APPENDIX I
The Summary of Officially Dead
Colin Fenton is a businessman having a company named C.J.F. Software Solution. He runs this company along with his wife, Julie Fenton. Their company
develops computer programs and sells them to a number of large businesses. Colin looks after the company’s finances, the marketing of the software company, and the organization of training courses while Julie is a software developer.
At the beginning of the story, it is described that Colin Fenton is in Brentwood to teach at computer software course to the administrative staff of a company called Sutton Chemicals. In the evening, he goes into a bar. When looking for an empty seat, he meets a perfect double of himself. The double is John Bentley. He is with his wife, Linda Bentley. They work in a jewellery shop. John invites Colin to sit with them and they soon get into a nice conversation.
The meeting with Colin Fenton arises an idea in Linda’s mind about a robbery plan but John refuses it. He has ever been in prison and he has made up his mind not to do robbery again. He does not want to be in prison again. He wants to be a better person. But Linda makes sure that John will not be caught this time.
But after running for some years, the company has a financial problem. The business will not survive unless there are some large orders coming. The company actually is developing some important new software for a big insurance brokers named Jackman’s but unfortunately the contract is not signed yet. But in a few months, everything will be ready and the contract will be signed.
One day when Colin is at his office, he sees a small envelope with his name on it. It is from Linda Bentley. It says that Linda invites him to have dinner at their house. A few weeks after, Colin calls Linda Bentley to set the time for their meeting. It will be on Wednesday evening which is a perfect time according to Linda because she will be alone.
On the following Tuesday, Colin leaves his home in Bath and travels to Brentwood. The next evening, when he is in Brentwood, he starts to regret his agreement to meet the Bentleys because he is exhausted. He decides to call and cancel their meeting but when he looks at his watch, he realizes that it is too late. So he dresses up and goes to the pub where Linda has been waiting for him. For his surprised, John does not join them because he is in Liverpool to watch a football match. Colin does not agree with his meeting only with Linda and asks for another time to meet but Linda insists on their tonight meeting.
The next morning, Linda drives Colin back to his hotel. When reaching the hotel, Colin asks again about Linda’s offering. It seems that he is interested besides he needs money to save his company and Linda’s offering is a suitable option. Linda then explains about what Colin has to do. A few weeks after their meeting, Colin calls Linda and agrees to help. Not just to be John’s alibi but Colin also wants to take part in arranging John’s alibi in their next meeting. His taking part in arranging John’s alibi is because he wants everything to run well without harming somebody.
The date for the robbery is arranged for 10th January. After everything is set, Colin realizes about the risk he is going to face. Colin knows if the robbery does not run according to the plan, there is a possibility that he will be caught and put in a jail. But the money that Linda offers makes him keep straight to the plan and consider that it is only an exciting game. Having finished arranging the robbery plan with Linda Bentley, now it is the time for Colin to deal his wife. Julie does not have to know about the robbery plan so Colin makes a fake meeting out of town.
Meanwhile, John and Linda Bentley are waiting nervously in Brentwood. It is almost midnight but Colin has not phoned yet. They do not know that Colin has an accident and dies. Then two police officers come and inform Linda about “her husband’s death.” Colin’s death makes them have to change the plan into a better one. Everybody will think that John Bentley is dead, not Colin Fenton. There will be a funeral and the body will be cremated. And for the meantime, John has to stay hidden. When the funeral is over and everything is quiet again, John will do the robbery.
Back to Bath, Julie Fenton is working when she has a phone call from Jackman’s asking where Colin is. He does not appear for their meeting. Julie gets angry and as the evening passes, her anger turns into worry because there is still no phone call from Colin. On the next morning, she calls the local police station and makes a report of a missing person. She also makes an advertisement in the national newspaper. Surprisingly, the man trying to save her husband, Mark Ashwood, reads the advertisement and decides to investigate. Recently he went to Linda Bentley’s house to tell her about “her death husband’s last wish.” When he was there, he was shocked because he saw a man’s face who exactly like the face of the man he had seen die. Moreover the man had called out “Linda” not “Julie.” Mark then calls Julie saying he has some information about her husband. Julie agrees to meet him the next day. When they finally meet, Mark tells her about the accident. He also tells her about his visit to Linda Bentley’s house. He ends by saying that Colin Fenton dies in that car accident and his death is being used by other person.
the back of Sandwell’s. John goes out the van and tells Linda to comeback in exactly half an hour. He then unlocks the steel shutter protecting the door and he has twenty seconds to lock the door again by entering the correct code on the keypad of the shop’s security system. He runs along a corridor. Half way along the corridor is the manager’s office and on the wall outside is the keypad. John quickly keys in the six-figure code. Next he closes and locks the door. John walks to the opposite of Mr. Rose’s office door. It is the strong-room where the shop’s main stock is kept, as well as some very valuable stones. John turns the door of the strong-room by entering another correct code. Next he pushes the door open and enters the room. But before taking the precious stones and jewelleries, John takes off his coat and throws it over the camera, so it covers the lens. John does not want his face recorded on the video recorder.
Finishing with video camera John starts taking the precious stones and expensive jewelleries. He checks his waitch. It is five minutes to two. He has another ten minutes before Linda returns with the van. John runs up to the workshop. He checks his watch again. It is five past two. Linda may be arrive at any moment. He hurries the downstairs and at the moment, he hears a van stop outside the back of the shop. He unlocks and open the back doors. Linda has parked the van just outside. They work quickly, lifting the boxes full of precious stones and expensive jewelleries into the back of the van. Having finished with it, John rushes back inside to the keypad and reset the alarm code while Linda starts the van.
the house, and picks up John at the cheap hotel. At first she does not notice that there is a car following her but when she arrives at the hotel, she begins to worry. On their way to a port in Devor, Linda tells John about the car following them. Linda then stops the van and John starts shooting the car. The windscreen of Mark’s car shatters and Julie screams, falling to one side. There is blood on her coat. Mark jumps out of the car and throws himself at John. Mark struggles to hold John’s arms so that he can not fire his gun again. Linda comes from the van, grabs her husband’s gun, and hits Mark on the back of his head with it. Linda and John quickly get into the van and drive on to Dover. As soon as they arrive there, they get onto a ferry for Calais. Nobody stops them at Customs or Passport Control in Calais. A few hours later, they across the French countryside on a train going south, towards Spain and freedom.
Mark wakes several hours later in a hospital bed. He is worried about Julie so he calls a nurse. The nurse tells him that Julie will be fine and both of them will be all right. When they are feeling better, Mark explains the whole story about Colin Fenton, John and Linda Bentley to the police officer visiting them. But it is too late to cacth the Bentleys since they have escaped to Spain. The London Police reports the crime to Interpol, the international police organization.
