silesr2017 005.

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A Sociolinguistic Survey

of the Bhatri-speaking Communities of Central India

Compiled by Dave Beine

Researched by

Dave Beine

Bruce Cain

Kathy Cain

Michael Jeyabalan

Ashok Sawlikar

Satya Soren

SIL International

®

2017

SIL Electronic Survey Report 2017-005, May 2017

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Abstract

This sociolinguistic survey of the Bhatri-speaking communities of Central India was carried out between February and November 1989. The goal of the survey was to assess the need for language development work and vernacular literacy programs among the Bhatri-speaking peoples of Bastar District in Madhya Pradesh and Koraput District in Orissa. Dialect intelligibility tests revealed that the whole Bhatri-speaking area can be considered one language area. Language use and attitudes questionnaires showed that the language is thriving. Bilingualism in the major languages of Hindi, Oriya, and Halbi is

inadequate for people to use existing materials. Based on these findings the survey recommends that a language project be undertaken in the Bhatri community.

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Tables

Table 1. Lexical similarity percentages Table 2. Number of comparisons Table 3. Dialect intelligibility scores Table 4. Bilingualism results

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Preface

A sociolinguistic survey of the Bhatri-speaking communities of Central India was initiated early in February 1989 with a consultation and short introduction to survey methods held in Jeypore. The survey proceeded through the hot season until mid-May of the same year. After a short recess, the project was resumed in September 1989 and concluded in November of that same year.

There were many along the way who made the long, hot journey a more pleasant one, and whose friendship and hospitality will never be forgotten.

Thanks should be expressed to Bruce and Kathy Cain for their warm introduction to the beautiful train ride, their preliminary work, and for putting up with all the questions of a new survey worker.

Many of my notes made during the survey are no longer in my possession due to unfortunate circumstances. There are many other people whom I would like to thank and many other observations I could include if I still had access to that material. As it is, I have done my best to write an accurate sociolinguistic assessment of the Bhatri language. It should be noted that I alone am responsible for any mistakes or errors contained in this report.

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1 Introduction

1.1 The people

The Bhatras, a “scheduled tribe” of Madhya Pradesh, are settled agriculturalists residing in the north-eastern plains of Jagdalpur Tahsil of Bastar District in the state of Madhya Pradesh.1 _{An even larger} number live in the northern half of Koraput District of the state of Orissa.2_{The Bhatras of Bastar District} claim their descendency from Warangal District of Andhra Pradesh as their ancestral home and say they came to Bastar District thirty generations ago as attendants to the first king of Bastar.3

The Bhatras seem to have four endogenous clans. These are the Amnit Bhatra, Bade Bhatra, Pita Bhatra, and San Bhatra. The Amnit Bhatra are found mainly in Jeypore Tahsil of Koraput District while the San Bhatra are found primarily in Jagdalpur Tahsil of Bastar District. The Bade and Pita Bhatra seem to be found throughout the entire region. Tandon (1959:34) has suggested that these divisions can be subdivided even further. He writes,

It seems that in Bastar, Bade and Pita Batra are again subdivided into a number of endogamous groups according to the region where they live. Before integration of the states took place, Jagdalpur Tahsil was divided into Parganas. The Bhatra of each Pargana were referred to by the name of the Pargana in which they resided. Even after the abolition of the Pargana system, the Pargana divisions of the Bhatra social organization still persist.

He also suggests that besides this, the Bhatra are further divided into a number of exogamous, totemic, patralineal, and patralocal clans (ibid.).

Although the Bade Bhatra men pride themselves as keepers of the sacred Hindu thread, many of their customs are far from Hindu. They have no restrictions against eating meat and they will not drink milk as they say that it was meant to be consumed only by the calf. Each clan has its own deity which may or may not be of Hindu origin. Although the 1981 census of India did not list a population figure for the Bhatras, the 1971 census gave a figure of 71,145.

1.2 The language

The language of the Bhatra people is known as Bhatri. Bhatri [bgw] is the lingua franca of much of the area and has become the mother tongue of many of the other castes and tribes residing in the area. Many—Bhatras and non-Bhatras alike—refer to this language as Deshia (“country talk”) although one Deshia scholar explained that Deshia includes the consonantal aspiration of the neighboring Indo-Aryan languages, while Bhatri does not. For the purpose of this report we consider the two terms synonymous and will refer to both as Bhatri. The local name for Bhatri is aisi jaisi got while neighboring Halbi [hlb] is known as aia jaia got. The question has arisen how different Bhatri and Halbi really are; this will be discussed further in section 4.2.

Grierson (1903) classified Bhatri as a corrupt form of Oriya [ory] with a few Marathi [mar] and Chhattisgarhi [hne] forms intermingled. He considers it a true dialect of Oriya, while considering Halbi a broken dialect of the east more closely akin to Marathi. He considered Bhatri as the link between Oriya and Halbi. Bhattacharya (1957:16) has expressed surprise that Bhatri and Halbi have been treated by Grierson as separate languages affiliated with Oriya and Marathi respectively. He has concluded that

1_{Although the majority of the Bhatra population is found in Koraput District of Orissa, the Orissa census lists them}

neither as a scheduled caste nor as a scheduled tribe.

2_{[In 2011, the English rendering of the state’s name was officially changed from Orissa to Odisha—Editor]}

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Bhatri and Marathi are in fact mutually intelligible speeches. The classification of Bhatri has given rise to some controversy, yet the language has thus far remained little studied.

One interesting note must be made at this point. In the 1981 census of India no reference was made to the Bhatri language. Although it is the mother tongue of thousands in the state of Orissa, it was not listed in the language tables for that state. One must make the assumption that they were simply grouped with the mother-tongue speakers of Oriya. If this is the case, it can be seen that the census-taking officials must also have viewed Bhatri as a form of Oriya.

2 Goals of the survey

2.1 Introduction of goals

The goal of the survey was to clear up many of the questions concerning the Bhatri language and to assess the need for language development and vernacular literacy programs among the Bhatri-speaking peoples of Bastar and Koraput Districts. In order to meet the stated goal of this survey, many aspects of both language use and language attitudes among the Bhatri-speaking communities needed to be investigated. It was the goal of the survey to answer the following questions:

1. Are there significant dialect differences among the Bhatri-speaking communities which may

necessitate more than one Bhatri language development project? (Will one Bhatri project suffice for the whole area, and if so, where would be the best place to center a project?)

2. How do the Bhatri-speaking communities feel towards other languages? (Might they need their own language development project because of certain negative attitudes towards other dialects in which vernacular literature already exists?)

3. How stable is the Bhatri language? (Are there indications of language loss or shift?)

4. Are the Bhatri-speaking communities bilingual enough to effectively use existing materials? (Can they effectively use language materials in Hindi, Oriya, or Halbi?)

In order to answer these questions our survey was directed into the following three types of study: dialect area study, language use and attitude study, and bilingualism study. These are discussed below.

2.2 Dialect area study

The purpose of a dialect area study is to define, in linguistically quantifiable terms, the changes which have taken place among speech varieties spoken throughout an entire geographical area, and between the social strata of a given community of speakers of the same language. It is a linguistic law of nature that speech varieties change over distance, thus making a dialect area study important. In order to identify these changes in the Bhatri-speaking area, and to determine how they affect understanding between the speech varieties, a dialect area study was carried out consisting of the following two components: lexical similarity and dialect intelligibility.

2.2.1 Lexical similarity

To determine the degree of lexical similarity between the various Bhatri speech varieties, a 210-item wordlist developed by researchers in South Asia was used. The wordlists collected during this survey can be found in Appendix A of this report. The degree of lexical similarity has been expressed as a

percentage based on a comparison of equivalent words using the standard wordlist.

2.2.2 Dialect intelligibility

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Eugene Casad’s book Dialect Intelligibility Testing (1974). The degree of inherent intelligibility is then expressed as a percentage based on the mean (average) score of participants in such tests. In order to ensure that what is being tested is inherent intelligibility and not learned comprehension, standard deviation figures and sample size are also stated. A high standard deviation usually indicates that subjects varied widely in their understanding of the text and that what is being tested is learned comprehension.

2.3 Language use and attitude study

An investigation was carried out to discover how the several languages of the region are used and how the speakers of Bhatri view their own language as well as other languages. The methods of investigation into this domain included language use and attitude questionnaires and observation on the part of the researchers.

2.4 Pilot bilingualism study

To investigate the extent of bilingualism in the Bhatri-speaking area with reference to Hindi (for those in Madhya Pradesh), Oriya (for those in Orissa), and Halbi (for both states), pilot bilingualism testing was carried out. Halbi was tested in both states because of its seemingly close relationship with Bhatri. This was done to determine the degree of inherent and acquired intelligibility between Bhatri and Halbi. Another reason for bilingualism testing in Halbi is that it is the reported lingua franca for northern Bastar District. Bilingualism testing was carried out using simple language tests (RTT in standard Hindi and Oriya) administered to a representative sample of the community. The result is expressed as a percentage based on the average of the scores from members of different subgroups in the community.

3 Procedures

3.1 Introduction

Wordlist comparison, dialect intelligibility testing, language use and attitude questionnaires, and pilot bilingualism tests were used together in this survey to determine to what extent different dialect areas exist among the Bhatri-speaking communities and whether they are dependent on Bhatri to meet their communication needs. Wordlists provide information concerning the linguistic relationship between the speech varieties under investigation. They are useful in identifying those varieties which are extremely similar in vocabulary, pronunciation, phonology, and grammar and those which are extremely different in any of these areas. Dialect intelligibility tests help the researcher determine the degree of

understanding speakers of one dialect have of another. Language use and attitude studies along with bilingual studies are also important in giving a fuller understanding of the attitudes toward the language. All are necessary for a good understanding of the language situation among the Bhatri-speaking

communities. This section describes the procedures followed during the field study.

3.2 Lexical similarity procedures

The degree of linguistic similarity which exists among the speech varieties being studied was

investigated using a standard South Asia 210-item wordlist. This wordlist was developed by a group of researchers conducting sociolinguistic studies in South Asia; for the wordlist see Appendix A of this report. The words were elicited from a mother-tongue speaker of the speech variety under investigation. A generic equivalent was sought first. If none was found, that was noted and a specific term was

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The second allowed for checking to weed out incorrect items, as well as for discovering apparently different items which are simply synonyms.

