PENGARUH PASTA GIGI MENGANDUNG XYLITOL DAN FLUORIDE DIBANDINGKAN PASTA GIGI MENGANDUNG FLUORIDE TERHADAP PLAK GIGI (Studi pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro )

(1)

49

[serial online]. [cited 2014 feb 12]. Available from:

http://usupress.usu.ac.id/files/Menuju Gigi dan Mulut sehat_pencegahan dan pemeliharaan_Normal

2. Anonymous. Gigi sehat bebas plak. [serial online]. 2004 [cited 2010 Sept 18]. Available from:

http://www.indonesiamediacom/2004/10/early/kesehatan/kesehatan-1004makanan.htm

3. Dentistrymolar. Proses Gigi Berlubang ( karies ) [homepage on the internet].[updated 2014 feb 12; cited 2014 feb 15]. Available from: http://dentistrymolar.wordpress.com/2014/02/12/proses-gigi-berlubang-karies/

4. Dermawan T. Efektivitas menyikat gigi dengan pasta gigi mengandung Kombinasi sodium bicarbonate dan lima ekstrak herbal alami terhadap akumulasi plak gigi. Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia; 2006.

5. Anonymous. Gigi sehat bebas plak. [serial online]. 2004 [cited 2010 Sept 18]. Available from:

http://www.indonesiamediacom/2004/10/early/kesehatan/kesehatan-1004makanan.htm

6. Daliemunthe SH. Obat kumur dan kesehatan periodontium. Majalah kedokteran gigi Universitas Indonesia 1998: 17-22

7. Media Medika Muda. Pengaruh pemberian teh hijau (camellia sinensis) terhadap pembentukan plak gigi [seri online]. 2006 [cited 2014 feb 12] Available from: http;//www.m3undip.org/ed2/artikel_01_fulltex_01.html 8. Sasmita Inne Suherna, Atlette Suzy PP, Muttawin halim. Gambaran pasta

gigi yang mengandung herbal terhadap penurunan indeks plak. [serial online]. 2009 [cited 2014 feb 12]. Available from:

(2)

http://pustaka.unpad.ac.id/wpcontent/uploads/2009/05/herbal_pinikgasby. pdf

9. Anonymous. Dasar Pembuatan Pasta Gigi [homepage on the Internet]. c2006 [cited 2014 feb 12]. Available from:

http://rachdie.blogsome.com/2006/10/17/dasar-pembuatan-pasta-gigi/ 10. Anonymous.What is xylitol . Diabetic Delight FoodsInc Sweet. [internet]

2005-2007. ( cited 2014 feb 12 ) Avaiable from: URL:

http://www.xylitolcanada.com/what.htm

11. Resti, EI auerkari, AT Sarwono. Pengaruh Pasta Gigi Mengandung Xylitol Terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans Serotipe E. 2008. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.

12. Natamiharja L, Hiskia Z, Dorlina. Pengalaman karies gigi, status periodontal dan perilaku oral hygiene pada siswa kelas VI SD, kelas III SMP, dan kelas III SMA kecamatan Medan Baru. 2008;13(2): VOL 13, 2008. Dental Journal.

13. Nurin Aisyiyah Listyasari. Pengaruh Pasta Gigi Dengan Kandungan Propolis Terhadap Pembentukan Plak Gigi. 2012. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro

14. Loesche W.J. Dental caries in treatable infection. Springfield, illionis. 1992: 67

15. Jamilah, Mariyam. Perbandingan Efektifitas Pasta Gigi yang Mengandung Ekstrak Daun Sirih dan Fluor Terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans (in vitro); 2010.

16. Anggraeni. Plak gigi [home on the internet].2007 [updated 2014 feb 12] available from: http://www.anggraeni83.wordpress.com

17. Putri MH, Herijulianti E, nurjannah N. Deposit yang melekat pada permukaan gigi. In: ilmu pencegahan peyakit jaringan keras dan jaringan pendukung gigi.Jakarta: 2010; 56-57

18. Lindhe J. Textbook of clinical periodontology, 2nd _{ed. Munksgaard,} Copenhagen; 1990: 93-128

(3)

