Accelerated Chamois Leather Tanning Process Using Hydrogen Peroxide as an Oxidizing Agent

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INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

''

SOEHADI REKSOWARDOJO 2011

''

PROCEEDING

-Theme: Bioenergy, Biobased Product an d Process Development

MAERSK

OIL

Aula Barat

&

Aula Timur ITB

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International Seminar on Chemical Engineering

Soehadi Reksowardojo 2011

Accelerated Chamois Leather Tannin g Process Using Hydrogen

Peroxide as a n Ox idizing Agent

Ono Suparn o*, l ka A. K:irtika, Muslic h, Shiva Amwa liya

Department of Agroindustrial Technolog). Facult)' of Agricultural Engineering and Technolog)', Bogor Agricultural University (IPBJ: Darmaga Campus, PO Box 220, Bogor 16002. Indonesia

• coresponding Autho r: 0110.<>up.irmi'U'iph.ac.id

Abstract. Leather tanning is n process of modifying the structure of collagen fibres, so

animal skin or hide that decays l!asil) b ｴｲ｡ｮｾｬｯｲｭ｣＼ｬ＠ into leather, which is durable and stable to the environmental inllucnces as well as has variety of applications. One of the leather products is oil tanned kather. known as chamob lt:ather. It has unique uses for cleaning, dryi ng, filtration, and ganm!nl. A weakness of chamois leather production practiced nowadays is its oxidation ｰｲｴｨＮＺ｣ｾｾ＠ tlli..i11g ｲ､ＮＱＱｩＧ､ｾ＠ long time, i.e. nine days to t\\O

weeks. The use of an oxidizing agem wus repo1 h.:d to shorten the oxidation process of the tanning. It has been reported that chamois leather can bc produced by using rubber seed oil and oxidizing agent of h)'drogen peroA1t.I..:. 1\1 prop iah.' e:,mJition for the tanning needs to be applied in order to improH: thc ｰｲｯ｣･ｾｳ＠ elfo.:icncy um! IO obtain satisfactory quality leather. In this study, the best O'\idati\>ll time> insiJ.: nnJ ｯｵｴｾｩ､･＠ the rotary drum of the chamois tanning were investigat.:J. l 11c ｯｾｪ･ＮＺｴｩｶ･［＠

or

1his study were to investi gate the effect of oxidation times of the chamois tanning on tltc quality of chamois leather and to determine the best condition of o:-.idution ti1111: for thc tanning accelerated by hydrogen peroxide. The experiment was COllUUl'tcd by lnnning

or

picJ..lcd goatskin for 4, 6. and 8 hours oxidation times inside tho;: rotury drum and I, 2. ,1nd 3 days of oxidation times ouside the drum. The physical and orgar11ilcp1 1c prop,·1 ti.:> o t th1: kathers were tested. This study shows that the physical and M!!anukplic properti.:s of the leathers met the quality requirements for the chamob 11...llhcr. I'll.: bt:,l .:011du11uh ll>r the tanning were oxidation times of 4 hours inside the rowr> dru111 und 2 d.1) s 0t11,i<le th.: rotary drum. Therefore, the use of oxidizing agent could ｾｨｯｮＬＱＱ＠ the 1.1\idati 11 pmcess in the chamois leather production.

Keywords: acceleration, chamois leather. ｬｾｶ､ｲｯｧ｣ｭ＠ fNl'tl.ride oxidation time, rubber seed oil, tanning

1 Introduction

Leather products have many applications and high cclmom ic value. This is due to tanning converts raw skin or hide into leatht:r which is Jurable and stable against physical, biological, and chemical influences, ... o it can be u .ed for variety of applications and products [1 ].

One of leather final products is oil tanned leatlK·r or known as chamois leather. In trad itional practice, production of rht ch.1moi-; ka.hcr is by impregnating wet pickled sheepskin with fish oil in the fulling st11cks anti tlk· n h:mging it in warm stoves for the oil oxidation [2].