APPENDIX II
Richard Prescott’s Biography
Richard Prescott writes English graded books for teachers and students. After many years of teaching comparative literature mostly at the University of Pennsylvania,RichardPrescott retired from teaching as a Distinguished Professor of Literature at Hunter College in 1992. Below are his works:
1. A Practical Handbook on the Illinois Open Meetings Act : 1982
2. Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures, 1960-80 : 1982
3. The Flower Seller : 1992
4. Elementary Level B : 1993
5. Intermediate Level B : 1995
6. Ring of Thieves : 1995
REFERENCES
Azwar, Saifudin. 2004. MetodePenelitian. Yogyakarta : PustakaPelajar.
Balqis, Faiza. 2012. Moral Values Through the Characters in Erich Segals’sThe Class (Thesis).
Beckett, Samuel and Colin Duckworth. 1966. En Attendant Godot : Piece en DeuxActes. London : G. Harrap.
Floyd L. Ruch. 1970. Psychology and Life. Illinois : Scott, Foresman, & Company. Freud, Sigmund. 1984. The id and Ego. Yogyakarta: Jendela
Goodale, Slim. 1997. Dilemmas : Dithering, Plumping, and Grief. Indianapolis : Bobbs – Merrill.
Holman, Hugh C. 1980. A Handbook to Literature. Indianapolis : Bobbs – Merrill. Jung, Carl. 1930. Psychology and Literature. New York : Viking Press.
Kartono, Kartini. 1996. PsikologiUmum. Bandung : MandarMaju.
Meyer, Michael. 2002. The Bedford Introduction to Literature : Reading, Thinking, Writing. Bedford : St Martin’s Press.
Miles, Matthew B. and A. Michael Huberman. 1992. Qualitative Data Analysis : An Expanded Sourcebook. London : International Educational and Professional Publisher.
Prescott, Richard. 2003. Officially Dead. Jakarta : Dian Rakyat.
Roberts, Edgar V and Henry E. Jacobs. 1995. Literature : An Introduction to Reading and Writing. New Jersey : Prentice-Hall, Inc,.
Spencer, A. Rathus. 2007. Psychology : Concepts and Connections. Boston : Cengage Learning.
Taylor, Richard. 1981. Understanding the Elements of Literature. London : MacMillan
Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. 1963. Theory of Literature. New York : Harcourt Javanovich
________.October 2013. Personality. Retrieved from http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality (January 2014)
________.2011. Theory of Sigmund Freud. Retrieved fromhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/freudian (August 2016)
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
The important part of a research in analyzing the data is a method of research. By using method of research it will be easier for the writer in understanding the concerns expressed in a work that is going to be analyzed, to solve the problem and find a solution for the problems. In this study, the writer also uses method to analyze the object of the study, to understand all the data and finally transform it into a complete study.
3.1 Research Method
The research method used in this analysis is library research and the primary source of the analysis is the novel itself. This research is completed by enough valuable sources such as relevant books and literary books. The library research will be supported by the internet exploration in order to make data of the analysis more available.
The method used to collect and analyze the data of this research is descriptive analysis method. The term descriptive analysis method refers to the type of research question, design, and data analysis that will be applied to a given topic. Descriptive analysis method studies the problems in society including relationship, activities, attitudes, views, and the influence of phenomenon. According to Azwar (2004 : 126)
“Analisisdeskriptifbertujuanuntukmemberikandeskripsimengenaisu
bjekpenelitianberdasarkan data darivariabel yang
diperolehdarikelompoksubjek yang ditelitidantidakdimaksudkanuntukpengujianhipotesis”. (Descriptive
In doing the analysis, the writer will use qualitative research. Qualitative research is a research which is done with a limitation of target research where the data is not in the form of numbers. Qualitative research is aimed at gaining a deep understanding of a specific organization or event, rather than surface description of a large sample of a population. It aims to provide an explicit rendering of the structure, order, and broad patterns found among a group of participants.
3.2 Data and Data Source
The writer takes the primary data from the novel Officially Dead by Richard Prescott. The novel was published by Dian Rakyat Jakarta in 2003. It contains of 112 pages in 15 chapters. To support the primary data, the writer also takes secondary data from textbooks, encyclopedias, and internet about psychology of literature, the human personality, and psychoanalysis.
3.3 Data Collection
3.4 Data Analysis
The analysis is conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. According to Miles and Huberman (1992: 16), "Qualitative descriptive method consists of a flow of activities that occur simultaneously and coherence, which include: data reductiony activities (grouping), presentation of data, drawing conclusions, and verification."
Here below the steps of analysis conducted by the writer: 1. Data Reduction
Data reduction refers to the grouping of data. Grouping the data starts from sorting out the data related to Freud’s psychoanalytical theory.
2. Presentation of Data
Presentation of data is presenting the data that have been gathered. The presentation of data is related with quotations or statements about the id, ego, and superego
3. Drawing Conclusion
Conclusion is drawn by showing quotations or statements about the id, ego, and superego
4. Verification
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 The main characters’s dilemma
Before I going on to the psychology, the writer will present the character first. It is necessary to be known, because the character has main part in a literary work. Character is the fictional people, animals or things which are take part of the action of literary work. There are main and minor characters. Main character is the prominent actor who acts, appears, or is referred to as playing a part in a literary work, he or she has great role in developing the story, often appear in the story.Main character has many relations with other characters and needed many times of story, it involved on the theme and meaning. Sometimes called the protagonist. Character other than main character is classified as minor character.
Based on the explanation above, the writer analysis two main characters in the novel, they are:
1. Colin Fenton: a businessman, developer and owner of C.J.F software solution.
2. John Bentley: an ex-prisoner, works at a jewelry shop.
4.1.1 Colin Fenton
Colin Fenton is a businessman having a company named C.J.F. Software Solution. He runs this company along with his wife, Julie Fenton. Their company
develops computer programs and sells them to a number of large businesses. Colin looks after the company’s finances, the marketing of the software company, and the organization of training courses while Julie is a software developer.
Chemicals. Having finished with it, he goes back to his hotel. The hotel where he stays does not have a restaurant so he goes to a pub down the street to have dinner. Finishing with his meal, he goes into a bar. Although it is noisy and crowded, Colin does not care.
When looking for an empty seat, he meets a perfect double of himself. The double is John Bentley. He is with his wife, Linda Bentley. They work in a jewellery shop. John invites Colin to sit with them and they soon get into a fun and nice conversation. When it is the time to leave, Colin says that they have to meet again as shown here, ‘Yes,’ Colin said. ‘We must meet. I’d love to see you again both of you.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 10).
Going to the pub and talking with the Bentleys makes Colin forget the time as well as forget to call his wife. Again his ego takes an action in the form of Colin’s desicion not to phone his wife and his thought that it is going to be alright as shown here, ‘Oh, well,’ he thought. ‘I’ll be back home in Bath tomorrow night anyway. It doesnt’t matter now.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 12).