Analysis was then carried out by grouping similar words together and calculating the percentage of similar words in the wordlists. Similarity was not determined by the degree to which they are cognate, but rather by their phonological similarity. The criteria used for similarity counting were those stated in Blair 1990. If the results of the wordlist comparison showed less than sixty percent similarity between two varieties then they were considered distinct languages. If the results showed a high percentage of similarity of ninety percent or above, they were considered the same or closely related varieties. In neither instance was intelligibility testing carried out. If the percentage of linguistic similarity was between sixty and ninety percent, then intelligibility testing was carried out to provide a better understanding of the intelligibility between the two varieties. The procedures followed while

determining lexical similarity percentages and the criteria for determining whether dialect intelligibility testing was needed are described in Blair 1990.

3.3 Dialect intelligibility testing procedures

Given the stated goals of this survey, dialect intelligibility testing was of major importance. The results provided a better understanding of the level of intelligibility that exists between dialects in the sixty to ninety percent range of lexical similarity. If high levels of comprehension exist, dialect intelligibility results are also useful in determining whether the comprehension is due to inherent similarity in the dialects or some form of learning (see Blair 1990). The procedures followed in the creation and administration of the recorded text tests (RTT) used in this survey are those described in Casad 1974, with a few modifications (as noted in Blair 1990). A detailed summary of the procedures followed during this survey can be found in these publications. The texts used, the scores of the test subjects, and

biographical information concerning the respondents can be found in Appendix B of this report.

3.4 Language use and attitudes study procedures

In determining the language use patterns and the attitudes toward these languages, two social research techniques, open-ended questioning and observation, were employed. Questionnaires were administered in many of the villages throughout the Bhatri-speaking area. Observations relevant to language use and language attitudes were recorded by the researcher during the course of data collection.

3.5 Pilot bilingualism testing procedures

Bilingualism is a very important issue in determining the vitality of a language, the direction of any language shift, and the need for vernacular literature. It was decided, therefore, at the outset of this project that pilot bilingualism testing would be conducted in various villages of the Bhatri-speaking area. Pilot bilingualism testing was conducted using the recorded text testing method (Blair 1990). The Hindi, Halbi, and Oriya texts along with the scores and biographical information of the test subjects are

included in Appendix B of this report.

4 Summary of findings

4.1 Dialect area study

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used in this survey to identify the various language varieties, showing where the respective wordlists were collected, can be found below.4

Key to three-letter codes

OAR Adivasi Oriya from Araku Valley, Visak District, Andhra Pradesh HBH Halbi from Bhatpal, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAU Bhatri from Auli, Nowrangapur Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa

BSA Bhatri from Sargipal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BJE Bhatri from Jeypore Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa

OCU Oriya from Cuttack Tahsil, Cuttack District, Orissa BKP Bhatri from Kotpad Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa BUM Bhatri from Umarkot Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa

BCB Bhatri from Chote Badal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAN Bhatri from Anantpur, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAR Bhatri from Karpaud, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAG Bhatri from Amaguda, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh

Table 1. Lexical similarity percentages

OAR 49 HBH 68 52 BAU 61 62 75 BSA 71 58 85 76 BJE 53 41 49 43 53 OCU 69 58 83 82 87 52 BKP 64 63 80 83 82 49 90 BUM 59 65 70 90 75 44 82 82 BCB 60 67 71 90 73 47 81 90 90 BAN 58 62 73 85 74 45 82 85 87 88 BAR 58 64 71 88 75 44 81 83 93 88 89 BAG

In some locations it proved impossible to collect certain words so it was not possible to compare every word with an equivalent word in every dialect. In such cases the gloss was marked as a non-comparison for those dialects and the gloss was not counted for that pair of dialects. In some cases more than one word was recorded and compared so it is possible to have more than 210 comparisons for a pair of dialects. The number of comparisons for each pair of dialects can be seen in table 2.

4_{These codes are specific to this report and are not to be confused with the ISO language codes from the Ethnologue}

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Table 2. Number of comparisons

The dialect intelligibility tests revealed that all points in the Bhatri-speaking area understand all other points at an adequate level to consider the area as one language area. The scores of each community are found in table 3. The first line represents the average score. The second line illustrates the standard deviation of the scores on the test. The third line represents the sample size.

Table 3. Dialect intelligibility scores

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Tahsils would be preferable since the largest population of Bhatri speakers are found here and language attitudes are most strongly positive in these tahsils.

4.2 Bilingualism

Pilot bilingualism testing showed that the Bhatri-speaking communities surveyed in Madhya Pradesh are not sufficiently bilingual in Hindi to effectively use Hindi materials. It likewise revealed that the Bhatri communities surveyed in Orissa understood on average only 75 percent of the Oriya pilot test. The test was simple and demanded only low levels of bilingual ability. Low results on the pilot test reveal that people do not have knowledge of the second language even at a rudimentary level. Given the results on the pilot test it would seem that the Bhatri-speaking communities of Bastar and Koraput Districts are not sufficiently bilingual to use Hindi or Oriya materials effectively. The bilingualism results are shown in table 4.

Table 4. Bilingualism results

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The scores of recorded text testing in Halbi provide some insight as to the linguistic closeness of Bhatri and Halbi. The results in table 4 show that understanding of Halbi in the Bhatri-speaking

communities is mixed. Standard deviation figures suggest that the scores over 80 percent are due only to Bhatri speakers’ learning of Halbi because of their geographical proximity to Halbi speakers rather than to inherent intelligibility between the two languages. Those locations not contiguous to the Halbi-speaking communities (BKP, BAU, BUM) had lower average scores and standard deviation figures of between 11.5 and 14.5. The standard deviation among those villages with nearby Halbi speakers (BAN, BSA, BCB) had a wider standard deviation of between 15.0 and 24.6. In theory, low standard deviation figures indicate that intelligibility is inherent. Reciprocally, high standard deviation indicates that intelligibility is at least partly a result of learning. It seems, therefore, that those communities which are not contiguous to Halbi-speaking communities do not have an adequate understanding of Halbi to use language materials in the Halbi language. Two-thirds of the Bhatri-speaking area is not contiguous to communities of Halbi speakers.

This knowledge may help to explain the historical division of opinion between linguists as to the degree of relationship between Bhatri and Halbi. It seems that the assertion that the two languages are mutually intelligible (Bhattacharya 1957:16) may indeed be true, albeit marginally, in some of the Bhatri-speaking area. It seems, however, given the high standard deviation figures on tests in areas where the Bhatri speakers are found contiguous to Halbi speakers, that the comprehension observed is learned rather than inherent. It is also true, as displayed in table 4, that in much of the area, Bhatri speakers’ comprehension of Halbi is marginal at best.

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to be a representative dialect of Oriya. When compared with other dialects of Oriya the similarity may be less marked. The high standard deviation figures of Bhatri speakers tested on standard Oriya in table 4, however, seem to suggest that the 70 to 80 percent comprehension is possibly due more to learning of some kind than to inherent intelligibility. Standard deviation figures are lower on the Halbi tests given to Bhatri speakers, but they are not low enough to conclude that the 57 to 86 percent comprehension of these tests is due to inherent intelligibility alone. Thus, the debate will continue. One thing is certain, however, namely that comprehension of Halbi and Oriya by Bhatri speakers is marginal and not adequate for their understanding of materials in those languages.

The language use and attitudes study was designed to discover which languages are used by the Bhatri-speaking community, and how they are used. Since many different castes use Bhatri as their mother tongue, there was also interest in discovering if there were any positive or negative attitudes toward any caste dialect that may exist. In order to reach this goal a language use and attitudes study was conducted in selected villages throughout the entire region. The questions asked are listed in table 5.

Table 5. Questions on language use and attitudes questionnaire

1. What language(s) is/are spoken in your home? 2. What other languages do you speak?

3. What other castes in this village speak Bhatri? 4. Can you understand them?

5. Which dialect (of what caste) is the sweetest? 6. Could you marry someone from this other group? 7. What language do you use with your own caste? 8. What language do you use with other castes?

9. What language do you use with Oriya (in Orissa)/Hindi (in Madhya Pradesh) speakers?

10. What language do you use at the market?

11. What language would you use with a bank officer? 12. What language do you use for private/public prayers? 13. What language do children use while playing?

14. Do you ever use Oriya/Hindi with Bhatri speakers? If so, why? 15. Do you know a person who can no longer speak Bhatri? If so, is

that good or bad?

16. Will Oriya/Hindi ever replace Bhatri?

The majority of those questioned responded that Bhatri is the language of choice in the critical domains of home and religion. Most also responded that they use Bhatri in most of their daily social interaction with their own caste and others. Most questioned do not acknowledge any dialect difference between the castes that speak Bhatri. Sixty-five percent of those questioned felt that there is no

possibility of Bhatri dying out. Twenty percent felt that it would and fifteen percent voiced the opinion that if people get educated they may stop speaking Bhatri. However, out of all questioned, only ten percent acknowledged knowing someone who no longer speaks Bhatri. Some have very strong attitudes like the man who stated, “No matter if you teach them Oriya, they will still speak Bhatri.”

From the results of the language use and attitudes study it can be seen that the Bhatri language is thriving. Bhatri is used exclusively as the language of choice in the most critical domains of home and religion. In most of the Bhatri-speaking area it is also the language of the community although

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5 Recommendations

5.1 For translation

Since the Bhatri-speaking communities understand one another quite well, are not adequately bilingual in Hindi, Oriya, or Halbi, and have positive language attitudes toward their mother tongue, it is recommended that a language development project in Bhatri be undertaken. It appears that literature centered anywhere in the area would be easily understood. It is recommended, however, that the project be centered where the language is in most vigorous use. This would be in Kotpad Tahsil of Koraput District of Orissa or in Jagdalpur Tahsil of Bastar District of Madhya Pradesh.