Chamois leather is a popular leather article in th.: market, as it has many uses and aesthetic value. The demand for 1he chamois leather in 1he g lobal market increases continuously [3]. Use of the chamois kather is \1·kk.;prcad and diverse. The leather has a

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Suparno et al./ Int. Sem. Chem. Eng. Soehadi Reksowardojo 2011

unique use in filtration of high-grade gasoline, cleaning and drying of optical instruments, manufacturing of gloves, garments, and orthopaedic lent her.

Oil tanning practiced nowadays has some weaknesses, such as requires a long oxidation time, i.e. nine days to two weeks (4, 5}. This causes overall production time becoming relatively long; thereby it reduces the efliciency of the process and directly affects the production capacity of the leather industry.

Our previous study has shown lhat the addition or hydrogen peroxide (H202) was able to

accelerate the oxidation time of the produc1io11 or chamois leather [6]. However,

currently the appropriate oxidation time for chamois leather using rubber seed oil and hydrogen peroxide has not been known. Appropriate O\idation time in the tanning is necessary to improve efficienc) of the process nn<l quali1y of the leather, thus it will increase added value of the product. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of oxidation time in the chamois ianning on the chamois leather quality and to detennine the best condition of oxidation time fo r the tanning accelerated by hydrogen peroxide.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1

Materials and

Equipment

The materials used in this stud> \\.!re pid-led ｧｯ｡ｴｾｫｭＬ＠ rubber seed oil, hydrogen

peroxide, glutaraldehyde (Relugan GT50), degreaser, formic acid, sodium carbonate, and salt. The equipment used in the tanning "ere rctary drum, stacking, buffing machine,

shaving machine, sammying machine, toggle d1') er, and the horses. Physical testing

equipment used were thickness gauge. Kubeika glass apparatus, tensile strength tester (UTM Instron), calliper, and scissors.

22

Methods

2.2.1

Tanning

Tanning process consisted of pl I ｾＮ､ｪｵＡ＾ｴｭ｣ｮｴＬ＠ pret:rnning, fixation, aging, shaving,

washing, oil tanning, washing, lo!;giing, drying, and bufling. The oil tanning was carried out by using a modified method of Suparno ct al. (7). The modifications were the additions of oil diffusion process conducted in the rotary Jrurn for 8 hours and oxidation processes inside the drum for 4, 6, and 8 hours. I he inside rotary drum oxidation process was undertaken by using hydrogen peroxide as O.\idation agent with concentrations of 6% based on the weight of rubber seed oil used. The 11utside rotai) drum (hang on the toggle dryer) oxidation process was carncJ l•ut r,1r 1, 2, .ind 3 da) s. The tanning procedure is shown in Table I .

2.2.2 Leather Testing

Physical and orgnoleptic properties of chamois I thers \\Cre tested. Physical properties,

which were water absorption, tear strength, tensik strength, and elongation at break, were

measured using SLTC methods [8]. Ork .• nolc1 ｴｩｾﾷ＠ p··opcrt'cs. i.e. softness, colour and

odour, were tested by two chamob leather experts.

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[image:9.624.11.569.49.633.2]

Accelerated Chamois Leather Tanning Process Using Hydrogen Peroxide As An Oxidizing Agent

Table 1 Procedure of canning using rubber seed oil (modification from Suparno ct al. [7])

Process Chemical Amount Duration Remark

pH Water 200°0 Drum at 8 rpm

adjustment NaCl 10% 10 mins Measure pH at 3 and

Formic acid 0Be at 8

Pretanning Relugan GTSO 1.5° ., 4 '( 15 Dilute with water 3

Ill ins, then times

lh Drum at 12 rpm

Fixation Sodium formic 1% 4 x 10 Dilute 20 times

mms

Sodium I u ' _,o _{Measure pH at 8}

carbonate Drain

Aging O\ernihht Cover with plastic

Shaving Shave both sides

Washing Water 1000%

I

3 x 15

in ins.