In its functioning, the id seeks the release of excitation, tension, and energy. It opperates according to the pleasure principle, which is particularly simple to define: the id pursues pleasure. Colin Fenton undergoes this when it deals with Linda Bentley.
a. Linda was dressed in black clothes. She had fair hair, large green eyes, and a broad smile. She wore a lot of make-up and she wore a lot of heavy gold jewellery. Her skirt, Colin noticed, was very short indeed. She could not have looked less like his own wife, but he liked the way she looked. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 8, 10).
good thing about coming back to Sutton Chemicals for another course was that he might get a chance to see her again. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 12)
Back to Bath, Colin has his usual life again. He and his wife, Julie, always go to work in separate cars. They leave home at different times in the evenings. During the day, they hardly see each other. They are busy with their own jobs. Colin is busy to sell the software and teach training courses while Julie is busy with the technical problems.
But after running for some years, the company has a financial problem and to make it worse, the company does not have any large orders coming. It can be seen on the dialogue below.
a. ‘You’re going to lose money for the second year running, Mr. Fenton,’ he said. ‘You’ve got to do something about this quickly or you’ll go out of business.’ (Officially Dead,2003:14) b. ‘Well,’ Booker said, ‘The facts are clear enough. This year
you’ve earned around £40,000 so far. But last year, you spent more than £150,000. And you’ll spend more or less the same this year. Your business won’t survive unless there are some large orders coming in soon.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 14)
Eventhough having a serious financial problem, Colin Fenton does not want to look weak in front of Mr. Booker, his accountant. His ego makes him act calm and gives the best answer that he can think of as shown below.
a. ‘I know the situation isn’t good at the moment,” Colin replied. We’re short of cash. But the situation’s only temporary.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 14)
Unfortunately, the contract has not been signed yet because there are some tests waiting for results besides there are still a few technical problems with the software. In spite of the matters, Colin does not want Mr. Booker sees it as problems. His ego leads him to defend himself and his company by making a promise that in a few months everything will be ready.
‘Have you signed the contract already?’ Booker asked.
‘Well, no, actually,’ Colin said. ‘The people at Jackman’s are waiting for the results of some tests. We still have to sort out of a few technical problems with the software. But in a few months, everything will be ready.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 14)
Mr. Booker is pleased with Colin’s answer. But although he is pleased with the answer, it seems that he does not feel satisfied that is why he emphasizes again about the serious financial problem by saying the amount of money that Colin has to earn. This arises Colin’s id. Id is the most basic form of human desire. It consists of human desires which are still pure, unfiltered by logic, norms and regulations. In order to save the company, Colin has to do something. The principle of the id is carrying out a human from unpleasant circumstances into favorable circumstances. Having a loan from a bank becomes Colin’s favorable circumstance to save his company.
Booker smiled. ‘I see,’hesaid. ‘Well, you’ll need to earn about £20,000 between now and the end of the year, if you want your company to survive.’
‘I’ve arranged a loan at the bank,’ Colin said. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 14)
But the situation is more complex when Mr. Booker in fact does not agree with Colin’s idea about having a loan from a bank.
months’ time. You need cash now, or you’ll go out of business.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 16)
Colin’s human instinct arises in the form of what he should do and what he has to do to save his company. He takes the responsibility by himself. He does not want his wife to know about the financial problem. Again his ego takes part.
Julie saw Colin looking at her. ‘Is everything OK?’ she asked. ‘You’ve been to see Booker this morning, haven’t you? What did he say?’
‘Oh, nothing much,’ Colin said. ‘He just wanted me to take him some documents he needed.’ (Officialy Dead, 2003 : 16)
When Colin sits at his desk in his office, he sees a small envelope with his name and the address of the company are hand-written neatly on it. It is from Linda Bentley.
Dear Colin,
You’ll probably be surprised to get a letter from me. I found your company’s address in the Yeloow Pages. I just wanted to remind you that we’d love to see you when you next come to Brentwood. I think you said you would be here again in a few weeks’ time. Perhaps this time you could have dinner with us at our house?
We really enjoyed that evening we spent together. Your funny stories made us laugh so much. Please phone me on 0033 23456 before your next vist, so that we can arrange to meet.
Hoping to see you again soon. Best wishes,
Linda Bentley
through the letter again and then tears off the part of the letter with the phone number on it and put it in his wallet. As mentioned above, Colin’s id persuades him to do something about Linda’s letter as shown in this statement. “He tore the rest of the letter into small pieces and put them into the wastepaper bin beside his desk.” (Officially Dead, 2003 : 17).
A few weeks after it, Colin calls Linda Bentley to set the time for their meeting. It will be on Wednesday evening which is a perfect time according to Linda.
Linda switched her phone off and put it in her handbag. She smiled to herself. Wednesday was certainly the best day for her what she had in mind. John would be away from home that night! (Officialy Dead, 2003 : 20)
On the evening of the following Tuesday, Colin leaves his home in Bath and travels to Brentwood. The next evening, when he is in Brentwood, he starts to regret his agreement to meet the Bentleys because he is exhausted. He decides to call and cancel their meeting but when he looks at his watch, he realizes that it is too late. So he dresses up and goes to the pub. His ego constructs a rational plan to obtain pleasure consistent with moral codes, leading to feelings of pride while avoiding feelings of guilt.
It was almost six o’clock already, and he had agreed to meet his friends at the pub at six-thirty. He would have to go to the pub, eat his meal at their home as quickly as he could, and leave early. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 20)
them because he is in Liverpool to watch a football match. Colin does not agree with his meeting only with Linda and asks for another time to meet but Linda insists on their tonight meeting as shown in the dialogue below.
‘You should have sent me a message,’ Colin said. ‘We could have met another time.’
Linda smiled at him, ‘I wanted to see you tonight, Colin. Go and get yourself a drink,’ she said. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 21)
After a few drinks, they leave the pub and Linda drives them back to her house. Everything is ready for dinner. There is a small vase of flowers in the middle of the table and a glass bowl full of water on which candles float. They spend the next couple of hours eating, laughing, and getting to know each other.
In psychoanalytic theory of personality, the id is the personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires. After couple of hours, Colin feels relaxed and enjoys the evening he spends with Linda as qouted in the statement below.
Colin was soon feeling much better, and he was glad that he had come. Suddenly he found himself looking straight into Linda’s large green eyes. She smiled at him and looked down at the table, pretending to be embarrased. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 22)
Finishing their meal, they continue by drinking coffee. Linda then offers something that makes Colin surprised and think that Linda is making fun of him.
After the second cup, Linda leant back in her chair and said calmly, ‘Colin, do you want to earn £10,000 for one evening’s easy work?’ This simple question took Colin completely by surprise. He’d been expecting a proposal, but a very different one. He laughed. ‘I don’t buy lottery tickets,’ he said.
She got up and came to sit on the floor next to his chair. She smiled at him and touched his hand. ‘I’m talking about £10,000 in cash. It’s yours, if you want it.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 22)
Linda’s words make him nervous. He knows that he has a financial problem and he is expecting something but not like this one. Colin’s reaction to her words makes Linda cancel her offer but Colin pushes her. His ego makes him want to know about Linda’s offering. And when Linda is still not telling him, his ego tells him to go back to his hotel.