5.2 For further survey

Wordlist comparison showed a lexical similarity ranging from fifty-eight to seventy-one percent between Bhatri and Adivasi Oriya. This suggests marginal comprehension between the two. Therefore,

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Appendix A: Wordlists

Key to codes for speech varieties:

OAR Adivasi Oriya from Araku Valley, Visak District, Andhra Pradesh OCU Oriya from Cuttack Tahsil, Cuttack District, Orissa

HBH Halbi from Bhatpal, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAU Bhatri from Auli, Nowrangapur Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa

BSA Bhatri from Sargipal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BJE Bhatri from Jeypore Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa

BKP Bhatri from Kotpad Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa BUM Bhatri from Umarkot Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa

BCB Bhatri from Chote Badal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAN Bhatri from Anantpur, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAR Bhatri from Karpaud, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh BAG Bhatri from Amaguda, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh

1. body 2. head 3. hair

OAR ɡaɡorˑ OAR mundˑ OAR sendˑi

OCU sor̩ir̩o OCU mu̽ndˑc̠ OCU balˑe̠

HBH a̽ɡ HBH mu̽dˑ HBH kes

BAU ɡaɡe̠rˑ BAU mu̽dˑe̠ BAU bal

BSA ɡaɡe̠rˑ BSA mu̽dˑ BSA bal

BJE ɡv̠ɡe̠r̩ BJE mu̽dˑ BJE bal

BKP ɡaɡr̩o BKP mu̽ndˑe̠ BKP bale̠

BUM dⁿe̽ha/ɡaɡe̩r BUM mu̽dˑa BUM kes

BCB ɡaɡv̠r̩ BCB mu̽dˑ BCB bal

BAN ɡaɡv̠r̩ BAN mu̽dˑ BAN kes

BAR ɡaɡe̠r̩ BAR mu̽dˑ BAR bal

BAG ɡaɡv̠r̩ BAG mu̽d BAG bal

4. face 5. eye 6. ear

OAR mu̽k OAR anki OAR kan

OCU mu̽ha OCU akhi OCU kanˑo

HBH mu̽.̩ HBH ai̽k HBH kan

BAU mu̽ BAU a̽ki BAU kan

BSA mu̽ BSA a̽ki BSA kan

BJE mu̽e̠ BJE aki BJE kan

BKP mu̽he̠ BKP a̽khi BKP kan.̩o

BUM mu̽ha BUM akhi BUM kan

BCB tⁿv̠mnˑa BCB a̽ki BCB kan

BAN mu̽ BAN aki BAN kan

BAR mu̽ BAR a̽ki BAR kan

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7. nose 8. mouth 9. teeth

OAR nak OAR tˑondˑ OAR dant

OCU nakho OCU patˑ.̩i OCU dⁿantⁿo

HBH nak HBH tˑo̽dˑ HBH dat

BAU nak BAU tˑo̽dˑ BAU dⁿatⁿ

BSA nak BSA tˑo̽dˑ BSA dⁿatⁿ

BJE nake̠ BJE tˑo̽dˑ BJE dⁿe̠tⁿ

BKP nake̠ BKP tu̽dˑe̠ BKP dⁿa̽nntⁿe̠

BUM nakhe̠ BUM tⁿondˑe̠ BUM dⁿa̽tⁿe̠

BCB nak BCB to̽d BCB dⁿatⁿ

BAN nak BAN to̽dˑ BAN dⁿatⁿ

BAR nak BAR tˑo̽dˑ BAR dⁿatⁿ

BAG nak BAG tˑo̽dˑ BAG dⁿatⁿ

10. tonɡue 11. breast 12. belly

OAR zib OAR dud OAR petˑ

OCU dʒ̩ibhe̠ OCU dⁿudⁿe̠ OCU petⁿto

HBH dʒ̩ib HBH momo HBH petˑ

BAU dʒ̩ib BAU – BAU petˑ

BSA dʒ̩ib BSA – BSA petˑ

BJE dʒ̩ib BJE dⁿudⁿe̠ BJE petˑ

BKP dʒ̩ibe̠ BKP dⁿudⁿe̠ BKP petˑe̠

BUM dʒ̩ib BUM dⁿudⁿ BUM petˑĥ

BCB dʒ̩ib BCB dⁿudⁿh BCB petˑ

BAN dʒ̩ib BAN dⁿudⁿ BAN petˑ

BAR dʒ̩ib BAR dⁿudⁿ BAR petˑ

BAG zib BAG dⁿudⁿ BAG petˑĥ

13. arm 14. elbow 15. palm

OAR atˑ OAR kompur OAR podom

OC hatˑo OCU koini OCU tolˑohato

HBH hat HBH kohni HBH he̠trˑi

BAU hatⁿ BAU koe̠ni BAU pe̠dⁿe̠m

BSA hatⁿ BSA koe̠ni BSA atⁿe̠ri

BJE atⁿ BJE koe̠ni BJE pe̠dⁿe̠m

BKP hatⁿe̠ BKP koe̠ni BKP pe̠dⁿe̠me̠

BUM dˑenˑa BUM koe̠.̩ni BUM pe̠dⁿe̠m

BCB hatⁿ BCB kv̠ûni BCB pv̠dⁿv̠m

BAN atⁿ BAN kohoni BAN atⁿrˑi

BAR ba̽ha BAR ko.̩ni BAR hatⁿrˑi

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16. finɡer 17. nail 18. leɡ

OAR anˑtˑi OAR nak OAR ɡodˑ

OCU anˑɡuti OCU no.̩kĥo OCU ɡudˑo

HBH andˑki HBH ne̠k HBH pa̽j

BAU anˑtˑi BAU ne̠k BAU ɡorˑ

BSA a̽dˑki BSA ne̠k BSA ɡorˑ

BJE anˑɡti BJE ne̠k BJE ɡorˑ

BKP anˑɡuthi BKP ne̠khe̠ BKP ɡorˑe̠

BUM a̽dˑki BUM nakh BUM ɡorˑ

BCB a̽dˑki BCB nv̠k BCB ɡorˑ

BAN a̽dˑki BAN nv̠kh BAN ɡorˑ

BAR a̽dˑki BAR nv̠k BAR ɡorˑ

BAG a̽dˑki BAG nv̠k BAG ɡorˑ

19. skin 20. bone 21. heart

OAR sam OAR adˑ OAR kodeli

OCU tʃ̩ar̩ê̠mo̽ OCU ha.̩dˑo OCU he̠r̩udⁿaio

HBH tʃ̩amrˑa HBH harˑa HBH dʒ̩iu

BAU tʃ̩am BAU harˑ BAU kaldʒ̩a

BSA tʃ̩amrˑi BSA arˑa BSA –

BJE tʃ̩am BJE harˑ BJE dʒ̩ibe̠n dⁿv̠k dⁿv̠k

BKP tʃ̩ame̠ BKP harˑe̠ BKP dʒ̩ibê̠ne̠

BUM tsamrˑi BUM harˑ BUM dʒ̩ibe̠n dĥe̠k dĥe̠k

BCB tʃ̩amrˑi BCB arˑa BCB dʒ̩iû

BAN tsamrˑi BAN arˑa BAN dʒ̩iû

BAR tʃ̩amrˑi BAR harˑa BAR dʒ̩iû

BAG tʃ̩amrˑi BAG harˑa BAG dʒ̩iû

22. blood 23. urine 24. feces

OAR boni OAR mutˑ OAR ɡu

OCU r̩akto OCU mutⁿto OCU dʒ̩arˑa

HBH lohu HBH mutˑ HBH haɡa

BAU boni BAU pisab BAU ɡue̠

BSA le̠u BSA pisab BSA be̠̽dⁿarˑ

BJE boni BJE mutⁿe̠ BJE ɡu̽e̠

BKP boni BKP mutⁿhe̠ BKP be̠dⁿarˑa

BUM boni BUM mutⁿe̠ BUM dʒ̩harˑa

BCB lv̠u BCB mu̽tⁿ BCB ɡu.̩

BAN lv̠u BAN mu̽tⁿʔpise̠b BAN ɡu

BAR le̠u BAR pisab BAR ɡu

(19)

25. villaɡe 26. house 27. roof

OAR ɡurˑa OAR ɡor OAR sani

OCU ɡra.̩mo̽ OCU ɡĥorˑo OCU tʃ̩ĥa.̩to

HBH ɡa̽w HBH ɡĥe̠r HBH tʃ̩hani

BAU ɡa̽ BAU ɡe̠r BAU tʃ̩ani

BSA ɡa̽o BSA ɡe̠r BSA –

BJE ɡa̽o BJE ɡe̠r BJE tʃ̩a.̩nˑi

BKP ɡa̽ BKP ɡĥe̠r̩e̠ BKP tʃ̩ala

BUM ɡa̽o BUM ɡhe̠r̩ BUM tʃ̩auni

BCB ɡa̽o BCB ɡv̠r̩ BCB tʃ̩al

BAN ɡa̽o BAN ɡv̠r̩ BAN –

BAR ɡa̽vo BAR ɡhe̠r̩ BAR tʃ̩auni

BAG ɡa̽vêo BAG ɡhar̩ BAG osna

28. door 29. firewood 30. broom

OAR kopatˑ OAR katˑʔdaru OAR badˑni

OCU kobato OCU ka.̩to OCU tʃ̩antʃ̩oni

HBH polaʔke̠patˑ HBH dⁿar̩u HBH barˑe̠n

BAU besi BAU dⁿar̩u BAU barˑni

BSA ke̠pat BSA dⁿar̩u BSA barˑni

BJE besiʔkopv̠t BJE dⁿar̩u BJE barˑni

BKP kabat BKP dⁿar̩u BKP barˑni

BUM ke̠pat BUM dⁿar̩u BUM barˑni

BCB kv̠pat BCB dⁿar̩u BCB barˑni

BAN kv̠pat BAN dⁿar̩u BAN barˑni

BAR ke̠pat BAR dⁿar̩u BAR barˑni

BAG batˑ BAG dⁿar̩u BAG barˑni

31. mortar 32. pestle 33. hammer

OAR musol OAR zantˑa OAR mutˑlaʔsute

OCU kotⁿtuni OCU potĥorˑo OCU hatⁿudˑi

HBH kote̠n HBH muse̠r HBH mutˑla

BAU sil BAU ɡorˑa BAU mutˑla

BSA sil BSA lorˑa BSA bar̩si

BJE pokna BJE lorˑa BJE mutˑla

BKP silʔpokna BKP lorˑa BKP bar̩siʔmutˑla

BUM sil BUM lorˑa BUM mutˑlaʔbar̩si

BCB sil BCB lorˑa BCB mutˑla

BAN sil BAN lorˑa BAN bar̩si

BAR sil BAR lorˑa BAR mutˑli

(20)

