the reality or justification of environmental situations of the conducting research.

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MOVE WAJIB DARI LATAR BELAKANG PENDAHULUAN PROPOSAL

PENELITIAN

Sebuah Analisis Proposal Penelitian Mahasiswa di Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris.

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis move atau elemen wajib yang terdapat dalam latar belakang pendahuluan proposal penelitian mahasiswa program studi pendidikan bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif, terutama analisis teks. Penelitian ini mengikutsertakan mahasiswa semester akhir dari program studi bahasa Inggris di salah satu universitas negeri di kota Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan empat teknik pengumpulan data; tempat atau situs penelitian, populasi, sampel penelitian, dan instrument penelitian. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis berdasarkan teori CARS (Create a Research Space) dalam pendahuluan oleh John M. Swales (1990, 1994, 2008). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 50 latar belakang pendahuluan proposal penelitian hanya terdapat 15 latar belakang pendahuluan proposal penelitian yang menyertakan tiga move atau langkah wajib pendahuluan. Selain itu, masing- masing move wajib memiliki proporsi kemunculan atau kejadian masing- masing dari 50 latar belakang yang ada. Move atau langkah yang paling umum muncul adalah pernyataan penelitian sebelumnya (M-1c) dengan kejadian sebanyak 46 kali (61%). Sedangkan pernyataan kesenjangan/ relung atau gap (M-2) berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya dan pernyataan tujuan dari penelitian yang akan dilakukan berdasarkan kesenjangan/ relung yang telah ditemukan (M-3a) menjadi langkah yang paling sedikit muncul dengan masing- masing kejadian sebanyak 15 kali (20%). Meskipun ada latar belakang yang juga menyertakan gap atau indikasi kesenjangan, tetapi gap tersebut tidak dinyatakan berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya. Relung atau gap itu dinyatakan berdasarkan realitas atau justifikasi dari situasi realitas penelitian yang akan dilakukan.

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REFERENCES ... 44

APPENDICES Appendix 1: List of the Obligatory Move Occurrences in 50 Background Research Proposal Introductions ... 49

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Major Elements of a research proposal and their purposes ... 9

Table 2.2 Moves in research papers introduction ... 13

Table 2.3 Typical moves in introduction section ... 14

Table 3.1 Obligatory move labeling of research proposal introductions ... 28

Table 3.2 Rubric for analyzing three obligatory moves of research proposal introduction background ... 29

Table 4.1 The Obligatory move occurrences in 50 background research proposal introducitons ... 31

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 The paper hourglass ... 11

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THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is an introduction to the current study. It includes the

background of the study, the research questions, and the purpose of the study. The

rest of this chapter presents the scope of the study that delimits the focus of the

study; the significance of the study; the clarification of the term central to this

study and the organization of the paper.

1.1 Background

In the 2014 Indonesia University of Education guidelines scientific

writing, undergraduate students are supposed to write a research paper as a

requirement in completing studies to resolve the undergraduate level studies.

Before accomplishing the research paper, the students are asked to propose their

research proposal through a short educational course or seminar to be judged

whether the project proposed is researchable or not.

A research proposal is an important written plan or document for conducting and developing a research study. Then, writing introduction is the

beginning activities of composing the research proposal. In the introduction

section, the writer presents a convincing arguments to establish the issues of the

background and the purpose of the study, which is based on knowledge,

experience, literature review and other studies (Emilia, 2012). The background

study itself includes a review of the area being researched, current information

surrounding the issue, previous studies on the issue, and relevant history on the

issue (Glatthorn and Joyner, 2005).

Ideally, a study should effectively set forth the history and background

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THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

to help the researcher to prove the relevance of his/ her research questions and to

further develop his/ her research project. However, writing the introduction is the

hardest thing of all to write, and the greatest care should be taken with it.

Some researchers have explored students’ ability and problems in writing

a research proposal. One of them is Widiastuti (2010) who investigated nine

undergraduate students in English study program in Banten. She found that

despite students’ ability is high in the discourse semantic level, most students still have problems in achieving the communicative purpose of each major element in

a research proposal. The difficulties were also faced in presenting justified

arguments and understanding standard models in writing a research proposal

especially in terms of its elements and linguistic features. Later Yusuf (2013)

found that undergraduate students in English Department of IAIN Surabaya have

serious problems in three elements of research proposal including the introduction

section. Each of problem has their own causes.

None of these studies addressed whether or not students who are writing

research proposal introductions incorporate the obligatory moves or elements of introduction in their background sections of research proposal introductions.