‘What’s going on?’ he said nervously. ‘What do you want from me?’
‘Nothing, Colin,’ she said quickly. ‘I was joking.’ She stood up. ‘Let’s have some more coffee.’
‘You weren’t joking,’ Colin said. ‘You’d better tell me what this is about.’
‘You’re right, I wasn’t joking,’ she replied.‘But I’m not sure that I should tell you. Perhaps I’ve made a mistake.’
Colin finished his coffee and stood up. ‘OK. You’d better take me back to my hotel,’ he said. ‘It really is late. It’s past midnight.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 22, 24)
The id is the only part of the psyche that is present at birth and it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses; particularly our sexual and aggressive drives. The pleasure principle drives the id to seek immediate gratification of all needs, wants, and desires. It happens on Colin Fenton also. He lets his id conquer him when dealing with Linda Bentley who is somebody’s wife.
Colin put his arms around her and held her for a moment . Then he kissed the tears on her cheeks and stroked her hair. ‘It’s all right, Linda,’ he said.
Linda stopped crying and pulled herself away from him. ‘You must think I’m very stupid,’ she said. ‘I’ll get my coat and take you back to your hotel. I’m sorry I spoilt a lovely evening.’
at him, her eyes wide open. Colin held her arms, pulled her very close to him and kissed her on the mouth.
‘You can take me back to the hotel early tomorrow morning,’ he said. ‘The evening’s not spoilt at all.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 24)
The next morning, Linda drives Colin back to his hotel. When reaching the hotel, Colin asks again about Linda’s offering. It seems that he is interested with it besides he needs money to save his company and Linda’s offering is a suitable option. Then he addedd, ‘And what about the £10,000? You were serious about that, weren’t you?’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 25).
Linda then explains about what Colin has to do. As his ego arises, he asks lots of questions. He needs to know whether the offering is a saved one.
Linda drove onto the carpark and switched off the car engine. ‘My husband is going to need an alibi,’ she said. ‘You can provide one for him. It’s as simple as that.’
‘What do you mean?’
‘You and John are identical. All you have to do is pretend to be John for a night.’
‘While John does a robbery, am I right?’ ‘Right.’
‘What’s he going to steal?’ ‘I can’t tell you that.’
‘Linda, I need to know,’ Colin said. ‘It won’t be an armed robbery, will it? Nobody will carry a gun?’
‘No one will get killed or hurt, Colin.’
‘What’s the plan?’ Colin asked. ‘Is John going to rob a bank?’ ‘No,’ Linda said. ‘And you don’t need to know any more about it.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 25)
‘Yes, I do, Linda,’ Colin insisted. ‘I have to know what risk I’ll be taking. I don’t want anybody to get hurt. And I don’t want to spend years of my life in prison.’(Officially Dead, 2003 : 25)
The needs to save his company from financial problem finally arises his id. His id makes him agree with Linda’s offering but here Colin still wants to think about it first as shown here. “I might be able to help you. But I need some time to think about this,” said Colin. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 26)
A few weeks after their meeting, Colin calls Linda and agrees to help. Not just to be John’s alibi but Colin also wants to take part in arranging John’s alibi in their next meeting. His taking part in arranging John’s alibi is because he wants everything to run well without harming somebody. Here his ego shows up.
It was nearly Christmas and the London streets were crowded with shoppers. Linda’s mobile phone rang inside her bag. She opened her bag and lifted the phone to her ear. She heard Colin say, ‘All right, I’ll do it.’
‘Good, I knew you would,’ she replied. ‘We’ll need a few weeks to get everything ready.’
‘That’s fine,’ Colin said. ‘I'll be in Manchester in about four weeks time. That’ll be the second week in January. We can arrange John’s alibi for then.’
‘Phone me again next week, Colin,’ Linda said. ‘We’ll fix the dates and times then.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 27)
Now that all the plans were made, Colin suddenly understood the risk he was taking. But he tried not to worry, telling himself that it was only an exciting game. After all, the money he was going to be paid would save his company. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 29)
Having finished arranging the robbery plan with Linda Bentley, now it is the time for Colin to deal with Julie, his wife. Julie does not have to know about the robbery plan so Colin makes a fake meeting out of town. At first Julie suggests that both of them should go but Colin insists that he has to go alone. As the ego works by reason, Colin comes up with many reasons so that Julie will not come with him.In the end Colin surpises at how easy he lies at Julie.
a. ‘These figures look good, Julie,’ Colin said. ‘When I show the people at Jackman’s these charts, I’m sure they’ll be very impressed. I’m going to see Jim Slater in Manchester next week. It should be easy to convince him to purchase the software now.’
‘I’d better come with you,’ Julie said. ‘There’ll be technical details to discuss.’
‘I can do that,’ Colin said. ‘Leaveit with me.’
‘No, Colin,’ Julie said. ‘I should be in Manchester with you. You know how fussy Slater is about details. We’ve got to do this properly. Jackman’s could become our biggest clients.’ b. Colin stood up and looked out of the window. He was thinking
quickly. He couldn’t allow Julie to come to Manchester with him – not this time.
He turned round and said, ‘I’ll just have preliminary talks with Slater. We won’t discuss the details this time. Of course you’ll be with me when we have that discussion. I’ve already fixed this appointment, so I’ll go alone this time. Anyway, I’ve got other people to visit up in the Manchester area. I’ll be away for a couple of days.’
‘You should have spoken to me first, Colin,’ Julie said. ‘You shouldn’t have arranged an appointment before seeing my report on the latest tests.’
On 10th January at six o’clock, Colin leaves his house to Manchester. After a two hour trip, he drives into a small road where the Bentleys have been waiting for him. After being explained a few things, Colin asks about his money as his ego operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands.
‘Exactlyon time,’ Linda said. Colin needed. Then he said hello to John Bentley, who was sitting in the driver’s seat. Linda handed Colin her husband’s driving licence.
‘What’s this for?’ Colin asked.
‘You may need it,’ Linda said. The alibi must be perfect. If you’re stopped by the police, you must show them John’s documents, not your own. We can’t take any risks. What if there’s an accident? We’ll need your licence too, for the same reason.’
Colin took his driving licence from his pocket and gave it to Linda.‘What about my money?’
Linda took out a thick envelope from her bag and handed it Colin. ‘That’s £5000 in twenty-pound notes,’ she said. ‘Count it.’
Colin did. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 31 – 32)
After the meeting, Colin drives along to Manchester. But on his way there, he gets an accident. His car crashes into a huge tree by the side of the road. He is trapped in the driver’s seat, the steering-wheel pressing into his chest. There is blood on his face. He is still alive. Another car, driven by a man at Colin’s same age, witnesses the accident. He looks inside the wrecked car and sees that Colin is trying to speak.