34. knife 35. axe 36. rope

OAR katˑra OAR tˑenˑia OAR dˑori

OCU kati OCU tanˑɡi.̩a OCU dˑowudˑi

HBH ke̠dˑri HBH tˑe̠̽ɡeaʔkurˑhar HBH borhi

BAU ke̠rˑri BAU tanˑɡiaʔkurˑar BAU dor

BSA ke̠rˑr̩i BSA tanˑɡiaʔkurˑar BSA dˑori

BJE ke̠rˑr̩i BJE tanˑɡijaʔkurˑar BJE dˑor̩i

BKP ke̠rˑr̩i BKP tanˑɡijaʔkur̩arˑi BKP dˑor̩i

BUM ke̠rˑr̩i BUM kurˑar̩ BUM dˑori

BCB kv̠rˑr̩i BCB tanˑaija BCB dˑor̩i

BAN kv̠rˑr̩i BAN kurˑar̩ BAN dˑor̩i

BAR ke̠rˑr̩i BAR kur̩arˑ BAR dˑor̩i

BAG ke̠rˑr̩i BAG tˑanˑɡija BAG dˑor̩i

37. thread 38. needle 39. cloth

OAR suta OAR suza OAR luɡa

OCU su.̩tⁿa OCU su̽n.̩tʃ̩i OCU lu.̩ɡa

HBH sut HBH sudʒ̩i HBH photˑe̠i

BAU sutⁿa BAU sudʒ̩i BAU ke̠dⁿi

BSA sutⁿ BSA sudʒ̩i BSA pe̠ti

BJE sutⁿv̠ BJE sudʒ̩i BJE pe̠tˑi kanv̠

BKP sutⁿa BKP sudʒ̩i BKP pe̠ti

BUM sutⁿ BUM sudʒ̩i BUM potˑiʔkv̠prˑa

BCB sutⁿ BCB sudʒ̩i BCB kv̠prˑa

BAN sutⁿ BAN sudʒ̩i BAN kv̠prˑa

BAR sutⁿ BAR suzi BAR kv̠prˑa

BAG sutⁿ BAG sudʒ̩i BAG pv̠ti

40. rinɡ 41. sun 42. moon

OAR mundi OAR bel OAR zon

OCU mudˑi OCU sudʒ̩o OCU dʒ̩anha

HBH mu̽di HBH ber̩ HBH dʒ̩on

BAU mu̽dⁿi BAU bel BAU dʒ̩e̠n

BSA mu̽di BSA ber̩ BSA dʒ̩on

BJE mu̽di BJE bel BJE dʒ̩v̠n

BKP mudⁿi BKP bel BKP dʒ̩ana

BUM mu̽dⁿi BUM ber̩ BUM dʒ̩v̠n

BCB mu̽dⁿi BCB ber̩ BCB dʒ̩on

BAN mu̽dⁿi BAN ber̩ BAN dʒ̩on

BAR mu̽dⁿi BAR ber̩ BAR dʒ̩on

(21)

43. sky 44. star 45. rain

OAR soroɡ OAR tara OAR paniʔborsa

OCU akasau OCU nakʃ̩atⁿr̩a OCU bor̩osa

HBH se̠re̠ɡ HBH tara HBH paniʔbe̠r̩sv̠

BAU badⁿe̠l BAU tⁿar̩a BAU be̠r̩sv̠

BSA badⁿr̩i BSA tⁿar̩a BSA be̠r̩sv̠

BJE badⁿli BJE tⁿar̩a BJE pani

BKP badⁿli BKP tⁿar̩a BKP panˑi

BUM badⁿe̠l BUM tⁿar̩a BUM pani

BCB badⁿr̩i BCB tⁿar̩a BCB pani

BAN badⁿv̠r̩ BAN tⁿar̩a BAN bv̠r̩sa

BAR badⁿr̩i BAR tⁿar̩a BAR pani

BAG badⁿr̩i BAG tⁿar̩a BAG pani

46. water 47. river 48. cloud

OAR pani OAR ɡadˑʔnodi OAR badol

OCU pani OCU ne̠dˑi OCU meɡĥ.̩o

HBH pani HBH ne̠̽di HBH badri

BAU pani BAU ne̠dⁿi BAU badⁿe̠l

BSA pani BSA ne̠̽dⁿi BSA badⁿr̩i

BJE pani BJE nv̠dˑi BJE bv̠dⁿe̠l

BKP panˑi BKP ne̠dⁿi BKP badⁿli

BUM pani BUM ne̠dⁿi BUM badⁿli

BCB pani BCB lv̠̽dⁿi BCB badⁿr̩i

BAN pani BAN nv̠̽dⁿi BAN badⁿv̠r̩

BAR pani BAR te̠r̩i BAR badⁿr̩i

BAG pani BAG ne̠dⁿi BAG badⁿr̩i

49. liɡhtninɡ 50. rainbow 51. wind

OAR bizuli OAR indor dun OAR bau

OCU bidʒ̩uli OCU indⁿr̩o dⁿanase̠ OCU dʒ̩ĥor̩aka

HBH dʒ̩aɡuk HBH ̤̤ HBH lehra

BAU bi̩dʒ̩li BAU dⁿe̠nu pe̠nti BAU pe̠ûbe̠n

BSA dʒ̩aɡsi BSA dⁿhe̠nu ka̽dˑ BSA leher̩a

BJE bidʒ̩li BJE dⁿanu pe̠ntⁿi BJE pe̠be̠nʔlehera

BKP bidʒ̩uli BKP indra dⁿanu BKP pe̠be̠ne̠ʔlehe̩ra

BUM bidʒ̩li BUM dⁿhe̠nu ka̽dˑ BUM pe̠be̠nʔleher̩a

BCB dʒ̩aɡasi BCB dⁿhe̠nu ka̽dˑ BCB leher̩a

BAN bidʒ̩li BAN dⁿhv̠nu ka̽dˑ BAN leher̩a

BAR dʒ̩aɡsi BAR dⁿv̠nu BAR leher̩a

(22)

52. stone 53. path 54. sand

OAR pakan OAR batˑ OAR bali

OCU pe̠tⁿhe̠r̩e̠ OCU batoʔr̩astr̩a OCU bali

HBH pokna HBH batˑ HBH baru

BAU pokna BAU batˑ BAU bali

BSA pokna BSA kor̩i BSA bali

BJE poknaʔɡorˑi BJE batˑʔhirˑi BJE bali

BKP poknaʔɡorˑi BKP hirˑi BKP bali

BUM pokna BUM hirˑi BUM bali

BCB pokna BCB ir̩i BCB bali

BAN pokna BAN ir̩i BAN bali

BAR poknaʔɡotˑi BAR ir̩i BAR bali

BAG pokna BAG batˑ BAG bali

55. fire 56. smoke 57. ash

OAR zoi OAR du̽a OAR sar

OCU n�̽.̩a OCU dⁿhua̽ OCU pa̽usa

HBH aiɡ HBH kume̠l HBH lakrˑi

BAU dʒ̩oj BAU dⁿunˑɡija BAU lak.̩r̩i

BSA dʒ̩oj BSA me̠si BSA le̠ke̠rˑi

BJE dʒ̩ai BJE du̽aʔdunˑɡija BJE lv̠krˑi

BKP dʒ̩oj BKP dⁿunˑija BKP lakrˑi

BUM dʒ̩oj BUM kuhu̽r̩a BUM lv̠krˑi

BCB dʒ̩oj BCB dⁿhu̽a BCB lakrˑi

BAN dʒ̩oj BAN kuhu̽r̩a BAN lakrˑi

BAR dʒ̩oj BAR kumr̩a BAR lakrˑi

BAG dʒ̩oj BAG kumr̩a BAG lakrˑi

58. mud 59. dust 60. ɡold

OAR matˑi OAR duli OAR sona

OCU kadⁿue̠ OCU dⁿhulˑi OCU sun.̩a

HBH matˑi HBH – HBH son

BAU kadⁿe̠ BAU dⁿur̩li BAU suna

BSA matˑi BSA dⁿur̩li BSA suna

BJE kadⁿe̠ BJE dⁿur̩li BJE suna

BKP kadⁿe̠ BKP dⁿur̩li BKP suna

BUM tʃ̩ike̠lʔkadⁿo BUM dⁿur̩li BUM son

BCB tʃ̩ikv̠l BCB dⁿur̩li BCB son

BAN tʃ̩ikv̠l BAN dˑurˑla BAN son

BAR tʃ̩ike̠l BAR dⁿhurˑka BAR son

(23)

61. tree 62. leaf 63. root

OAR ɡotʃ̩ OAR potor OAR ser

OCU ɡe̠tʃ̩ OCU potr̩o OCU tʃ̩erˑo

HBH ruk HBH pan HBH tʃ̩erˑo

BAU ɡe̠tʃ̩ BAU pe̠tⁿe̠r̩ BAU tʃ̩er̩

BSA ɡe̠tʃ̩ BSA pe̠tⁿe̠r̩ BSA tʃ̩er̩

BJE ɡe̠tʃ̩ BJE pv̠te̠r̩ BJE tʃ̩er̩

BKP ɡe̠tʃ̩ĥ BKP pe̠tⁿe̠r̩ BKP tʃ̩ere̠

BUM ɡatʃ̩ĥ BUM pe̠tⁿe̠r BUM tʃ̩er̩

BCB ɡv̠tʃ̩ĥ BCB pv̠tⁿv̠r̩ BCB tser̩

BAN ɡv̠tʃ̩ĥ BAN pan BAN tʃ̩er̩

BAR ɡe̠tʃ̩ĥ BAR pe̠tⁿe̠r̩ BAR tʃ̩er̩

BAG ɡe̠tʃ̩ĥ BAG pe̠tⁿe̠r̩ BAG tʃ̩er̩

64. thorn 65. flower 66. fruit

OAR kantˑa OAR pul OAR pol

OCU konˑtⁿa OCU pĥulo OCU pholo

HBH katˑa HBH phul HBH phor

BAU katˑa BAU pul BAU pe̠l

BSA katˑa BSA pul BSA pak

BJE kv̠tˑa BJE pul BJE pakʔpv̠l

BKP ke̠̽nta BKP phula BKP pe̠lˑe̠

BUM kv̠tˑa BUM ɵ̩ĥula BUM ɵ̩e̠l

BCB katˑa BCB pĥul BCB pak

BAN katˑa BAN pul BAN pv̠l

BAR katˑa BAR phul BAR phv̠l

BAG katˑa BAG phul BAG pak

67. manɡo 68. banana 69. wheat

OAR amb OAR kodli OAR ɡonˑdan

OCU ambo OCU kodoli OCU ɡohomo̽

HBH ama HBH kera HBH –

BAU am.̩a BAU ke̠dⁿli BAU ɡe̠̽û

BSA ama BSA ke̠dⁿli BSA ɡe̠̽û

BJE am BJE kv̠dⁿli BJE ɡe̠̽û

BKP ama BKP ke̠dⁿli BKP ɡe̠̽u

BUM ama BUM ke̠dⁿli BUM ɡe̠̽u

BCB ama BCB ker̩a BCB ɡv̠̽u

BAN ama BAN kv̠dⁿli BAN ɡv̠̽u

BAR ama BAR ke̠dⁿli BAR ɡe̠̽u

(24)