1--Drain _I

Oil tanning Water 200% 10 mins Drum at 8 rpm

Sodium 0.5% I

carbonate I

Rubber seed oil 30°u

l

Leave overnight Drum for 8 h

Oxidation inside ; .J. 6, and 8 Rotate in the drum

the rotary drum hours

Oxidation , 2, and 3 Hang on the tiggle

outside the drum days drier at room

temperature

Washing Sodium 3°0 Stake

carbonate

I

Repeat 3 times

Degreaser 0.2°u I

Water 300%

Drain

Toggling and I day

drying

Buffing Buff both sides

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Water Absorption

Water absorption is the leather ｡｢ｩｬｩｴｾ＠ to absorh water per weight unit of leather and

expressed in percentage. Wat<.:r absorption is an i1 .portanr parameter in determining the quality of chamois leather, as the main U!:iC of the k:ither is as a filtering, cleaning and

drying agents that require high water absorption c:,.,acity. The higher water absorption of the chamois leather, the better its quality.

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Suparno et al. I Int. Sem. Chem . Eng. Soehadi Reksowardojo 2011

Measurement of water absorption was carried out for the first 2 hours of water absorption

by the leather samples. This study shows that '' ·lier absorptions were in the range of

291.4 - 357.6% (Figure 1). In general!, the \\'ater .tbsorption of the chamois leathers in this study met the standard or SN I 06-1752- 1990

l

9

J,

i.e. minimum of I 00%.

Water absorption was affected significantly by o\idation time inside the rotary drum, while oxidation time outside rotary drum and the interaction between those two factors

did not significantly affect the value of water ab 1rption. The highest water absorption

was obtained in the treatment with a combi nation

r

inside rotary drum oxidation time of

4 hours and outside rotary drum oxidation time t •· '•ys (Figure 1 ).

ｾ＠

c

0 +::

e-0

"'

..a

<

...

111

...

nl

;:

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

_._1 Day --Q-2 Days --.- 3 Days

4 6 8

[image:10.624.82.578.42.667.2]

Oxidation Time Inside t• "' Rotary Drum (hour)

Figure 1 The relationship between ox iJa or •· · inside and outside the rotary drum and the water absorption c. •• 1.11nois leather

The treatment of 4 hours inside the rotary drtl'' oxidation time gave a significantly

different effect on the oxidation time of() hours 1 ₈_{hours, whereas the treatment of 6}

hours and 8 hours gave almost the same or no 111 licant effect. Oxidation time of 4

hours gave the highest average value of water nb· pt ion, 344%. This could be due to the

longer oxidation time in the drum c:m k:id t ' ( • , . .: reaction occurs more dominantly on the leather surface, so that "' ht>n th.' k .. ＱＮｾﾷＱ＠ ,idiLed in the open air outside the drum, oxygen from the air can not oxidize the t ii in the deeper layer of the leather,

because it was blocked by the oxidation products 1 the leather surface.

3.2

Tear Strength

Tear strengths of chamois leathers ｲ｣ｳｵｬｴｾﾷｊ＠ i:1 ti · N/mm (Figure 2). In general. tht tear ｾｴＱ｣ＱＱｾｴＡｩ＠ 1 •

1990 (9), where the tear strength must b..: at l..:ast l

ISBN 9713-979-< '

111dy were in the range of 58.4 - 70.8 le.1thers fulfilled the SNI 06-1752-'\ mm.

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Accelerated Chamois Leather Tanning Procr c; Using Hydrogen Peroxide As An

Oxidizing A 'l

Oxidation times inside and outside the drum and ·, · ·raction of both affected significantly

on the leather tear strength. The oxidn.ion 11 out::.ide the drum was assisted by

oxygen from the air, so more oil can bl! 0:-.iJ:ll 1ddition, when oxidation outside the

drum, leather was stretched on a toggle dryer, so 1 1..:re is a dry air flowing on both sides

of the leather that causes the leather was stif.-.· . drier, and stronger inline with the

increases of oxidation time outside the drum. Tlw ＱＮＮＺｾｵｬｴｳ＠ of variance analysis showed that

the oxidation times inside and outside the drum ·1 •d interactions of both factors did not give significantly different effect on tht' \ nluc <'! strength.