There was blood on the man’s face. He looked about the same age as Mark himself – somewhere in his mid-thirties.
‘Julie,’ the man said. ‘Julian? Is that your name?’
‘No! Please tell Julie,’ the man said slowly. It was difficult for him to breathe. ‘Tell her I’m sorry. I’ve been so stupid. Tell her, will you? Please tell Julie I’m sorry.’
‘Your wife?’
‘Yes, Julie, my wife,’ the injured man said. ‘I want her to know the truth.’
‘The truth about what?’ Mark asked.
The man coughed. Blood came from his mouth and ran down his face. In a moment, he was unconscious. (Officially Dead, 2003:37)
The ambulance and the fire engine arrive together. The fire crew begin cutting at the wreckage and pulling away bits of torn and twisted metal. In a few minutes, they have removed part of the side of the car. Soon, two paramedics are beside Colin, trying to get him out of the wreck. When they finally manage to get Colin out of the wrecked car, they lift him carefully and lay him on a stretcher on the ground. Colin groans once more, then he is silent.
Mark and the policewoman moved closer to them. One of the paramedics looked up. He shook his head.
‘He’s gone – there was no hope,’ he said quietly.
Mark looked at the dead body on the stretcher. He felt both sad and angry. He realized he was trembling. The man’s death shocked him. It seemed so unnecessary. Somewhere the man’s wife – Julie – was waiting for him, not knowing what had happened. And perhaps they had children. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 38)
4.1.2 John Bentley
When he is still young, he works as a lorry driver. But eventhough he is just a lorry driver, he often has lots of money. He likes buying presents for Linda. Linda likes getting presents but she does not know that John does a small robbery with his friends. A year after their meeting, they get married. A few months after their marriage, John is sent to prison. Finally Linda realizes where the lots of money come from.
John Bentley is an emotional man caused by his ego. He does not like his wife getting close with Colin Fenton. His ego makes him think that Linda has a crush on Colin Fenton and he gets jealous because of his thought.
a. As soon as Colin Fenton was out of sight, the Bentleys started arguing. John, who had drunk rather a lot of beer that evening, began to shout at his wife.
‘What did you think you were doing?’ he yelled. ‘What’s your game? Why were you flirting with that guy?’
When he was angry, John Bentley sometimes became violent and hit his wife. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 11)
b. Linda knew that John was angry and jealous. She didn’t answer him.
‘You waited for me to be out of the way!’ John shouted. ‘I expect you had a great time together, didn’t you? Come on, answer me!’
Linda heard a plate smash against the tiled floor.
‘What was it? Dinner in the pub? Or did you come back here for dinner? And what else did you come back here for?’
John was furious. He stood up suddenly and his chair fell back and hit the floor. Linda cried out in pain as John grabbed her arms and began shaking her.(Officially Dead, 2003 : 28)
a. A minute later, Linda slowed down and turned onto the drive in front of the garage of their small house. The van’s headlights shone onto the garage door.
‘You can forget about small-time thieving now, John’ Linda said. ‘If you do one big, easy robbery now, we’ll be rich for the rest of our lives!’
‘I’m going straight now, Linda’ John said. ‘I’m finished with thieving – you know that. I don’t want to go to prison again.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 11 – 12)
b. When John Bentley came out of prison, he was determined to stay away from his old friends. He decided to go straight. He had hated being locked in a cell for most of each day and he didn’t want to go back to prison. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 19) c. ‘I don’t need an alibi!’ John shouted. ‘No alibi! Forget it. I told
you before. I’m not going to rob the shop. I’m going straight now.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 28)
On 10th January, John and Linda Bentley are waiting nervously in Brentwood. It is alomost midnight but Colin has not phoned yet. They do not know that Colin has an accident and dies. Then two police officers come and inform Linda about “his husband’s death.” Colin’s death makes them have to change the plan but John does not agree with the changing plan. The thought of the police, Colin’s wife, and himself arise his superego. He does not want to take an advantage on someone’s death.
‘Everything’s changed now, John,’ she said. ‘But it’s good. Everyone will think you’re dead, not Colin Fenton. We’ve got to make sure that they go on thinking that.’
‘We can’t do that!’ John said. ‘The police will find out. And what about Fenton’s wife? She’ll soon start looking for him.’
‘But she won’t find him, will she?’ Linda said. ‘There’ll be a funeral in this area for someone called John Bentley. Why would anybody connect that with the disapperance from Bath of a man called Fenton?’
‘What about me?’
They drank their tea in silence. Then Linda said, ... If anyone sees or hears you, we’re finished. Is that clear?’
‘This is madness,’ John said. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 43 – 44)
Being a prisoner in his own house makes John Bentley think about the changing plan and his future. He gets bored because of doing nothing and just stay hidden in the upstairs of their house. He does not want to be a prisoner in his own house anymore. His id demands for a freedom and a companion.
a. It was late afternoon. John Bentley lay on the bed in the semi-darkness. Alone in the back bedroom of the house in Brentwood, and unable to leave it, he had plenty of time to think about what had happened. He and Linda were in a big trouble, it seemed to him. He had no identity now, and he was a prisoner in hiw own home.
He tried to imagine his future, but he couldn’t find anything to believe in. He had slept most of the earlier part of the day. But his sleep had been troubled by bad dreams ... and then to make arrangements for his funeral.
At last, John could lie still no longer. He went carefully downstairs to the kitchen and made himself a drink. He was still there ... She was furious when she saw John in the kitchen.
‘What are you doing here?’ she whispered angrily. ‘Get upstairs at once.’
‘I’ve not made any noise, Linda,’ John said quietly. ‘And I’ve not turned the light on.’ He pointed at the kitchen curtains, which were closed. ‘No one can see in.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 50)
b. ‘I’m going out again now,’ Linda said. ‘I’ll probably back late.’ ‘Where are you going?’ John did not want to be alone again. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 52)
drawer but sometimes he holds the gun and then he wonders how it feels to kill someone with it. And after some times the gun makes him feel safe.
John had to stay inside his room most of the time and be very quiet. He felt like a trapped animal. Often he wanted to run outside and scream but he knew he had to stay hidden. He kept his gun in a drawer beside the bed. And sometimes, he took the gun out and held it in his hand. He’d never fired the gun at anyone. But as he lay there in the dark room, he wondered what it would like to kill someone with it. After the first couple of days, he slept with the gun under his pillow. The gun made him feel safe. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 53)
The day of Colin’s funeral then comes. It is in a crematorium near Brentwood. Colin’s body is going to be cremated so that nobody will recognize the difference between John Bentley and Colin Fenton. By the afternoon, the funeral is finished and Linda drives back to her house. When she arrives at home, she goes to John’s room and notices that he is pointing his gun at her. John is enough of being a prisoner. Again his id demands for a freedom and then his ego takes an action in a form of wanting to kill his wife as shown below.