70. millet 71. rice 72. potato

OAR kua zona OAR tʃ̩aul OAR kanda

OCU – OCU tʃ̩awulo OCU alˑu

HBH dʒ̩o̽dri HBH tʃ̩aur HBH alu

BAU kanˑɡu BAU tʃ̩aûl BAU kv̠̽ndⁿa

BSA – BSA tʃ̩aûl BSA alu

BJE dʒ̩e̠̽dⁿr̩v̠ BJE tʃ̩aul BJE alu

BKP dʒ̩o̽r̩a BKP tʃ̩aul BKP alu

BUM dʒ̩e̠̽dⁿr̩a BUM tʃ̩aul BUM alu

BCB – BCB tʃ̩aûr̩ BCB alu

BAN dʒ̩odⁿr̩a BAN tʃ̩aûl BAN alu

BAR dʒ̩o̽ndⁿr̩a BAR tʃ̩haur̩ BAR alu

BAG dʒ̩o̽dⁿr̩a BAG tʃ̩aur̩ BAG alu

73. eɡɡplant 74. ɡroundnut 75. chili

OAR – OAR bu�̽sena OAR moritʃ̩

OCU bainˑɡonˑo̽ OCU tʃ̩ina OCU me̠ritʃ̩e̠

HBH – HBH mu̽hpe̠li HBH miri

BAU banˑɡa BAU tʃ̩e̠ne̠ BAU mir̩i

BSA banˑɡa BSA mo̽pv̠li BSA mir̩i

BJE banˑɡa BJE tʃ̩v̠nˑa BJE me̠r̩itʃ̩

BKP banˑɡa BKP tʃ̩e̠na BKP mir̩i

BUM banˑɡa BUM mu̽ɡpĥe̠li BUM mir̩i

BCB banˑɡa BCB mupv̠li BCB mir̩i

BAN banˑɡa BAN mupv̠li BAN mir̩i

BAR banˑɡa BAR mu̽ɡpĥe̠li BAR mir̩i

BAG banˑɡa BAG mupe̠li BAG mir̩i

76. tumeric 77. ɡarlic 78. onion

OAR oldi OAR loson OAR uli

OCU holdi OCU r̩e̠sunˑa OCU piadʒ̩o

HBH – HBH le̠sun HBH ɡo̽dri

BAU e̠ldⁿi BAU le̠sun BAU uli

BSA e̠ldⁿi BSA le̠sun BSA uliʔɡo̽dri

BJE e̠ldⁿi BJE le̠sun BJE uli

BKP e̠ldⁿi BKP lasun BKP uli

BUM e̠ldⁿi BUM lasun BUM ɡo̽dri

BCB ar̩di BCB lv̠sun BCB ɡo̽dri

BAN v̠r̩di BAN lv̠sun BAN ɡo̽dⁿr̩i

BAR v̠ldⁿi BAR le̠sun BAR ɡo̽dⁿr̩i

(25)

79. cauliflower 80. tomato 81. cabbaɡe

OAR pul kobi OAR beza OAR purˑa kobi

OCU phul kobi OCU bilatⁿi OCU be̠ndⁿĥa kobi

HBH – HBH ba̽ɡa HBH –

BAU kowbi BAU bedʒ̩r̩a BAU purˑa kobi

BSA ɡowbi BSA banˑɡa BSA tʃ̩ipta ɡobi

BJE pul kobi BJE bedʒ̩r̩a BJE parˑa kobi

BKP pul ɡubi BKP bedʒ̩r̩a BKP purˑa ɡubi

BUM phul ɡubi BUM bedʒ̩r̩i BUM purˑa ɡubi

BCB phul ɡubi BCB banˑɡo BCB bandⁿa ɡobi

BAN pul ɡubi BAN bv̠̽ɡula BAN purˑa ɡobi

BAR pul ɡobi BAR bv̠nˑɡula BAR bandⁿa ɡobi

BAG phul ɡubi BAG banˑɡa BAG bandⁿa ɡubi

82. oil 83. salt 84. meat

OAR sikon OAR lon OAR maus

OCU tⁿelo OCU lunˑe̠ OCU manˑtso

HBH tel HBH lon HBH ma̽s

BAU tʃ̩ike̠n BAU lon BAU mc̠ûs

BSA tⁿel BSA lon BSA me̠̽ûs

BJE tⁿel BJE non BJE me̠̽ûs

BKP tⁿele̠ BKP lon BKP ma̽us

BUM tⁿel BUM non BUM mas

BCB tⁿel BCB lon BCB mv̠̽us

BAN tⁿel BAN non BAN ma̽s

BAR tⁿel BAR non BAR –

BAG tⁿel BAG lon BAG me̠̽us

85. fat 86. fish 87. chicken

OAR bos OAR matʃ̩ OAR ɡanza

OCU tʃ̩e̠r̩biʔbu.̩so OCU ma.̩tʃ̩o OCU kukudˑa

HBH – HBH me̠tʃ̩ri HBH kukrˑa

BAU bc̠̽s BAU matʃ̩ BAU kowkrˑa

BSA – BSA matʃ̩h BSA kowkrˑa

BJE be̠̽s BJE matʃ̩ BJE kukrˑv̠

BKP tʃ̩e̠r̩biʔbasil BKP matʃ̩ĥ BKP kukrˑa

BUM basil BUM matʃ̩ĥ BUM kakrˑa

BCB bv̠sil BCB matʃ̩ĥ BCB kukrˑa

BAN bv̠sil BAN matʃ̩ĥ BAN kowkrˑa

BAR bv̠sil BAR matʃ̩ĥ BAR kukrˑa

(26)

88. eɡɡ 89. cow 90. buffalo

OAR dˑim OAR ɡai OAR bo�̽si

OCU onˑda OCU ɡai OCU moi.̩ʃ̩a

HBH ɡar HBH ɡaj HBH bho̽jsa

BAU ɡar̩ BAU ɡaj BAU be̠̽îsa

BSA ɡar̩ BSA ɡaj BSA bhe̽jsa

BJE ɡar̩ BJE ɡai BJE be̠̽jsa

BKP ɡar̩e̠ BKP ɡaj BKP be̠�̽si

BUM ɡar̩ BUM ɡai BUM bho�̽sa

BCB ɡar̩ BCB ɡaj BCB bhv̠̽jsa

BAN ɡa.̩r̩ BAN ɡaj BAN bhv̠̽isa

BAR ɡar̩ BAR ɡai BAR bhe̽îsa

BAG ɡar̩ BAG ɡai BAG bhe̽îsa

91. milk 92. horns 93. tail

OAR dud OAR sinˑ OAR lenz

OCU kĥir̩o OCU sinˑɡe̠ OCU landʒ̩o

HBH ɡore̠s HBH s�̽ɡ HBH ne̽ɡrˑa

BAU ɡor̩e̠s BAU sinˑ BAU le̽dʒ̩

BSA ɡor̩e̠s BSA sinˑ BSA lenˑɡrˑa

BJE ɡor̩e̠s BJE sinˑɡ BJE le̽dʒ̩

BKP ɡor̩e̠s BKP sinˑɡ BKP lenˑɡrˑa

BUM ɡor̩e̠s BUM sinˑɡ BUM le̽dʒ̩rˑi

BCB ɡor̩v̠s BCB sinˑ BCB lenˑɡrˑa

BAN ɡor̩v̠s BAN sinˑ BAN lenɡrˑi

BAR ɡor̩e̠s BAR s�̽ɡĥ BAR le̽nˑɡrˑa

BAG ɡor̩e̠s BAG s�̽ɡ BAG lenˑɡrˑi

94. ɡoat 95. doɡ 96. snake

OAR seli OAR kukur OAR sab

OCU tʃ̩ĥelˑi OCU kukur̩a OCU sapo

HBH bokrˑa HBH kukur HBH sap

BAU tʃ̩eli BAU kowkur̩ BAU sap

BSA tʃ̩eli BSA kowkur̩ BSA sap

BJE tʃ̩eli BJE kukur̩ BJE sap

BKP tʃ̩eli BKP kukur̩ BKP sap

BUM tʃ̩eli BUM kokur̩ BUM sap

BCB tʃ̩eli BCB kowkur̩ BCB sap

BAN tʃ̩er̩i BAN kowkur̩ BAN sap

BAR tʃ̩ĥer̩i BAR kukur̩ BAR sap

(27)

97. monkey 98. mosquito 99. ant

OAR makrˑi OAR bursundi OAR santi

OCU manˑke̠rˑe̠ OCU moʃ̩a OCU matʃ̩i

HBH be̽era HBH ɡu̽dˑi HBH tʃ̩atˑi

BAU makrˑi BAU ɡu̽dˑi BAU tʃ̩atˑi

BSA be̽dⁿr̩a BSA ɡu̽dˑi BSA tʃ̩atˑi

BJE be̽dⁿr̩a BJE ɡu̽dˑi BJE tʃ̩v̠tˑi

BKP makrˑiʔbe̩ndra BKP ɡu̽dˑi BKP tʃ̩ati

BUM be̽dⁿr̩a BUM ɡu̽dˑi BUM tʃ̩ati

BCB bendⁿr̩a BCB ɡu̽dˑi BCB tʃ̩ati

BAN be̽dⁿr̩a BAN ɡu̽dˑi BAN tʃ̩ati

BAR bendⁿr̩a BAR ɡu̽dˑi BAR tʃ̩atˑi

BAG be̽dⁿr̩a BAG ɡu̽dˑi BAG tʃ̩atˑi

100. spider 101. name 102. man

OAR patˑ makrˑi OAR nau OAR danˑrˑa

OCU budhianˑi OCU na.mc̠ OCU moniʃ̩o

HBH makrˑa HBH na̽w HBH me̠nuk

BAU makrˑa BAU na̽ BAU me̠nus

BSA makrˑa BSA naô BSA mane

BJE mv̠krˑa BJE na BJE mv̠nus

BKP makrˑa BKP naô BKP munus

BUM makrˑa BUM naô BUM munus

BCB makrˑa BCB naô BCB mv̠nuk

BAN makorˑa BAN naô BAN –

BAR makrˑa BAR naô BAR munus

BAG makrˑa BAG naô BAG munukĥ

103. woman 104. child 105. father

OAR danˑɡrˑi OAR pila OAR bapa

OCU stⁿr̩i OCU pil.a OCU bapa

HBH bajle HBH – HBH ̤̤

BAU maî̩ tˑoki BAU pila BAU baba

BSA baî̩le BSA pila BSA bua

BJE baî̩le BJE pila BJE bua

BKP baile BKP pila BKP bua

BUM baile BUM pila BUM baba

BCB baile BCB pila BCB bua

BAN baile BAN pila BAN baba

BAR baile BAR pila BAR baba

(28)