Based on the aforementioned explanation, the present research extend the use of

CARS model by Swales (1990) by taking the theme of typical structure of

research proposal introduction section as the topic. Further, for the sake of a deep

exploration on the thinking process and considering the limited time, the study

analyzed the obligatory moves of background section in undergraduate students’

research proposal introductions. Public university in Bandung was then chosen as

the site of the study since this university is well known for its English Education

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THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.2 Research Question

The study is conducted to answer the problems formulated in the

following question:

Do the undergraduate students in English Education Study Program incorporate

the three obligatory steps of move introduction in their background section of

research proposal introductions?

1.3 Aims of the Study

Based on the research question above, this study was set with the

following aim:

To investigate whether the last semester of undergraduate students in English

Education Study Program incorporate the three obligatory steps of move

introduction in their background section of research proposal introductions.

1.4 Scope of the Study

This study is a descriptive study of undergraduate English Education

Study Program students in Indonesia University of Education Bandung. It focuses

on text analysis by using Swales’ CARS (‘creating a research space’) model to investigate the three obligatory steps of move introduction in their background

section of research proposal introductions. In analyzing the steps, the researcher

chose the obligatory moves because these moves are often found in background

section of research proposal introduction.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Theoretically this study attempts to provide a reference on the study on

research proposal. This study is expected to contribute in enrichment of the

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THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS

research proposal introductions. Furthermore, this study might be preliminary

inputs for other researchers to further study in the similar area of research in

different contexts.

Practically, the result of the study is expected to be useful for students at

tertiary level especially students in English department who have to accomplish

research proposal. This will give them ideas to work on the betterment for their

writing background section of research proposal introduction.

1.6 Clarification of Terms

To avoid unnecessary misunderstanding and ambiguity, some terms in the

study are clarified as follows:

1. Research Proposal

Research proposal is a students’ written plan for conducting their research study as one of the requirements for completing their study which is written

in English (Widiastuti, 2010).

2. Introduction Chapter

An introduction is the first passage in a journal article, dissertation, proposals

or scholarly research study and it sets the stage for the entire study (Creswell,

2010). It also sets the tone for what will follow and signals the reader about

what to expect to learn, and why they should read on (Ellison, 2010).

According to Sternberg and Sternberg (2010: 106), the introduction must

answer four questions: What previous research that have led to our research?

; What does our research add to this previous study? ; Why is the addition

made by our research important or interesting? ; How is the addition made?

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THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS

CARS is a Swales’ framework for research article introductions, which

consists of the three moves, each made up of different constituent steps;

Establishing a territory, creating a niche, and Occupying the niche (Swales,

1990)

4. Arguments: Considered by Christie& Derewianka (2008) as a recursive

elements since they support thesis statement provided. Hence, it is the reason

arguments restate main argument or point outlined in the thesis statement

(Gerrot& Wignell, 1994). They further explain that each of the arguments/

points will be elaborated. This elaboration aims at convincing or persuading

the audience (Anderson& Anderson, 1997) by giving evidences and

examples (Derewianka, 1990; Coffin, 2006). Derewianka (1990) further

explains that the evidences and examples should relate directly back to the

statement of position.

1.7 Organization of the Paper

This research study is organized into five chapters. Chapter one is general

introduction that relates to the study. This chapter highlights the background of the study, the research problem and the purpose of the study. Chapter two is

review related to the literature. This chapter presents theoretical background of the

study. Chapter three describes the methodology of the research. This includes the

design, the participants, the data collection techniques, and the analysis. Chapter

four describes the research findings concerned with analyzing the three obligatory

steps of move introduction in background section of research proposal

introductions. Finally, the paper is concluded in chapter five and offers some

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the discussion of the research method and the steps

collecting and analyzing the data. Therefore, this chapter is divided into fifth

major parts. The first part presents the research question. The second part relates

to the research design. The third part is data collection techniques. The fourth part

is data analysis and the fifth is the conclusion of chapter three.

3.1 Research Questions

This study aims to investigate whether the last semester of undergraduate

students in English Education Study Program incorporate the three obligatory

steps of move introduction in their background section of research proposal

introductions. The problems of the research are formulated in the following

question:

Do the undergraduate students in English Education Study Program incorporate

the three obligatory steps of move introduction in their background section of

research proposal introductions?

3.2 Research Design

Since the purpose of the current study is to investigate the occurrence of obligatory moves of students’ background section in research proposal introductions, this study applied a descriptive study. This particular type of study

is expected to describe situations as completely and carefully as possible

(Fraenkel and Wallen 2008).