One day oxidation time outside the dru111 :•a\ · • treatments of 2 days and 3 days. Treatml'nt of . from treatment of 3 days. Treatment 3 d:iys 01

value, i.e. 64.84 N/mm.

80

70

e

_E 60

ｾ＠

-

z

₅₀

-

.r.

to

c 40

-E

...

VI

...

30

IQ

ｾ＠ 20

10

0

4

Oxidation Time ln-;ic!'

' igni(icnntly different effect on the ys gave significantly different effect le the drnm gave the highest average

_._1 Day -0-2 Days - . - 3 Days

8

[image:11.616.69.556.141.735.2]

• Rotary Drum (hour)

Figure 2 The relationship bet" een oxicl:it ion t' l.!S inside and outside the drum and the tear strength ol dra is 11.!athcr

3.3 Tensile Strength

Tensile strengths of chamois leathers resulted i

of25.0 -32.7 N/ mm2 (Figure 3). In g.: 11.:nrl. th1.· 06-1752-1990 [9], i.e. minimum of75 !'-. 111111 ' .

Oxidation time outside the drum g<n e a signi' tensile strength, while oxidation time inside ｾ＠

those two factors did not give significantly d when the leather is oxidized outsid: 111 .. · I

Oxidation by oxygen for the air occur' ｾｰＱ＠ ·

left in contact with air [10] . In add 1ti(J,1. \\I .11 was stretched on a toggle dryer. so lhi.:rl.! w11s n t causing the leather was stiffer. drier. and strci , ﾷｾﾷ＠

ISBN 97P 9 7

111 this experiment were in the range

!..: s trengths met the standard of SNI

1111ly di fferent effect on the value of

.: drum and the interaction between

The presence of oxygen in the air

• 11 hel p the process of oxidation.

i

r

mnterial containing oil or fat is ion nt outside the drum, the leather .11r flowing on both sides of the leather

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Suparno et al./ Int. Sem Chem. Eng c- .=hadi Reksowardojo 2011

The oxidation time outside the drnm fo r 3 d;i) " ,. on the treatment of I day and 2 days, bu1 Ire: significantly different effect on 2 days trcatme:

gave the highest average value. 30.2 N1_mm:.

35

-

30

N

E E ₂₅

-

z

ｾ＠

--.r;

20

to

_c

ｾ＠

II) 15

41

'iii ₁₀

c

ｾ＠

5

0

4

Oxidation TI me In ;

Figure 3 The relationship between o:-;idalilln' tensile strength ofr

3.4 Elongation at Break

Elongation at breaks of chamois I eat I 1.:1 re 138.3 • 175.7% (Figure 4). Generali). t!loi··

standard ofSNl 06-1752-1990 [9J. i.c • · 11

Oxidation times inside and outside the drum. :• factors did not give significantly di ffL'rt'n l l.'f.t' breaks. This means that the treatments ust· elongation at break of the leathers.

ISBN ('

/8-97Q-not gave significantly different effect

11 of I day outside the drum gave a : reatment of 2 days outside the drum

----

'"'

ｾ＠

-_._ 1 day -G-2 days - . - 3 days

8

Rotary Drum (hour)

·s inside and outside the drum and the 1is leather

11 11·1 this study were in the range of

11 HI breaks of the leathers met the

'0

I as the interaction between those two n the average values of elongation at

ii; tudy gave similar effects on the

[image:12.634.51.574.145.777.2]

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Accelerated Chamois Leather Tanning Pror-ess Using Hydrogen Peroxide As An

Oxidizing I cent

200 180

ｾ＠ 160

ｾ

Ｍ

-.lil: ₁₄₀

Ill

41

...

₁₂₀

co

..