106. mother 107. older brother 108. ʏounɡer brother

OAR aiaʔma OAR ana OAR san bai

OCU ma OCU no̽na OCU tʃ̩otˑa bĥai

HBH – HBH – HBH –

BAU aja BAU dⁿadⁿa BAU pila

BSA aja BSA dⁿadⁿa BSA –

BJE aja BJE dⁿadⁿa BJE pila

BKP aja BKP dⁿadⁿa BKP –

BUM aja BUM dⁿadⁿa BUM –

BCB aja BCB dⁿadⁿa BCB –

BAN aja BAN dⁿadⁿa BAN –

BAR aja BAR dⁿadⁿa BAR –

BAG aja BAG dⁿadⁿa BAG –

109. older sister 110. ʏounɡer sister 111. son

OAR bai OAR boini OAR po

OCU dⁿidⁿi OCU bĥouni OCU pu.o

BAU dⁿidⁿi BAU tˑoki BAU betˑa

BSA dⁿidⁿi BSA nuni BSA betˑa

BJE bai BJE tˑoki BJE pi̩la

BKP bai BKP noniʔbohoni BKP betˑa

BUM dⁿidⁿi BUM noni BUM betˑa

BCB dⁿidⁿi BCB noni BCB –

BAN dⁿidⁿi BAN noni BAN betˑa

BAR dⁿidⁿi BAR noni BAR betˑa

BAG dⁿidⁿi BAG noni BAG betˑa

112. dauɡhter 113. husband 114. wife

OAR zi OAR munosʔsami OAR maizi

OCU dʒ̩i.̩o OCU suami OCU stⁿr̩i

BAU betˑi BAU me̠nus BAU majdʒ̩i

BSA betˑi BSA munus BSA baile

BJE toki BJE mune̠s BJE mv̠dʒ̩i

BKP betˑi BKP me̠nus BKP baile

BUM betˑi BUM munus BUM baile

BCB noni BCB munus BCB baile

BAN noni BAN munus BAN baile

BAR betˑi BAR mv̠nus BAR baile

(29)

115. boy 116. ɡirl 117. day

OAR nona OAR noni OAR din

OCU pila OCU dʒ̩io pila OCU dⁿino

HBH – HBH – HBH din

BAU dⁿe̠nˑɡrˑa BAU dⁿe̠nˑɡrˑi BAU me̠jdⁿan

BSA pila BSA tˑoki BSA mv̠dʒ̩dⁿan

BJE pila BJE tˑoki BJE mv̠i̩dⁿan

BKP pila BKP toki BKP dⁿin

BUM pila BUM toki BUM dⁿin

BCB pila BCB toki BCB mv̠dʒ̩v̠n

BAN pila BAN toki BAN dⁿin

BAR pila BAR toki BAR dⁿin

BAG pila BAG toki BAG mv̠̽dʒ̩n

118. niɡht 119. morninɡ 120. noon

OAR rati OAR sakal OAR mundˑ

OCU ratⁿi OCU se̠kalˑa OCU me̠dⁿĥjan.̩a

HBH ratⁿi HBH bian bera HBH –

BAU r̩atⁿi BAU se̠kal BAU mu̽dˑe bela

BSA r̩atⁿi BSA sv̠kr̩a BSA mundber̩a

BJE r̩atⁿi BJE se̠kal BJE mu̽dˑe bel

BKP r̩atⁿi BKP se̠kal BKP mu̽dˑe bela

BUM r̩atⁿi BUM se̠kal BUM me̠̽dˑe ber̩

BCB r̩atⁿi BCB sv̠kar̩ BCB mundeber̩a

BAN r̩at BAN sv̠kale BAN munde bera

BAR r̩atⁿi BAR sv̠kr̩eja BAR mu̽dˑebera

BAG r̩atⁿ BAG sv̠kr̩ija BAG mu̽dˑe ber̩a

121. eveninɡ 122. yesterday 123. today

OAR sonz OAR kali OAR azi

OCU se̠ndⁿĥja OCU kali OCU adʒ̩i

HBH sa̽dʒ̩ bera HBH kali HBH adʒ̩i

BAU se̠̽dʒ̩ BAU kali BAU adʒ̩i

BSA sv̠̽dʒ̩ bera BSA kali BSA adʒ̩i

BJE se̠̽dʒ̩ bela BJE kali BJE adʒ̩i

BKP se̠̽dʒ̩ bela BKP kali BKP adʒ̩i

BUM se̠̽dʒ̩ BUM kali BUM adʒ̩i

BCB sv̠̽dʒ̩ BCB kali BCB adʒ̩i

BAN sv̠̽dʒ̩ber̩a BAN kali BAN adʒ̩i

BAR sv̠̽dʒ̩ bela BAR kali BAR adʒ̩i

(30)

124. tomorrow 125. week 126. month

OAR kalike OAR atˑ OAR mas

OCU asontⁿa kali OCU se̠ptⁿahe̠ OCU maso

HBH kalike HBH hatˑ HBH majna

BAU asiba kali BAU arˑdin BAU mas

BSA kali BSA atˑdin BSA mv̠îna

BJE kv̠li BJE – BJE mv̠s

BKP kali BKP atˑdⁿin BKP mas

BUM kali BUM atˑdin BUM mas

BCB kali BCB v̠ptadin BCB mv̠îna

BAN kali BAN satⁿdin BAN mv̠îna

BAR kali BAR atˑdin BAR mas

BAG kali BAG arˑdin BAG mv̠îna

127. year 128. old 129. new

OAR boros OAR pornatˑa OAR nua

OCU be̠r̩se̠ OCU por̩unˑa OCU nu.̩a̽

HBH bore̠k HBH dʒ̩una HBH nu̽a

BAU be̠r̩e̠s BAU pur̩unˑa BAU nu̽ja

BSA bv̠r̩v̠s BSA dʒ̩una BSA nua

BJE be̠r̩e̠s BJE pur̩nˑa BJE nuv̠

BKP be̠r̩e̠s BKP pur̩unaʔdʒ̩una BKP nua

BUM be̠r̩e̠s BUM dʒ̩una BUM nua

BCB be̠r̩v̠kʔsal BCB dʒ̩una BCB nua

BAN sal BAN dʒ̩una BAN nua

BAR sal BAR dʒ̩una BAR nua

BAG bv̠r̩v̠s BAG dʒ̩una BAG nua

130. ɡood 131. bad 132. wet

OAR bol OAR bol nai OAR dˑatˑam bizla

OCU bĥolo OCU kar̩apo OCU odⁿa

HBH ne̠̽ɡe̠t HBH ne̠slo HBH bhidʒ̩li

BAU niko BAU kaî̩pe̠r̩a BAU bidʒ̩la

BSA atʃ̩a BSA v̠tʃ̩ĥa nuaj BSA kv̠tʃ̩a

BJE dˑe̠ul BJE patˑkv̠r̩ BJE bidʒ̩lv̠

BKP niko BKP be̠lta nai BKP bidʒ̩la

BUM atʃ̩ĥaʔbĥolo BUM ne̠slaʔkar̩apo BUM bidʒ̩la

BCB atʃ̩ĥa BCB v̠tʃ̩ĥa nuaj BCB bidʒ̩la

BAN v̠tʃ̩ĥa BAN v̠tʃ̩ĥa nuaj BAN bidʒ̩la

BAR v̠tʃ̩ĥa BAR v̠tʃ̩ĥa n�̽aje BAR bidʒ̩la

(31)

133. dry 134. lonɡ 135. short

OAR sukla OAR dˑenˑ OAR sotˑ

OCU suka OCU lomba OCU tʃ̩otⁿia

HBH suklo HBH lam HBH nani

BAU sukla BAU dˑenˑ BAU butˑi

BSA sukla BSA dˑenˑ BSA dⁿv̠tⁿv̠k dˑenˑ

BJE suklv̠ BJE dˑe̽ɡ BJE tʃ̩otˑ

BKP sukla BKP denɡ BKP sur̩u

BUM sukla BUM de̽ɡ BUM ke̠nsa

BCB sukla BCB lv̠m BCB sur̩u

BAN sukla BAN dˑenˑ BAN nani

BAR sukla BAR lv̠m BAR sur̩u

BAG sukla BAG – BAG sur̩u

136. hot 137. cold 138. riɡht

OAR top OAR kakor OAR uza

OCU ɡor̩amo OCU tⁿĥe̠nda OCU dⁿahano

HBH te̠plo HBH sitˑ HBH udʒ̩a

BAU tⁿe̠pla BAU kake̠r BAU budʒ̩ni

BSA tⁿe̠pla BSA kakv̠r BSA budʒ̩ni

BJE tⁿe̠pla BJE kv̠ke̠r̩ BJE budʒ̩ni

BKP tⁿe̠pla BKP kake̠r̩ BKP budʒ̩ni

BUM tⁿe̠pla BUM kake̠r̩ BUM budʒ̩ni

BCB tⁿv̠pla BCB ni.̩la BCB budʒ̩ni

BAN tⁿv̠pla BAN sitv̠r̩la BAN kaîba

BAR tⁿv̠pla BAR kakv̠r̩ʔnila BAR buzni

BAG tⁿv̠pla BAG sitⁿv̠r̩la BAG budʒ̩ni

139. left 140. near 141. far

OAR dˑeba OAR loɡe OAR dur

OCU ba.̩mo OCU pa.̩ko OCU dˑurˑo

HBH dˑebr̩i HBH le̠ɡe HBH lapi

BAU dˑebr̩i BAU le̠ɡe BAU dⁿur̩

BSA debr̩i BSA lv̠ɡe BSA lapi

BJE dˑebr̩i BJE le̠ɡe BJE dⁿur̩

BKP debr̩i BKP le̠ɡe BKP dⁿur̩

BUM dˑebr̩i BUM le̠ɡe BUM dⁿur̩

BCB debr̩i BCB lv̠ɡe BCB lapi

BAN dˑebr̩i BAN lv̠ɡe BAN lapi

BAR debr̩i BAR lv̠ɡe BAR dⁿur̩

(32)