It was dark in the room, but Linda could just see her husband. He was pointing his gun at her.
‘I’ve had enough of this, Linda,’ he said angrily. I can’t stay here any more. You’ve made me a prisoner.’
‘You’re not a prisoner, John,’ she said calmly, as though talking to a child. She moved closer to him. ‘We’re in this together, John. We both have to be strong.’
‘It’s madness!’ Joh said, sitting up. He was staring at Linda, furious with her. ‘The whole plan is madness! It’ll never work.’
Linda touched him gently on the arm. He pushed her hand away violently. ‘Why have you done this to me?’ he said. ‘You’ve taken my life away from me. I’m trapped.’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 53, 55)
John’s stubborness is finally defeated by his id. He agrees with his wife’s plan and he is also happy because he is going to leave the house for a few hours.
‘I’m sorry John, my love,’ she said. ‘I know this is very difficult for you. Look, it’s drak now. Let’s go out for a couple of hours. We’ll go for a drink and a meal. We’ll go somewhere ... Nobody will recognize you there.’
John realized that he had no choice but to agree to his wife’s plan for the robbery. And after that, they would both have to leave the country as soon as possible. Meanwhile, he was happy with the idea of leaving the house for a few hours. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 55 – 56)
The day of the robbery then comes. While waiting for the time, John and Linda Bentley wait in a cheap hotel where John stays for a couple of days. John feels nervous but then he drinks whisky to make himself calm. The desire to be free makes him nervous again.
It was late on a Tuesday evening. John Bentley was excited and nervous. He and Linda sat in the cold hotel room, waiting. There was a bottle of whisky on the table beside the bed. John lifted the bottle to his lips and drank. For a few moments he felt calm. Then the nervous excitement returned. This was the night! After tonight, he would be free forever! (Officially Dead, 2003 : 76)
and on the wall outside is the keypad. John quickly keys in the six-figure code. Next he closes and locks the door. His ego comes in a thought that he is safe for a while as shown here, ‘John stood with his back against the door, breathing hard, his heart baeting fast. Now he was safe for a while. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 77).
John walks to the opposite of Mr. Rose’s office door. It is the strong-room where the shop’s main stock is kept, as well as some very valuable stones. John turns the door of the strong-room by entering another correct code. Next he pushes the door open and enters the room. But before taking the precious stones and jewelleries, John takes off his coat and throws it over the camera, so it covers the lens. John does not want his face recorded on the video recorder. Again his ego takes an action in the form of reminding him to be careful in doing everything.
“There were no windows in the strong-room, so it would be safe to swith on the light. But first, John had to do something about the video camera which was fixed high on the wall above the door. Whenever the light was on inside the strong-room, the camera sent pictures to a video recorder in the manager’s office.
John took off his coat and threw it over the camera, so it covered the lens.” (Officially Dead, 2003 : 78)
A few days after the robbery, Linda Bentley is making preparations to leave the house. But before leaving, she has to get the money that she earns from robbering the jewellery shop. Then she goes back to her house, gives the keys to the owner of the house, and picks up John at the cheap hotel. At first she does not notice that there is a car following her but when she arrives at the hotel, she begins to worry. On their way to a port in Devor, Linda tells John about the car following them. Linda then stops the van and John starts shooting the car. His ego tells him to defend himself.
Then there was a flash in the darkness as someone fied a gun. The windscreen on Mark’s car shattered and Julie screamed, falling to one side. There was blood on her coat.
In the bright beam of the Volvo’s headlights, Mark saw a man running towards him, a gun in his hand. Mark put the car into reverse and tried to turn round. But John Bentley was getting closer, holding the gun with both hands now and taking aim.
Bentley ran towards ..., smashing it against Bentley’s chest. He heard the sound of gunfire again, but he did not know where the bullet went.
Mark jumped out of the car ... Then he felt a sharp pain in his side.
Linda had come from the pain and she was kicking him. A moment later, she grabbed the gun from her husband’s hand and hit Mark on the back of the head with it.
As he became unconscious, he heard the woman say, ‘Get into the van quickly, John! Let’s get away from here!’ (Officially Dead, 2003 : 91, 93)
4.2 The way of solving their dilemma
From the analysis above, it is shown that the leading characters, Colin Fenton and John Bentley have their own dilemmas. Colin’s dilemma is to save the financial problem that his company suffers in a good way or in a bad way, by being someone’s alibi who does a robbery. John’s dilemma is to do a robbery as told by his wife or to be a good person.
In the case of Colin Fenton, he follow his ego in order to save his company. He doesn’t think about the risk he would face in the future. There are nine cases indicating the id, twelve cases indicating the ego, and two cases indicating superego. From the analysis, the ego is the dominant aspect in solving his dilemma.
Towards the end of December, Colin made the final arrangements with Linda. The date for the robbery was arranged for 10th January. Now that all the plans were made, Colin suddenly understood the risk he was taking. But he tried not to worry, telling himself that it was only an exciting game. After all, the money he was going to be paid would save his company. (Officially Dead, 2003 : 29)
In the case of John Bentley, at the beginning he doesn’t want to do a robbery, he wants to live normally without doing a criminal. Here we can see his superego is more dominant, but his wife keep forced him to do a robbery. He finally agreed to do a robbery in order to get more than a milion pounds. There are five cases indicating the id, seven cases indicating the ego, and two cases indicating superego. From the analysis, the ego is still the dominant aspect in solving his dilemma.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
Having analyzed Colin Fenton and John Bentley’s personality in solving their dilemma, the writer concludes that human behaviour is determined by the mind structure of psychoanalytic theory including the id, ego, and superego. The id within human mind tends to legally all ways just to reach what it wants without seeing negative side which occur other things. The ego tends to stand between the id and the superego. It is a control of balancing the strength of both id’s and superego’s driving. Superego tends to bring moral responsibility. It pushes someone to consider more about other things than himself or herself.
Officially Dead is a kind of psychological novel. This novel presents a great
story about dilemma of the two characters. Colin Fenton’s dilemma is to save his company from a financial problem by being someone’s alibi who does a robbery or by working hard to earn money. John Bentley’s dilemma is to do a robbery as told by his wife or to be a good person. Colin and John have to choose a very difficult choice between good and bad side. In choosing the good and the bad side, the id, ego, and superego of the two characters reveales. And in this novel, the bad side is the winner.
In previous chapter, the writer finds there are twenty-three cases of Colin Fenton and eighteen cases of John Bentley indicating the mind structure. After analyzing the problems, the writer comes to conclusion that both Colin Fenton and John Bentley’s ego is the dominant aspect in solving their dilemmas.
be John’s alibi while John does the robbery. He will get £10,000 as the payment of being John’s alibi.
In the case of John Bentley, there are five cases indicating the id, nine cases indicating the ego, and four cases indicating superego. From the analysis, the ego becomes the dominant aspect in solving his dilemma. After thinking for many times, John agrees to do the robbery.