Qualitative method was used in this study. As Creswell (2010) and

Fraenkel and Wallen (2008) stated that qualitative research is characterized by the

nature of the data which may be originated from various sources, among others

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Moreover, this study is also characterized by the nature of qualitative research

which tries to describe social phenomena as they occur naturally.

In addition, qualitative research concerns subjective interpretation of the

data into findings. In this case, the researcher analyzed the data collected and

attempted to describe certain phenomena appear from the research findings. It is

considered appropriate as this study dealt with analyzing and describing the obligatory moves in the students’ background section of research proposal introductions.

3.3 Data Collection Technique

Data collection used in this study involved research site, population,

sample, and research instrument.

3.3.1 Research Site

This study was carried out at the undergraduate English study program in

one of universities in Bandung. This research site has been chosen for two reason..

First, this English study program had a research proposal workshop for its seventh

or eighth semester students to submit their research proposals to be discussed with

some instructors. Second, as one of the students in English department, it is

expected that the researcher would get easy access to the research site, hence

increase the feasibility of the study.

3.3.2 Population

Population is a set or collection of all elements possessing one or more

attributes of interest (Encyclopedia of Educational Evaluation cited in Arikunto,

2006: 13). Moreover, Fraenkel and Wallen (2008: 91) argue that in education

research, the population of interest is usually a group of persons (students.

Teachers, or others individuals) who possess certain characteristics or in some

cases, however, the population may be defined as a group of classrooms, schools,

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Referring to above definitions, the population in this study is all research

proposals proposed to research proposal workshop of last semester undergraduate

students of English Education Department. There are 50 research proposals that

are chosen randomly. The research proposal chosen since it had been discussed

with some instructors in research proposal workshop.

3.3.3 Samples of the Study

Sample in a research study is the group on which information is obtained

that are taken from the larger group to which one hopes to apply the result

(population) (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2008: 90). The sample of the present study,

were forty five research proposals of eight semester and five research proposals of

nine/ ten semester students of English education department that have been

discussed in research proposal workshop.

3.3.4 Research Instruments

Based on the research question, this study employed document analysis

background section of students’ research proposal introduction. The research

proposals were then analyzed in terms of the three obligatory moves of introduction based on Swale’s framework through content analysis by giving label

(see Table 3. 1). The current research selected these three obligatory moves

because they often present in background section of research proposal

introduction.

Table 3.1 Obligatory move labeling of research proposal introductions

Typical Moves Explanation Label

Move 1 Establishing

research territory

c. By introducing and reviewing items of

previous research in the area (obligatory)

M-1c

Move 2 By indicating a gap in the previous research,

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Establishing a niche previous knowledge in some way (obligatory)

Move 3

Occupying the niche

a. By outlining purposes/ aims, or stating the

nature of the present research or research

questions/ hypotheses (obligatory)

M-3a

While for recording the frequency of remarks of the obligatory moves that

occurred in every background of research proposal introduction, this research used

a tally sheet rubric as was showed below.

Table 3.2 Rubric for analyzing three obligatory moves of research proposal introduction background

No. Research

Proposal

Introductions

(RPI)

Typical of Obligatory Moves

Reporting the proposer’s own previous research

Establishing a niche/

indicating a gap of

previous Research

Outlining

purposes/

objectives

RPI- 1

…..

RPI- 50

A tally sheet is a device often used by researchers to record the frequency

of student behaviors, activities, or remarks. It is simply a listing of various

categories of activities or behaviors on a piece of paper (Fraenkel and Wallen,

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3.4 Data Analysis

In answering the research question, this study conducted several steps. The

first step was doing categorization from each background section of research

proposal introductions. Descriptive categories were constructed to identify the

number of times that obligatory moves occurred in the background section. In this

study, categorization was carried out through content analysis where fifty research

proposal introductions were analyzed by labeling. Every moves existed was

labeled based on Swales’ Framework of typical obligatory moves in research

proposal introductions.

The next step was counting the percentage of each type of moves by using

the following formula (Sudjana, 1984):

P= Percentage

f= frequency of each type of obligatory moves

N= total of Moves occurrence

To obtain deeper finding of obligatory steps of move introduction and also

to get the answer of the research question, this study selected three background

sections of research proposal introductions randomly by conducting several steps.

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3.5 Concluding remark

This chapter has reviewed a methodology of the recent study. It includes

the research question, research design, data collection technique, and the analysis

of data. The next chapter will present the findings and the analysis of this study

based on the collected data.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This study sought to investigate the use of three obligatory moves of

background section in research proposal introductions of undergraduate students

in English Education Departments. After exploring the issues to investigate

through research proposal introductions analysis, this chapter highlights the

conclusion of the present study that is closely related to the research problem

presented earlier in Chapter 1. This chapter also offers suggestion both for further

researchers and students who should write research proposal. On the basis of the

findings, several conclusions and recommendations can be proposed below.