142. biɡ 143. small 144. heavy

OAR bodˑ OAR san OAR botʃ̩

OCU borˑo OCU sano̽ OCU bharˑi

HBH borˑe HBH nani HBH bodʒ̩

BAU be̠rˑe̠ BAU sur̩u BAU bodʒ̩

BSA – BSA sur̩u BSA bodʒ̩ĥ

BJE be̠rˑta BJE tʃ̩otˑ BJE bodʒ̩

BKP be̠rˑe̠ BKP san BKP badʒ̩ĥ

BUM be̠rˑe BUM sur̩u BUM bodʒ̩ĥ

BCB bv̠rˑe BCB sur̩u BCB bodʒ̩ĥ

BAN bv̠rˑe BAN – BAN bv̠dʒ̩ĥ

BAR bv̠rˑe BAR sur̩u BAR boz

BAG bv̠rˑe BAG sur̩u BAG bv̠dʒ̩v̠n

145. liɡht 146. above 147. below

OAR olu OAR upre OAR tole

OCU usaso OCU uporˑo OCU tolo

HBH po�̽ɡ HBH upre HBH khale

BAU usas BAU upr̩e BAU tⁿale

BSA – BSA upr̩e BSA tⁿv̠le

BJE usas BJE upr̩e BJE tⁿe̠l

BKP usas BKP upr̩e BKP tⁿe̠lˑe

BUM usas BUM upe̠r BUM tⁿe̠lˑ

BCB – BCB upr̩e BCB tⁿv̠le

BAN – BAN upr̩e BAN tⁿv̠le

BAR usas BAR upr̩e BAR tⁿv̠le

BAG – BAG upr̩e BAG tv̠le

148. white 149. black 150. red

OAR dobla OAR kalia OAR ronˑ

OCU dⁿhola OCU kolˑa OCU ronˑo

HBH po̽dˑri HBH ke̠rea HBH re̠ɡre̠ɡa

BAU dⁿhob BAU ke̠lija BAU r̩e̠nˑ

BSA pondr̩a BSA kar̩ija BSA lol

BJE dⁿob BJE kv̠lija BJE r̩anˑ

BKP dⁿob BKP ke̠la BKP r̩anˑ

BUM po̽dr̩a BUM ke̠rija BUM r̩anˑɡ

BCB pondr̩a BCB kv̠r̩ija BCB lal

BAN pondr̩a BAN kar̩ija BAN lal

BAR po̽dˑr̩a BAR kar̩ija BAR lal

(33)

151. one 152. two 153. three

OAR ek OAR dui OAR tin

OCU eko OCU du.̩i OCU tⁿini

HBH ɡotˑe̠k HBH dui HBH tin

BAU ek BAU dⁿui BAU tⁿin

BSA ek BSA dⁿui BSA tⁿin

BJE ek BJE dⁿui BJE tⁿin

BKP ek BKP dⁿui BKP tⁿin

BUM ɡotˑek BUM dⁿui BUM tⁿin

BCB ek BCB dⁿui BCB tⁿin

BAN ek BAN dⁿui BAN tⁿin

BAR e̩k BAR dⁿui BAR tⁿin

BAG e̩k BAG dⁿui BAG tⁿin

154. four 155. five 156. six

OAR tʃ̩ari OAR pantʃ̩ OAR tʃ̩o

OCU tʃ̩arˑi OCU pantʃ̩c̠ OCU tʃ̩e̠

HBH tʃ̩ar̩ HBH pa̽tʃ̩ HBH tʃ̩aj

BAU tʃ̩ar̩ BAU pa̽tʃ̩ BAU tʃ̩e̠

BSA tʃ̩ar̩ BSA pa̽tʃ̩ BSA tʃ̩v̠i

BJE tʃ̩ar̩ BJE pa̽tʃ̩ BJE tʃ̩v̠

BKP tʃ̩ar̩ BKP pa̽tʃ̩ BKP tʃ̩he̠

BUM tʃ̩ar̩ BUM pa̽tʃ̩ BUM tʃ̩he̠

BCB tʃ̩ar̩ BCB pa̽tʃ̩ BCB tʃ̩he

BAN tʃ̩ar̩ BAN pa̽tʃ̩ BAN tʃ̩he

BAR tʃ̩ar̩ BAR pa̽tʃ̩ BAR tʃ̩he

BAG tʃ̩ar̩ BAG pa̽tʃ̩ BAG tʃ̩he

157. seven 158. eiɡht 159. nine

OAR sat OAR atˑ OAR no

OCU sato OCU atˑĥo OCU nao

HBH sat HBH a̽tˑ HBH no̽

BAU satⁿ BAU a̽.̩tˑĥ BAU ne̠

BSA satⁿ BSA a̽tˑ BSA nv̠

BJE sv̠tⁿ BJE atˑ BJE no

BKP satⁿ BKP atˑĥ BKP ne̠

BUM satⁿ BUM atˑĥ BUM ne̠

BCB satⁿ BCB a̽tˑ BCB nv̠û

BAN satⁿ BAN a̽tˑ BAN nv̠ô

BAR satⁿ BAR atˑ BAR nv̠û

(34)

160. ten 161. eleven 162. twelve

OAR dos OAR eɡaro OAR baro

OCU daso OCU eɡarˑo OCU barˑo

HBH de̠s HBH – HBH –

BAU dⁿe̠s BAU eɡar̩e̠ BAU bar̩e̠

BSA dⁿv̠s BSA iɡar̩a BSA bar̩a

BJE dⁿv̠s BJE eɡar̩ BJE bar̩

BKP dⁿas BKP eɡar̩ BKP bar̩

BUM dⁿas BUM eɡar̩o BUM bar̩

BCB dⁿv̠s BCB iɡar̩a BCB bar̩a

BAN dⁿv̠s BAN ɡiar̩a BAN bar̩a

BAR dⁿv̠s BAR iɡar̩v̠ BAR bar̩a

BAG dⁿv̠s BAG ɡiar̩a BAG bar̩o

163. twenty 164. one hundred 165. Who?

OAR korˑeʔsalɡa OAR soie OAR kon

OCU korˑi.̩e OCU saho OCU kie

HBH korˑi HBH pa̽tʃ̩korˑi HBH kon

BAU se̠lɡa BAU se̠j BAU kon

BSA bis BSA so BSA kon

BJE korˑe BJE pa̽tʃ̩korˑi BJE kon

BKP korˑe BKP se̠jeʔpa̽tʃ̩korˑi BKP kon

BUM korˑe BUM pa̽tʃ̩korˑi BUM kon

BCB bis BCB so BCB kon

BAN bis BAN so BAN kon

BAR bis BAR so BAR kon

BAG bis BAG so BAG kon

166. What? 167. whereʡ 168. when?

OAR kai OAR koi OAR kebe

OCU kono̽ OCU keuntar̩e OCU kebe

HBH kaj HBH ke̠ha̽ HBH kebe

BAU kaije BAU konti BAU kerˑdaj

BSA kaj BSA kontiʔkene BSA kv̠rdⁿaj

BJE kaje BJE kontⁿi BJE ke̠rˑdⁿai

BKP kaj BKP kontⁿi BKP ke̠rˑe̠k

BUM kaj BUM kontⁿane BUM ke̠rˑdⁿaj

BCB kaj BCB kene BCB kv̠rˑv̠k dⁿaj

BAN kaj BAN kene BAN kv̠rˑdⁿaî

BAR kaje BAR konti BAR kv̠rˑdⁿaj

(35)

169. how many? 170. what kind? 171. this

OAR ketek OAR – OAR etˑa

OCU ketⁿe OCU kemitⁿi OCU eitˑa

HBH kitlo HBH – HBH e

BAU ke̠tⁿ BAU kentⁿatˑa BAU ita

BSA kv̠tⁿv̠k BSA ke̩mtⁿa BSA eta

BJE ke̠tⁿe̠k BJE kentⁿa BJE etˑa

BKP ke̠tⁿe̠k BKP ke̠mta BKP eta

BUM ke̠tⁿe̠k BUM kentⁿa BUM ita

BCB kv̠tⁿv̠k BCB – BCB –

BAN kv̠tⁿv̠k BAN – BAN –

BAR kv̠tⁿv̠k BAR kv̠sv̠n BAR e̩ita

BAG kv̠tⁿv̠k BAG kv̠sv̠n BAG e̩ta

172. that 173. these 174. those

OAR setˑa OAR etˑamon OAR setˑamon

OCU seitˑa OCU eisabu OCU seisabu

HBH hun HBH eme̠n HBH hunme̠n

BAU ajta BAU itame̠n BAU ajtame̠n

BSA ha̽ita BSA e̩v̠tⁿv̠k BSA ha̽iv̠tv̠k

BJE ai̩tˑa BJE etˑaman BJE aîtaman

BKP aîta BKP etaman BKP aîtaman

BUM aîta BUM ajtaman BUM ajtaman

BCB – BCB e̩v̠tv̠k BCB a̽jv̠tⁿv̠k

BAN – BAN e̩sv̠bu BAN a̽isv̠b

BAR a̽eta BAR e̩sv̠bu BAR a̽esv̠bu

BAG ha̽î BAG e̩sv̠bu BAG ha̽îsv̠bu

175. same 176. different 177. whole

OAR zanla OAR bin rakam OAR puron

OCU se̠man OCU e̠le̠ɡaʔbhino OCU pur̩a

HBH e̠se̠n HBH e̠le̠ɡ HBH phura

BAU se̠man BAU bine bine BAU niko atʃ̩e

BSA sv̠man BSA v̠lv̠ɡlv̠ɡ BSA v̠tʃ̩a

BJE se̠man BJE bin.̩e bin.̩e BJE –

BKP se̠man BKP bhin.̩e bhin.̩e BKP niko atʃ̩aʔatʃ̩a

BUM se̠man BUM bin.̩e bin.̩e BUM tik atʃ̩e

BCB – BCB v̠lv̠ɡlv̠ɡ BCB v̠tʃ̩a

BAN sv̠man BAN v̠lv̠ɡlv̠ɡ BAN v̠tʃ̩a

BAR sv̠man BAR v̠lv̠ɡ BAR v̠tʃ̩a

(36)