5.2 Suggestion
Reading literature will enrich the literary knowledge of the readers. The writer hopes this analysis will enrich the knowledge about literature especially novel. This analysis is expected to make the readers more interested in understanding novel. Beside that, this analysis will add knowledge of the reader about Freud’s psychoanalytic theory that can be used to understand human characters.
Hopefully by reading and understanding this analysis, it will be valuable experience for the readers. The writer would like to suggest the readers to do another research about psychological approach especially psychoanalysis on other subjects such as poem, play and another novel.
The writer also needs any correction and suggestions to this thesis because the writer does realize and understand that nobody is perfect and the writer has limited knowledge on finishing this thesis.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. A Bief Description of Dilemma
The word dilemma comes from Greek dilēmma, from di-meanstwice + lēmma means premise in early 16th century (denoting a form of argument involving a choice between equally unfavourable alternatives).At its core, a dilemma is a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives. More informally, it can mean a difficult situation or problem (as in the insoluble dilemma of adolescence). Some traditionalists object to this weakened use, but it is recorded as early as the first part of the 17th century, and is now widespread and generally acceptable.
Dilemma is a difficult decisions involving a choice between two or more courses of action based on competing principles or assessments. Slim Goodale (1997 : 35) distinguishes types of dilemmas based essentialy on what the source of dilemma is : there are tough choices whose source is uncertain evidence; dilemmas based on a clash between moral and non-moral considerations or judgements about expediency and competing objectives; choices between two goods, where the task is to determine the greater good; and choices between two wrongs, where each course of action would violate an important principle or commitment.
much more than the Heinz could afford. Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family and friends. He explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the rest of the money later. The chemist refused, saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to make money from it. The husband was desperate to save his wife, so later that night he broke into the chemist’s and stole the drug.
In the novel Sophie's Choice by William Styron (Vintage Books 1976 – the 1982 movie starred Meryl Streep & Kevin Kline), a Polish woman, Sophie Zawistowska, is arrested by the Nazis and sent to the Auschwitz death camp. A guard confronts Sophie and tells her that one of her children will be allowed to live and one will be killed. But it is Sophie who must decide which child will be killed. Sophie can prevent the death of either of her children, but only by condemning the other to be killed. The guard makes the situation even more excruciating by informing Sophie that if she chooses neither, then both will be killed. With this added factor, Sophie has a morally compelling reason to choose one of her children. But for each child, Sophie has an apparently equally strong reason to save him or her. Thus the same moral precept gives rise to conflicting obligations. In an agony of indecision, as both children are being taken away, she suddenly does choose. They can take her daughter, who is younger and smaller. Sophie hopes that her older and stronger son will be better able to survive, but she loses track of him and never does learn of his fate. Years later, haunted by the guilt of having chosen between her children, Sophie commits suicide.
Colorful names have been given to many types of dilemmas.
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wrong.
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action.
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accompanying substantial mutual harm.
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share their resources, rewards, or payoffs.
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effective but a decision has to be made.
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defection tempting.
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another's condition, and withholding it to prevent them from becoming dependent.
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death or destruction of the person or thing not chosen.
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according to its rules. But in doing so, you forfeit almost the entire value of a lost suitcase full of antiques of which you are the owner.
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2.2 A Brief Description of Character
Character is the persons presented in dramatics of narrative work. Character may be defined as a verbal representative of human being. Through action, speech, description, and commentary, authors portray characters that are worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also characters we may laugh at, dislike, or even hate. Abrams in Balqis (2012 : 9) says,
“Characters are the person represented in a dramatic of narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by interference from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it – the dialogue – and from what they do – the action.”
Character is one of the interesting things for personal opinions that the readers want to see how the other people’s life is and how they effort to pursue the goals. Character is also a vehicle for the author in order to convey his or her view of the world to the readers. The readers can learn about individual characters from their own words and action, from what other characters said about them, and the way others act towards them.
Characters can be convincing whether they are presented by showing or by telling. Michael Meyer (2002: 121) states
“Authors have two major methods of presenting characters; showing and telling. Showing allows the author to present a character talking and acting, and lets the reader infer what kind of person the character is. In telling, the authors intervenses to describe and sometimes evaluated the character for the reader”.
According to Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs (1995: 135), authors use five ways to present their characters, they are :
What character does is our best way to understand what they are. As with ordinary human beings, fictional characters do not necessarily understand how they may be changing or why they do the things they do. Nevertheless, their actions express their characters. Actions may also signal qualities such as nalvete, weakness, deceit, a scheming personality, strong inner or conflicts,or a realization or growth of some sort.
2. Descriptions, both personal and environmental
Appearance and environmental reveal much about a character’s social and economic status, of course, but they also tell us about character traits.
3. Dramatic statements and thoughts
Although the speeches of most characters are functional – essential to keep the story moving along – they provide material from which you can draw conclusions. Often, characters used speech to hide their motives,though we as readers should see through their action narrated in the works.
4. Statements by other characters
By studying what characters say about each other, you can enchance your understanding of the character being discussed. Ironically, the characters doing the talking often indicate something other than what they intend, perhaps because of prejudice, stupidity, or foolishness.
5. Statements by the author speaking as story – teller or obseverser
this reason, authors frequently avoid interpretations and devote their own conclusions.
It has often been assumed that characters in a literary work can be judged from four levels of characterization. They are helpful to see the very basic description of characters. The four levels are :
a. Physical : physical level supplies such as basic facts as sex, age, and size. It is the simplest level of characterization because it reveals external traits only
b. Social : social level of characterization includes economic status, proffesion, religion, family, and social relationships
c. Psychological : this level reveals habitual responses, attitudes, desires, motivation, like and dislike – the inner working of the mind, emotional and intellectual leading to action. Since feeling, thought, and behaviour define a character more fully than physical and social traits. Since a literary works usually arises from desires in a conflict, the psychological level is the most essential parts of cahracterization
2.3 Literature and Psychology
Literature which intertwines within such fields as history, philosophy, sociology, psychology and so on is a discipline wherein language is used as a medium of expression so as to interpret man, existence and culture, personality and individual differences which have always been studied and discussed by writers, philosophers, artists, psychologists and psychiatrists.
There is a very strong correlation between literature and psychology. Psychology deals with the study of observable patterns of human’s behaviour and literature exhibits how human beings behave in dealing with their problems and environment. Both of them deal with human beings reactions, perceptions of the world, miseries, wishes, desires, fears, conflicts and reconciliations; individual and social concerns, by means of varied concepts, methods, and approaches. An author represents life according to his or her objectives, perceptions, ideologies, and value judgments and opens the doors of the unknown and invisible worlds to readers not only by arousing feelings and emotions but also by helping them to discover the meaning of life and existence. Clearly, literature enables individuals to know and question their identities by raising consciousness and awareness. It is to be noted that man and existence have always been fundamental elements in most scientific studies, fine arts and literature.