19. Hake SK. Micribiology of dental plaque {homepage on the internet}. (cited 2014 feb 12) available from:

http://www.dent.ucla.edu/pic/members/microbio/mdphome.html

20. Controlling dental plaque [homepage on the internet]. C2003 [updated 14 feb 12 ]. Avaible from: http;//www.totaldentistry.co.uk/dentalplaque.html 21. Van PH, Backer D. plak gigi. In: houwink B, editors. Ilmu kedokteran gigi

pencegahan. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University press,1993; p.59-101. 22. Pyrus malus. [serial online]. 2007 [cited 2014feb 12]. Available from:

http;//www.iptek.apijii.or.id/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku/1-30.pdf

23. Kerr DA, Major M. an introduction to general and oral pathologyfor hygienist. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1998;p. 309-50

24. Simposium I. gigi sebagai focus infeksi oleh Undip Fakultas kedokteran Kedokteran. Semarang : FK UNDIP, 1978; hal. 35-36

25. Carranza FA, Newman MG, takei HH. Clinic periodontology, 9th ed. Philadelphia; WB Saunders company, 2002

26. Edgar WM. Sugar substitutes chewing gum and dental caries [hompage on the internet].1998 (cited 2014 feb 12) available : http;//wwwncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez

27. Burt BA. The use of sorbitol and xylitol sweetened chewing gum in caries control. J Am Dent Assoc 2006; 137(2);190-96. (cited 2014 feb 12) Available from: http://jad.jad.org/

28. Makkinen KK. History safety and dental properties of xylitol.(cited 2014 feb 12) available from: URL; http://wwwxylitolorg.com

29. Ahli Gizi Indonesia. Kamus Gizi Pelengkap Kesehatan Keluarga. Jakarta : Penerbit Buku Kompas; 2009.

30. Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW. Biokimia Harper. Jakarta : EGC, 2003 : 138-47

31. Sulistiadi W. Pengaruh pengunyahan permen karet dengan pemanis xylitol terhadap penurunan risiko karies gigi. Indonesia journal of dentistry 2007; 14(2): 153-56

(4)

32. Tapiainen T, kontiokari T, Sammalkivi L, Lkaheimo I, koskela M, Uhari M. Effect of xylitol on growth of streptococcus pneumonia in the presence of fructose and sorbitol. (cited 2014 feb 12) Available from: URL,: http//www.aac.asm.org/

33. Panjaitan, M. 1997. Ilmu pencegahan Karies Gigi. Edisi 1. Medan: USU Press.

34. Kidd, E. A. M. dan Bechal, S. J. Dasar-dasar Karies, Penyebab, dan Penanggulangannya. Alih bahasa oleh Narlan Sumawinata dan Safrida Faruk.1992. Jakarta: EGC.

35. Sano, H., Nakasyima, F. dan Y., Phantumvanit, P. 2007. Effect of a Xylitol and Fluoride Containing Toothpaste on the Mineralization of Human Enamel in Vitro. Journal of Oral Science, Vol. 49 (1): 67-73. 36. Angela, A. 2005. Pencegahan Primer pada Anak yang Beresiko Karies

Tinggi. Majalah Kedokteran Gigi (Dental Journal). Vol. 38 (3): 130-134. 37. Yanti, S. 2002. Topikal Aplikasi Pada Gigi Permanen Anak. Medan: USU

e-Repository.

38. Lubis. S.L.A. 2001. Fluor dalam Pencegahan Karies Gigi. Medan: USU e-Repository.

39. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN Guideline. Preventing dental caries in children at high caries risk; targeted prevention of dental caries in the permanent teeth of 6–16 years olds presenting for dental care. Edinburgh: SIGN Publication 2000; 47:1–32.

40. Adelstein R. ToothPaste Ingredients. Journal BencoDental 2009; desember 41. Nadhia A, Sunariani J. Penurunan Sensitivitas Rasa Manis Akinat Pemakaian Pasta Gigi yang mengandung Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 5%. Jurnal PDGI 2009 ; mei ; Hal 10-13

42. Lemeshow, S. & David W.H.Jr, 1997. Besar Sampel dalam Penelitian Kesehatan (terjemahan), Gadjahmada University Press, Yogyakarta

43. Kurnia K. Apel, mengatasi beragam penyakit. [serial online]. c2007 [cited 2014 Juni 25]. Available from: http://www.mdli.or.id/

(5)

44. M.Sopiyudin Dahlan. Statistik untuk kedokteran dan kesehatan. Jakarta. Penerbit: Salemba medika; 2011.

45. Muthia Mutmainnah. Pengaruh Pasta Gigi Yang Mengandung Ekstrak Daun Sirih Dalam MengurangiI Plak Dan Ginggivitis Pada Ginggivitis Marginalis Kronis. 2013. Makassar; Universitas Hasanuddin.