178. broken 179. few 180. many

OAR landˑa OAR idˑik OAR bont

OCU banˑɡilaʔpatⁿilo OCU kom OCU bohut

HBH – HBH – HBH kĥube

BAU be̠nˑɡla atʃ̩e BAU k�̽dˑik BAU bistⁿar̩

BSA putla BSA kĥ�̽dˑik BSA khube

BJE bv̠nˑla BJE kidˑik BJE ɡe̠dʒ̩e̠b

BKP phutila BKP kindikma BKP kube

BUM putⁿila BUM kidˑikma BUM kube

BCB putla BCB kh�̽dik BCB khube

BAN putla BAN k�̽dˑik BAN kube

BAR putˑla BAR k�̽dˑikima BAR khube

BAG phutˑla BAG khidˑikma BAG khube

181. all 182. eat 183. bite

OAR sobu OAR kaila OAR sabla

OCU se̠bu OCU kaiba OCU tʃ̩abla

HBH se̠bu HBH khauk HBH tʃ̩abuk

BAU se̠bu BAU ka BAU tʃ̩abla

BSA sv̠bu BSA kĥaila BSA tʃ̩abla

BJE se̠bu BJE ka BJE tʃ̩abla

BKP se̠bu BKP kaila BKP dʒ̩abla

BUM se̠bu BUM kajla BUM tʃ̩abla

BCB sv̠bu BCB kĥaîla BCB tʃ̩abla

BAN sv̠bu BAN kaîla BAN tʃ̩abla

BAR sv̠bu BAR kĥaila BAR tʃ̩abla

BAG sv̠bu BAG kĥaila BAG tʃ̩abla

184. was hunɡry 185. drink 186. was thirsty

OAR buk koritˑla OAR dunkla OAR sos

OCU bĥoko hela OCU pi.̩ba OCU sos

HBH – HBH piuk HBH –

BAU buk ela BAU ka BAU sos

BSA bĥuk laɡla BSA kaîli BSA pias

BJE buk lv̠ɡla BJE ka BJE dⁿaka

BKP buk laɡla BKP kaila BKP sos

BUM buk lv̠ɡla BUM kaila BUM pias

BCB bĥuk laɡla BCB kaîla BCB pias

BAN buk lv̠ɡla BAN kaîla BAN pias

BAR buk laɡlo BAR kaîla BAR sos

(37)

187. sleep 188. lie down 189. sit down

OAR soila OAR dˑulla OAR bosla

OCU nido OCU porˑiɡola OCU bosiba

HBH souk HBH souk HBH bosuk

BAU so BAU dul.̩a BAU be̠sla

BSA soila BSA dˑul BSA bv̠sla

BJE se̠jr̩e̠la BJE dˑuli BJE be̠sla

BKP soi̩la BKP duli BKP be̠sla

BUM soi̩la BUM – BUM be̠sla

BCB soîla BCB – BCB be̠sla

BAN soîla BAN – BAN bv̠sla

BAR soîla BAR – BAR bv̠sla

BAG soîla BAG so BAG bv̠sla

190. ɡive 191. burn 192. die

OAR dela OAR podˑla OAR morla

OCU dⁿeba OCU dʒ̩oliba OCU morˑono̽

HBH deuk HBH dˑe̠suk HBH moruk

BAU dⁿela BAU dⁿv̠r̩la BAU me̠rla

BSA dⁿela BSA dⁿv̠r̩la BSA me̠rla

BJE dⁿela BJE dⁿe̠rla BJE me̠r̩la

BKP dⁿela BKP dⁿe̠r̩la BKP me̠rla

BUM dⁿela BUM dⁿe̠r̩la BUM me̠rla

BCB dⁿela BCB dⁿv̠r̩la BCB mv̠r̩la

BAN dⁿela BAN pv̠rˑla BAN mv̠r̩la

BAR dⁿela BAR dⁿv̠r̩la BAR mv̠rla

BAG dⁿela BAG porˑla BAG mv̠rla

193. kill 194. fly 195. walk

OAR moraila OAR udˑla OAR indˑla

OCU marˑiba OCU udˑutʃ̩i OCU tʃ̩aliba

HBH morauk HBH urˑuk HBH h�̽dˑuk

BAU mar̩ila BAU urˑla BAU �̽dˑla

BSA marla BSA urˑla BSA �̽dˑla

BJE marla BJE urˑla BJE idˑila

BKP mar̩ila BKP urˑiɡe̠la BKP �̽dˑila

BUM mar̩ai̩la BUM urˑla BUM �̽dˑla

BCB mar̩la BCB urˑla BCB �̽dˑla

BAN mar̩la BAN urˑla BAN �̽dˑla

BAR mar̩la BAR urˑla BAR �̽dˑla

(38)

196. run 197. ɡo 198. come

OAR palaila OAR ɡala OAR aila

OCU doudiba OCU dʒ̩iba OCU a.̩so

HBH ɡe̠dbe̠duk HBH dʒ̩auk HBH euk

BAU pe̠lajla BAU ɡe̠le̠ BAU aila

BSA pv̠r̩bla BSA ɡv̠la BSA aila

BJE pv̠leila BJE ɡv̠la BJE v̠sla

BKP pe̠lela BKP ɡe̠la BKP aila

BUM ɡe̠dⁿbe̠dla BUM ɡe̠la BUM aila

BCB pv̠r̩aîla BCB ɡv̠la BCB aila

BAN pv̠r̩aîla BAN ɡv̠la BAN aila

BAR pv̠r̩aîla BAR ɡv̠la BAR aila

BAG pv̠r̩aîte BAG ɡv̠la BAG aila

199. speak 200. hear 201. see

OAR kataoila OAR sunla OAR disla

OCU kc̠hila OCU suno OCU dekĥo

HBH boluk HBH sunuk HBH de̠kuk

BAU sanˑɡla BAU sunla BAU dⁿekla

BSA bol.̩a BSA sunla BSA dv̠kla

BJE kv̠i̩laʔsv̠nˑ BJE suntⁿe BJE dⁿektⁿe

BKP bola BKP sunla BKP de̠kla

BUM sanˑɡla BUM sunla BUM de̠kla

BCB bol.̩a BCB sunla BCB dekla

BAN bol.̩a BAN sunla BAN dekla

BAR ɡotˑaila BAR sunla BAR dekla

BAG bol.̩a BAG sunla BAG dekĥlo

202. ɪ 203. you inf. 204. you form.

OAR mui OAR tui OAR –

OCU mu̽ OCU tⁿu OCU apono

HBH mo̽j HBH tui HBH –

BAU mu̽j BAU tⁿuj BAU tⁿe̠me

BSA mv̠̽j BSA tⁿuî BSA tⁿomi

BJE mu̽i BJE tⁿui BJE tⁿumi

BKP mu̽i BKP tⁿui BKP tuîsian

BUM mu̽i BUM tⁿui BUM tomi

BCB mu̽i BCB tⁿuî BCB tuîsian

BAN muî BAN tⁿuî BAN tⁿomisian

BAR mv̠̽je BAR tⁿumi BAR –

(39)

205. he 206. she 207. we ̆incl.̃

OAR se OAR se OAR amu

OCU se OCU se OCU ampe

HBH – HBH – HBH ami

BAU aj pila BAU aj tˑoki BAU ami

BSA ha̽i pila BSA ha̽i tˑoki BSA ami sv̠bu

BJE ai pila BJE ai tˑoki BJE ami se̠bu

BKP ai pila BKP ai tˑoki BKP ame

BUM aj pila BUM aj tˑoki BUM ami

BCB a̽i pila BCB a̽i toki BCB ami sv̠bu

BAN ha̽j pila BAN ha̽j toki BAN ami sv̠bu

BAR a̽i pila BAR a̽i tˑoki BAR ami

BAG haj pila BAG haj toki BAG ami sv̠bu

208. we excl.̃ 209. you pl.̃ 210. they

OAR amu OAR tomu OAR se lok

OCU ampe OCU tome mane OCU se mane

HBH ame̠n HBH – HBH hun me̠n

BAU ami BAU tⁿe̠me me̠n BAU ajme̠n

BSA ami BSA tⁿomi sv̠bu BSA ha̽jme̠n

BJE am BJE tⁿom.̩e̠n BJE ajme̠n

BKP ami BKP tⁿami BKP aimane

BUM ami BUM tⁿomi me̠n BUM ajme̠n

BCB ami BCB tv̠mi sv̠bu BCB a̽jme̠n

BAN ami BAN tomi sv̠bu BAN ha̽jmv̠n

BAR ami BAR tⁿui sv̠bu BAR a̽i sv̠bu

(40)

34

Appendix B: Texts and questions

B.1 BKP Text

Kotpad (BKP) tiger story given at Tondaguda village, Kotpad Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa (6 March 1989).

Key:

\n number of sentence \p phonetic transcription

\g literal word for word translation \f free translation

\n 1

\p mu̽ aɡr̩e e dʒ̩u saukar̩ke̠tⁿha ekake̠�̩̂bi \g I now rich-man story one will-tell \f I will now tell a story about a rich man

\n 2

\p saukar̩sanˑɡr̩e dʒ̩antⁿilu dʒ̩au dʒ̩auba bar̩e̠ ɡhe̠̽tr̩atⁿier̩nla \g rich-man with going-we go go 12 o’clock night became \f we were traveling with this rich man and it became midnight

\n 3

\_{p bar̩a ɡe̠̽nta r̩atⁿi e̩nne a.̩u se dʒ̩au me̠dʒ̩hikome̠nr̩e be̠rˑe̠ baɡhe̠tatʃ̩hekla} \g 12 hour night at coming in-the-forest big tiger met

\f at midnight we were walking when we met a big tiger

\n 4

\p be̠rˑe̠ baɡ tʃ̩hekla ketⁿe dⁿur̩ pe̠r̩dʒ̩je̠ntⁿ mote r̩e̠nˑɡai r̩e̠nˑɡai r̩e̠nˑɡai \g big tiger met how far up-to me-to follow follow follow

\f after we met the big tiger it began to follow me

\n 5

\p se̠ɡv̠rˑku nela se̠ɡv̠rˑku nela ame dⁿuîlok tⁿilu se se̠ɡv̠rˑr̩e dⁿuîlok tⁿeîlati \g cart took cart took we two men were from cart two men were

\f two of us took a cart and got into it

\n 6

\_{p se se̠ɡrˑku batr̩e neiki tʃ̩hekla} \g from cart road taking met

\f we took the cart from where we had met on the road

\n 7

\p t_ʃ̩ekbaku kis _{upaj ke̠r̩bi mor̩tⁿ upaj nadise ke̠mtⁿa budⁿake̠r̩bube bolike̠r̩i} \g meeting which may do my may not-see what idea doing saying

\f after meeting the tiger again we asked each other, “what should we do?”

\n 7a