5.1 Conclusion

The study is performed in the aiming of finding out whether the last

semester of undergraduate students in English Education Department incorporate

three obligatory moves of their background section of research proposal

introduction. In order to answer those problems, the study applies the concept of

CARS Swales’ model in analysis 50 background section of research proposal

introductions Through textual analysis, it is found out that among 50 background

section of research proposals, the move of reviewing previous research (M-1c) is

the most common move with 61% or 46 occurrences. While the moves of

establishing the niche or gap and outlining the purpose are the least common with

each of them have 20% or 15 occurrences.

Apart from the explanation earlier, it is found that there are only 15

research proposals that incorporate all three obligatory moves or elements in the

background section of introductions. It is also identified that the 30 background of

research proposal introduction just incorporate one obligatory moves, it is

reviewing previous research. Although there are also a niches and objectives in all

30 background of research proposal introduction, but it doesn’t appropriate with

CARS framework. Some niches exist are not based on previous research, it is

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In other words, the background section of introduction is typically written

through the three obligatory moves, where the content narrow from establishing

the importance of the area of study reviewing previous research and then

specifying the purpose and focus of the present research. It is important to note

that not all fields and not all journals follow this format (Englander, 2014). As in

the findings of this study, some may not have a clear statement of the gap in the

existing research, but it does seem desirable.

Moreover, since the result of the analysis still far from the expectation that

there were still background sections stated by not incorporating the three

obligatory moves appropriately, therefore it can be assumed that there is still

obstacles faced by the students who should conduct research proposal especially

in writing background section.

5.2 Recommendations

In line with the topic under discussion, there are two recommendations for

further researchers to enhance the richness of aspects related to writing

background section of research proposal introductions. First, as the scope of the

text analysis in this study was limited on the obligatory moves or elements applied

by the students in their background section of research proposal introductions,

further researchers are expected to deal with more comprehensive analysis of

introduction elements and explore other important parts of research proposal

introduction elements that were not considered in this study, i.e. the analysis of all

elements in the introduction section of research proposal especially the optional

moves or elements of research proposal introductions.

Moreover, concerning the result of the study, it is recommended to the

practitioners that all elements related to introduction moves or elements of

research proposals in English- major programs should allow students to have the

capacity needed in writing research proposal, especially in writing background

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THE OBLIGATORY MOVES OF BACKGROUND SECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSAL INTRODUCTIONS : An Analysis of Undergraduate Students’ Research Proposals in English Education Program.

THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS

An Analysis of Undergraduate Students’ Research Proposals in English Education Program

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

An Analysis of Undergraduate Students’ Research Proposals in English Education Program

PAGE OF APPROVAL

By SitiZakiah

THE OBLIGATORY MOVES OF BACKGROUND SECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSAL INTRODUCTIONS

An Analysis of Undergraduate Students’ Research Proposals in English Education Program

ABSTRACT

Siti Zakiah,2015

MOVE WAJIB DARI LATAR BELAKANG PENDAHULUAN PROPOSAL

Sebuah Analisis Proposal Penelitian Mahasiswa di Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris.

ABSTRAK

Siti Zakiah,2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL PAGE ... i

Siti Zakiah,2015

REFERENCES ... 44

Siti Zakiah,2015

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Major Elements of a research proposal and their purposes ... 9

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 The paper hourglass ... 11

THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS

1.1 Background

Siti Zakiah,2015

THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS

Siti Zakiah,2015

THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS

1.3 Aims of the Study

1.4 Scope of the Study

1.5 Significance of the Study

THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS

1.6 Clarification of Terms

Siti Zakiah,2015

THE OBLIGATORY MOVESOF BACKGROUNDSECTION IN RESEARCH PROPOSALINTRODUCTIONS

1.7 Organization of the Paper

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CHAPTER III

3.1 Research Questions

3.2 Research Design

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3.3 Data Collection Technique

3.3.2 Population

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3.3.3 Samples of the Study

3.3.4 Research Instruments

Table 3.1 Obligatory move labeling of research proposal introductions

questions/ hypotheses (obligatory)

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Siti Zakiah,2015

CHAPTER V

5.1 Conclusion

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5.2 Recommendations

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REFERENCES

096X%28196310%2914%3A3%3C139%3ATRS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8

Siti Zakiah,2015

Siti Zakiah,2015

Siti Zakiah,2015