46. Heyne, K. 1987. Pertumbuhan Berguna Indonesia. Jilid II. Cetakan I. Yayasan Sarana Wana Jaya Jakarta: 622-627.

47. Anonim, 2007, Antioksidan dan Radikal Bebas, http://www.chem-is-try.org.

(6)

Lampiran 1

Formulir Data Dasar Subjek Penelitian

No. urut : ...

Nama : ...

Umur : ..……….

Tanggal : ...

No Gigi Skor Plak pada

Permukaan Bukal

Skor Plak pada Permukaan Lingual

1. 1.2

2. 2.4

3. 3.2

4. 3.6

Skor plak = jumlah skor plak pada seluruh permukaan gigi yang diperiksa jumlah permukaan gigi yang diperiksa

(7)

Lampiran 2

Lembar

Ethical Clearance

(8)

(9)

(10)

Lampiran 4

Hasil Pengolahan Data SPSS Explore

Tanpa xylitol dan flouride

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

tanpa sebelum 10 100.0% 0 .0% 10 100.0%

tanpa sesudah 10 100.0% 0 .0% 10 100.0%

Descriptives

Statistic Std. Error

tanpa sebelum Mean 2.1350 .13190

95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 1.8366 Upper Bound 2.4334 5% Trimmed Mean 2.1322 Median 2.1600 Variance .174 Std. Deviation 1.7130 Minimum 1.66 Maximum 2.66

(11)

Range 1.00

Interquartile Range .96

Skewness .085 .687

Kurtosis -1.738 1.334

tanpa sesudah Mean 1.7130 .14328

95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 1.3889 Upper Bound 2.0371 5% Trimmed Mean 1.7000 Median 1.6600 Variance .205 Std. Deviation 1.7130 Minimum 1.16 Maximum 2.50 Range 1.34 Interquartile Range .75 Skewness .612 .687 Kurtosis -.747 1.334 Tests of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnova _Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

tanpa sebelum .173 10 .200* _.862 ₁₀ _.081

tanpa sesudah .201 10 .200* _.919 ₁₀ _.345

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

(12)

Paired Samples Test Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper

Pair 1 tanpa sebelum -tanpa sesudah

.42200 .56470 .17857 .01804 .82596 2.363 9 .042

Xylitol + Fluoride

Cases

Valid Missing Total

xylflousebelum 10 100.0% 0 .0% 10 100.0%

(13)

Descriptives Statistic Std. Error Xylitol dan fouride sebelum Mean 1.9310 .20812 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 1.4602 Upper Bound 2.4018 5% Trimmed Mean 1.8956 Median 1.9150 Variance .433 Std. Deviation .65812 Minimum 1.00 Maximum 3.50 Range 2.50 Interquartile Range .66 Skewness 1.413 .687 Kurtosis 3.679 1.334 xylitol dan fouride sesudah Mean 1.2620 .23629 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound .7275 Upper Bound 1.7965 5% Trimmed Mean 1.2172 Median 1.1600 Variance .558 Std. Deviation .74721 Minimum .33 Maximum 3.00 Range 2.67 Interquartile Range 1.00

(14)

Skewness 1.368 .687 Kurtosis 2.800 1.334 Tests of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnova _Shapiro-Wilk Statisti c df Sig. Statisti c df Sig.