IQ

100

- - -

--c

0

·;; ₈₀

-Ill

tlO

c ₆₀

0 _{_._l day}

w

₄₀

-Q-2 days

20 --.- 3 days

0

4 8

Oxidation Time In i t 1e Rotary Drum (hour)

Figure 4 The relationship between <·xidnt i. 1 1cs inside and outside the drum and the

elong·11io11 : . reak

3.5

Organoleptic

Properties

Organoleptic properties are important p 1_r:i1 leather. The organoleptic properties ol tl.c cha (BSN, 1990).

3.5.1 Softness

Softness of chamois leather is 'ery in1 port • · scratched, as the chamois leathe r is US'1 i:> 1.1 leather tends to increase its water ab ·ni during use.

1r 11 ·tcrmining the quality of chamois ·, leat.1cr are sollness, colour, and odour

'n pre\ ent the items cleaned or dried ,. cl ·m ing 01· drying. Besides that, sofi

ＱＺｾﾷ＠

·

<l ity, .., it will provide comfort

Based on Figure 5, it can be seen that solln1.· f the leathers obtained from this study

were in the range of 4 to 9. This ｭｵｭｾ＠ 1h:1t ti.· , h1css of the leathers were good to very

good.

Oxidation time inside the drum ga', ·1 •

softness, whereas oxidation time out sii : 1i ll' l

factors did not gave significantly di ｦｦｾ＠ 1'1.. 'II 1. ,·

oxidizing agent was inside the drum, s 1 .1s ;i' · ·

optimum than that of when the lcath ·r w:i <> ' •

highest value (8-9) of the softness w:1.; gh ·: 1 time treatment of 8 hours and outsidc I · lni , The inside the drum oxidation tim,• >. r> hours, but they were different signi lic.u Ｇｾ＠ \{1 of 4 hours of oxidation time inside th .:! .ru 1

1 J i ffc1 .:1 t effect on the leather t111d the interaction between those two This is due to the addition of H20 2 as •o o\iJize the oil in the drum was more

·,, 1l1l' open air outside the drum. The

c11t i)·nation of inside drum oxidation

d '·

• :•c; I significantly different from 8 id:1• ,·n time of 4 hours. The treatment

'11.'l' I the IO\\'cst value of softness with

[image:13.628.33.569.87.691.2]

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Suparno et al. / Int. Sem Ch"m. En" ｾｯ｣ｬ＠ Jdi Reksowardojo 2011

the average value of 5.8. Oxidation time of ｾ＠ l•ours inside the drum gave the hights

average value of softness, i.e. 8.2.

10 ｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ

Figure 5 The relationship between o:-.: · 1_{1tion ·} _{"inside and outside the drum and the}

ｳｯｦｴｮ｣ｳｾ＠ ( c,1ai:. i ..:at her

3.5.2 Colour

Colour of chamois leather indicates the le\'d u i.. htne s and ckanliness of the leather.

According to the SNl 06- 1752-1990, prcffcrt' ( llllll" 'lf chamois leather is yellow to nearly white [9).

Organoleptic test on colour providl.!d 1!1e rcsu" range of 7 - 8 (Figure 6). The leathers were p: due to the oxidation of linoleic ghceri k

compound. The yellow colour can al.;, I

extracted together with oxidized oil [ I

OJ.

hat leather colour values were in the , ellow. The yellow colour was mainly I •ning a yellow unsaturated ketone

L'd m prot ·in and nitrogen bases

Oxidation time outside the drum ga-. e :1 -:ig1 · i 11 1ly different effect on the value of

colour, whereas oxidation time inside 1

.1.? drn llld ｴｨｾﾷ＠ interaction between those two

factors did not give signi fi canl l' ffcct. 'I ｨｩｾ＠ ,. h1'' to '' hen the leather was oxidized

outside the drum, the leather \HI S -; trctd1 ··' ta' c; i..:le were in co ntact with the outside

air resulting in further oxidation :.m in.:1 1r in isit) .