It is also asserted that literature is a means for cultural and social value transmission and expression. Literature represents life, and life is, in large measure, a social reality, even though the natural world or and the inner or subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary imitation. Further to this, social and cultural milieu is of vital importance in the process of writing. Ideological and cultural issues or the debates of the age might be reflected in the works to a certain extent. The writer is not only influenced by society; he influences it. Art not merely reproduces life but also shapes it
Psychology has a noteworthy place in the analysis of literary works and each field puts the individual at the centre of their studies and analyses. As Wellek and Warren in Theory of Literature (1963 : 81) say,
“By psychology of literature, we may mean the psychological study of the writer, as type and as individual, or the study of the creative process, or the study of the psychological types and laws present within works of literature, or, finally, the effects of literature upon its readers (audience psychology).”
Literature which is a quest to find the meaning of man and existence is also a source of inspiration for many people and professionals, for example, Sigmund Freud, the pioneering figure in psychoanalytical criticism, analysed a great deal of literary texts including Shakespeare’s works.
the work itself, psychological truth is an artistic value only if it enhances coherence and complexity- if in short, it is art.
Jung in his work Psychology and Literature states that “It is obvious enough that psychology, being the study of psychic processes, can be brought to bear upon the study of literature, for the human psyche is the womb of all sciences and arts” (1990 : 217). Jung describes the work of art as the outcome of the artist’s psychic process of creation and postulates that in the case of the work of art we have to deal with a product of complicated psychic activities.
There are three reasons in particular why valuable insights useful to psychologists could be found in great literature. The first reason is that a large body of great literature has explored long-term processes and change in persons and relationships over time. Literary works could help psychologists gain a better understanding of long-term psychological processesand change, and in this way fill an important gap in psychological knowledge. This is in terms not only of individual personality development over the life-span, but also of the changing social relationships and collective and institutional processes that fundamentally shape individual development. An example of this is found in Charles Dickens’s Bleak House, in which the inefficiencies and corruption of the legal system gradually
transform social relationships and individual personalities.
A third argument is that these brilliant individuals have interests that in some ways are similar to those of modern psychologists; they raise questions that are similar and fundamental to understanding human behavior. For example, in Anna Karenina Tolstoy (1877/1966) asks, ‘Is there a line to be drawn between
psychological and physiological phenomena in man? And if so, where?’ (p. 28).
In spite of their distinctive nature, and specific principles and terms, both psychology and literature benefit from each other in the process of explaining, interpreting, discussing the issues related to male-female relationships, man’s place in the society, his desires, failures, achievements and so on. Jung discusses the relationship between psychology and art by dwelling on their relative principles.
“Psychology and the study of art will always have to turn to one another for help, and the one will not invalidate the other ... Both principles are valid in spite of their relativity” (Jung, 1990 : 218).
2.4 Freudian Psychoanalysis Theory
Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 and died in 1939, having been shaped by the nineteenth century and helping to shape the twentieth. He was Jewish, from a middle-class family, and was his mother’s favorite. His family moved to Vienna, Austria, when Freud was four. Freud eventually obtained a medical degree but had little interest in practicing medicine. He wanted to probe the workings of the human mind.
Freud’s theory of personality is psychoanalytic theory; his therapy is psychoanalysis. As a theory of personality, psychoanalysis is based on the idea that much of our lives is governed by unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts. As Nuttin in Nasution (2013 : 10) explains, “Psychoanalysis has been a source of new ideas chiefly because it brought out the role of the unconscious in human physic life, and also because of the importance it gave to psychic conflict and repression.”
For Freud, human character was determined by complex genetic and environmental forces, the strongest of which exist in the unconscious, a place in the mind seething with biological instincts and physical drives. The unconscious is that part of the mind containing all (memories, desires, thoughts) of which one is not aware. The energy that powers behavior is the libido, which is inborn and is primarily sexual and aggressive in nature. Society limits how the libido is expressed. Normal human personality is composed of three systems: the id, ego, and superego. These are often called parts, though Freud did not consider them separate or physical entities.
The Id is the unorganized part of the psyche that contains a human’s instinctual drives. It can be said that the Id is the animalistic part of a personality, governed by a need to obtain leasure and avoid pain. Ruch in his book Psychology and Life (1970 : 120) states, “The id is conceived as the primitive, unconscious part
Id acts according to the pleasure principle and that the Id contains the libido, which is the primary source of instinctual force that is unresponsive to the demands of reality.
The pleasure principle drives the Id to seek immediate gratification of all needs, wants, and desires. Clearly instant gratification of these desires is not always possible and thus psychological tension is created that needs to somehow be discharged. The Id remedies this tension through Primary Process. The Id uses Primary Process to fulfill the need to act on an urge that is dangerous or unacceptable by creating a mental image of the desired object to substitute for the urge. This mental representation then diffuses psychological tension and relieves anxiety. Daydreaming and masturbation would be common examples of the Primary Process. To elaborate, Freud believed that when a person masturbated it was to relieve sexual tensions that they were experiencing. The act of masturbation proceeds from a mental image that then substitutes for the object of sexual desire in reality. Masturbation provides a perfect image of ones sexual desires. It allows that person to be in complete control of their experience and it is because of this that some actually argue that masturbation is better than sex.
The desires of the Id give rise to the Ego, which is generally the component of the psyche that ensures that the impulses of the Id are expressed in a way that is acceptable to the real world. Duckworth in En Attendant Godot : Piece en DeuxActes(1966 : 99) says, “The Ego, on the other hand, is that part of the psyche
Freud equates consciousness with awareness. He believed that our behavior and personality derives from the constant and unique interaction of conflicting psychological forces that operate at the three levels of consciousness, or awareness. The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. It is the aspect of our mind that we can think and talk about rationally. There are two kinds of unconscious: The first is latent but capable of becoming conscious, and the second is repressed and not capable of becoming conscious in the ordinary way. The latent kind of unconscious is called the Preconscious. This part of the mind generally represents ordinary memory. We are not consciously aware of the information contained in the preconscious; however, we can retrieve it and pull it into consciousness at anytime. An analogy of the preconscious is ones peripheral vision. While operating a motor vehicle it is impossible to be completely conscious of everything happening around. We use our peripheral vision to supplement our awareness and allow us to safely and effectively navigate, utilizing data derived from it when we need to.
Th
Moving back to Freud’s structure of the psyche, the Ego is identified as being a coherent organization of mental processes. Freud’s conception of the Ego is strongly related to consciousness and it controls approaches to the discharge of excitations into the external world. It is an element of the psyche that tries to regulate all of its constituent processes. Freud believed that even when one went to sleep at night, the Ego continued to exercise a censorship upon ones dreams.
The Ego develops in order to mediate between the unrealistic Id and the external real world. It is the decision making component of personality. Ideally the Ego works by reason, whereas the Id is chaotic and totally unreasonable.
The Ego operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the Id’s demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society. The Ego considers social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to behave.