Xylitol dan fouride sebelum

.264 10 .047 .870 10 .100

Xylitol dan fouride sesudah

.197 10 .200* _.891 ₁₀ _.173

*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper

Xylitol dan flouride sebelum

xylitol dan flouride sesudah

.66900 .31586 .09988 .44305 .89495 6.698 9 .000

Fluoride

Cases

Valid Missing Total

fluoride sebelum 10 100.0% 0 .0% 10 100.0%

fluoride sesudah 10 100.0% 0 .0% 10 100.0%

Descriptives

Statistic Std. Error

fluoride sebelum Mean 2.5060 .17819

(15)

for Mean Upper Bound 2.9091 5% Trimmed Mean 2.4700 Median 2.3150 Variance .318 Std. Deviation .56349 Minimum 1.83 Maximum 3.83 Range 2.00 Interquartile Range .65 Skewness 1.503 .687 Kurtosis 2.906 1.334

fluoride sesudah Mean 2.1250 .25682

95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 1.5440 Upper Bound 2.7060 5% Trimmed Mean 2.0928 Median 1.7150 Variance .660 Std. Deviation .81213 Minimum 1.33 Maximum 3.50 Range 2.17 Interquartile Range 1.54 Skewness .773 .687 Kurtosis -1.203 1.334 Tests of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnova _Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic

df Sig.

fluoride sebelum .223 10 .175 .860 10 .076

(16)

Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnova _Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic

df Sig.

fluoride sebelum .223 10 .175 .860 10 .076

fluoride sesudah .242 10 .101 .833 10 .036

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction Transform fluoride

Cases

Valid Missing Total

transformflusebelum 10 100.0% 0 .0% 10 100.0% transformflusesudah 10 100.0% 0 .0% 10 100.0% Descriptives Statistic Std. Error transformflusebelum Mean .3902 .02838 95% Confidence Interval

for Mean Lower Bound_{Upper Bound} .3260_.4544

5% Trimmed Mean .3866 Median .3645 Variance .008 Std. Deviation .08973 Minimum .26 Maximum .58 Range .32 Interquartile Range .11 Skewness .963 .687 Kurtosis 1.418 1.334

(17)

transformflusesudah Mean .3007 .04978 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound .1881 Upper Bound .4133 5% Trimmed Mean .2970 Median .2333 Variance .025 Std. Deviation .15742 Minimum .12 Maximum .54 Range .42 Interquartile Range .31 Skewness .562 .687 Kurtosis -1.548 1.334 Tests of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnova _Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

transformflusesudah .230 10 .142 .860 10 .076

*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviati on Std. Error Mean

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Pair 1 transformflus ebelum -transformflus esudah .08950 .16118 .0509 7 -.02581 .20480 1.7 56 9 .190

(18)

Post Hoc Tests Kruskal-Wallis Test Ranks 10 16,80 10 9,65 10 20,05 30 Kategori pasta gigi

Tanpa Xylitol dan Flouride Xylitol Flouride

Flouride Total Rata-rata skor plak setelah pemakaian

N Mean Rank

Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

skor plak sebelum Between Groups 1.700 2 .850 2.757 .081

Within Groups 8.322 27 .308

Total 10.021 29

skor plak sesudah Between Groups 3.726 2 1.863 3.928 .032

Total 16.535 29

selisih skor plak Between Groups .755 2 .377 .756 .479

Total 14.224 29

Multiple Comparisons

selisih skor plak LSD

(I) kelompok

(J) kelompok

Mean Difference

(I-J) Std. Error Sig.

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound

1 2 .21100 .31587 .510 -.4371 .8591 3 -.17700 .31587 .580 -.8251 .4711 2 1 -.21100 .31587 .510 -.8591 .4371 3 -.38800 .31587 .230 -1.0361 .2601 3 1 .17700 .31587 .580 -.4711 .8251 2 .38800 .31587 .230 -.2601 1.0361

(19)

Test Statisticsa,b 7,374 2 ,025 Chi-Square df Asymp. Sig. Rata-rata skor plak setelah pemakaian

Kruskal Wallis Test a.

Grouping Variable: Kategori pasta gigi b. Ranks 10 12,85 10 17,30 10 16,35 30 Kategori pasta gigi

Tanpa Xylitol dan Flouride Xylitol Flouride

Flouride Total

selisih N Mean Rank

Test Statisticsa,b 1,428 2 ,490 Chi-Square df Asymp. Sig. selisih

Kruskal Wallis Test a.

Grouping Variable: Kategori pasta gigi b.

(20)

Lampiran 5

Foto Hasil Penelitian

Pasta gigi mengandung tanpa xylitoldan flouride

Pasta gigi mengandung xylitoldan flouride

(21)

(22)