The outside the drum oxidat ion time ' · I tLI\

oxidation times of2 and 3 days. whi le · 1•111

not significantly different from 1 d:1ys. ( l<;i,k the highest colour values, wi th !he awr.1 · • vn' the lowest average colour va lue of 7 . ., ·; · oxidation time, it will be the longer t! • .-.1 • oxidized, so that the resulting colou r ｩＱＱＱＱＺﾷＱＬｩＱｾ＠ ·

ISBN 97 )7C

. a 0·gnificantly difference effect on

· dru n oxidat ion time of 2 days was d lllll ll'\ idat ion time of I day provided

7.8. Uxidat'on time of 3 days gave · to ti e longer the ouside the drum

1nt.1 with t1e air and more oil is

.,.:J -> brownish yellow. High colour

[image:14.620.60.556.135.622.2]

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Accelerated Chamois Leather Tanri''J Pr0• " Using Hydrogen Peroxide As An

Ox1c ::1ng ＧＧｾ＠

intensity is not desirable for chamois 1 ·ather. • 1ccording to 13SN [9], the preferred

colour of chamois leather is) dlo\\ tu 1 ,. \

10

..

-8

•

--

-

a

-ｾＭＭ］］］＠

ｾ＠

6

:I ,___.

- -

-0

8

4 -

-_._ 1 day

2

-

_{ｾＲ､｡ｹｳ＠}

_,._ 3 days

0

4 8

Oxidation TI me lnsid c Rotary Drum (hour)

Figure 6 The relationship between th · .,jd · 1 1utsil1..: o:..idation times and the colour

uf cl' • oi, 'c ·r

3.5.3 Odour

Odour contained in the chamois leather is g1.·11

leather due to an insufficient ｷ｡ｳｨｩｮｾﾷ＠ nroc,· aesthetic and consumer appeal on the p1

From the odour test, all combinations ofl1l·.it111 · - 8 (Figure 7). This suggests that the comhinnti\ did not give significantly different ･ｦｬｾＬＬ＠ 011 '

chamois leather is dependent upon sufli ｩＺｮ｣ｾ＠

oxidation. Insufficient washing pro('l'SS ' !e ·

generated by the oil residue slicking to

lly cnuscd by oil residue left on the ' lndesirnble odour will decrease the

provided the same odour value, i.e. 7 •f oxidntion times tried in the tanning dour of leather. Generally, odour of

1shin" rroccss of the leather after oil und ·-able odour, since the odour is it is 1.>1 washed away completely.

[image:15.616.126.554.149.603.2]

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Supamo et al. / Int. Sem Che·n. Enq !: 1ehadi Reksowardojo 2011

10

8

5

6

0 "C 0

4

2

0

•

ｾＭＭＭＭＭ

-4

•

__..__ 1 day

-

_{-Q--2 days}

\,/ -Jr-3 days

8

[image:16.628.87.563.76.744.2]

Oxidation TI me Inside t e Rotary Drum (hour)

Figure 7. The relationship between the insid1: · " iutside the drum oxidation times and

the odour f' f ch: leathl'r

4 Conclusion

Combination of oxidation times inside :uid •l'''

process gave influence on the ｱｵ｡ｬｩｴｾ＠ of ' ..

rn

affected water absorption and softness t I Iii

gave effect on tear strength, tensile ＺＮｴｲ｣ｮｾﾷＮｬｩＮ＠ :11 ••

The combination of oxidation times insil' · ｴｨｾﾷ＠ ii··

days was a selected treatment to produc...: th1.: l

chamois leather with the highest w: : '

produced from the treatment show1.:d g,w ｲｾﾷ＠

Tanning with the selected 1reatnM1l 1it

follows: water absorption of357.6%, ｬ｜ＮＧｾＱＱ＠ slrl·

N/mm2, elongation at break of 160.4% '

5 References

[I] Supamo, 0., Covington, A.D .. I\ ; ｾＮＢ＠

Tanning and Dyeing of Leutli. r, .I ' ...:. (2) Sharphouse, J.H., Thc:Ot)' and Pr. , •. ｾﾷＧ＠

Soc. Leather Technol. Chem., 69(" ｾＱ_ｊ＠ [3] Krishnan, S. H., Sundar, Y.J., ｉｾﾷ＠ ""

Studies on ｃｨ｡ｭｯｩｾ＠ Leatlic

Technol. Chem., 89, 260-:26..,, ｾＺﾷ＠

• 1e the drum in the chamois tanning

thcr. 0\idation time inside the drum ·r. C'xidation time outside the drum 1ur of the leather.

' of 4 hours and outside the drum of 2

lois !rather. The treatment produced " l'a, city. In addition, the leather

1ic p:·· )Crlie-;

chan is leather with properties as f 59.3 N/mm, tensile strength of 27.9

col r of7. and odour of 8

·,.,!Ii

I •nin Degradation Products for 'uwl. ·011.:ch., 80(1), 44-49, 2005.

'.:r11 L11a111ois leather Production, J.

ｾＵＮ＠

T., l\lural id haran , C., Sadulla, S.,

1 _{Ｏｳｩｮ} _ｾ＠ _Plant _Oil, _J. _{Soc. Leather}

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Accelerated Chamois Leather Tannr ''3

Prcrr-Oxrc zing,

Using Hydrogen Peroxide As An

t

[4] Hongru, W., Yuanyue, M .. Yue. ' . '" Oil T 1111ing Process Accelerated by

Oxidation with Sodium Pln·ctd>.,1 .-. .' ' ' cat. Technol. Chem. 92, 205-209, [5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10] 2008.

Supamo, 0., Optimi:ation oj Cltw ·11is I,

Amer. Leather Chem. Ass., 105(6). 11\0.,

Supamo, 0 ., Mubarak. S., Thi: E_J rs uf

Chamois leather in th<! Te11111i11" \i11.:

Agricultural Engineering an,. T ·o!o•

Bogor, 2010.

Supamo, 0., Kartika, I.A., Mus li, , C"

Oil, J. Soc. Leather Technol. Ch· 9:

SLTC, Official Methods oj 1

Chemists, Northampton, 1996.

BSN, Indonesia National St.11 I.

Badan Standarisasi 'Jasiorrn

1.

.l.1'

Ketaren, S., lntroduct 1011 10 11•

Jakarta, 2008.

Acknowledgement

The authors thank the Directorat-'

r.

·

Ministry of National Education f1 r it" (

University (IPB) for its faci lit11:s.

r Ta1111i11g Using Rubber Seed Oil, J. ... 010.

' i:g Oxidi:ing Agents on the Quality of

·r S, · ·cl Oil, BSc Thesis, Faculty of

.:o

\gricultural University (IPB),

Leat/1<•r Tanning Using Rubber Seed

;.1 61. '.?009.

..:ty < f Leather Technologists and

"IJOi' I ea1her - SN/ 06-1752-1990,

' /' /"" od Oil and Fat, Ul-Press, ' ··, her rJucation of the Indonesian ·1 f •· 1his study, Bogor Agricultural

Accelerated Chamois Leather Tanning Process Using Hydrogen Peroxide as an Oxidizing Agent

INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Category

International Seminar on Chemical Engineering

Table of Contents

Accelerated Chamois Leather Tannin g Process Using Hydrogen

Equipment

3.1 Water Absorption

3.3 Tensile Strength

ISBN 97P 9 7

3.4 Elongation at Break

Organoleptic

ＱＺｾﾷ＠

10 ｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ

ISBN 97 )7C

3.5.3 Odour

ｾＭＭＭＭＭ

Acknowledgement

Accelerated Chamois Leather Tanning Process Using Hydrogen Peroxide as an Oxidizing Agent

INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Category

International Seminar on Chemical Engineering

Table of Contents

Accelerated Chamois Leather Tannin g Process Using Hydrogen

Equipment

3.1 Water Absorption

3.3 Tensile Strength

ISBN 97P 9 7

3.4 Elongation at Break

Organoleptic

ＱＺｾﾷ＠

10 ｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ Ｍ

ISBN 97 )7C

3.5.3 Odour

ｾ ＭＭＭＭＭ

Acknowledgement

10 ｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ

ｾＭＭＭＭＭ