THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STUDENT TEAM
ACHIEVEMENT DIVISIONS (STAD) TECHNIQUE IN
SPEAKING CLASS AT THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF
SMA NEGERI 14 BANDAR LAMPUNG
By
MITHA SEPTIYANTI
A Script
Submitted in a Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for S-1 Degree
in
The Language and Arts Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY
ABSTRACT
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STUDENT TEAM ACHIEVEMENT DIVISIONS (STAD) TECHNIQUE IN SPEAKING CLASS AT THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMA NEGERI 14 BANDAR LAMPUNG
(A Self Reflective Teaching) By
Mitha Septiyanti
Speaking is a part of communication. Speaking has an important role in daily life, because by mastering it, people not only can carry out conversations with others, give the ideas and exchange the information with others but also maintain the social relationship. There are so many factors influence students’ achievement in speaking skill. One of them is the way or technique that is used by teacher. The aims of this research were: 1) to analyze the implementation of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique in speaking class, 2) to find out the students’ opinions toward the implementation of STAD in speaking class and 3) to find out the problems students encountered in speaking class through that technique.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.2 Concept of Teaching Speaking ... 24
2.3 Concept of Cooperative Learning ... 30
2.4 Concept of STAD Technique ... 34
2.5 Concept of Procedure Text... 36
3.1 Research Design ... 43
3.2 Subject of the Research ... 44
3.3 Sources of Data ... 44
3.4 Data Collecting Technique ... 45
3.5 Validity of Data ... 47
3.6 Reliability of Data ... 48
3.7 Research Procedure ... 48
3.8 Data Analysis ... 49
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Results of the Research ... 52
4.1.1 Result of the Implementation of STAD Technique ... 56
4.1.1.1 Pre-activities ... 58
4.1.1.2 While-activities ... 64
4.1.1.3 Post-activities ... 72
4.1.2 Result of Questionnaire ... 75
4.1.3 Result of Interview ... 79
4.2 Discussions of the Research ... 81
V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 93
5.2 Suggestions ... 95 REFERENCES
I. INTRODUCTION
This chapter explains the introduction of the research that will be used in this study deals with background of the problem, limitation of the research, formulation of the problems, objectives of the research, uses of the research, scope of the research and definition of terms.
1.1 Background of the Problem
The present world is an ever-expanding arena of advancements in every field. With different countries moving closer for business transaction, trade, socio-cultural, science and technology goals, information flows to every country almost without any barrier, but one thing that gained utmost importance uniformly in all the countries over the world is English. Indirectly, it refers that the development in various aspects in this world has caused the demand of mastering English increases significantly. Nowadays, English is used by many people as a tool to communicate and interact in society around the world.
expected to be able to communicate in English both in oral and written form. It is formally taught as school subject and also becomes one of the requirements in passing National Examination held by the government. Moreover, English competence is influential in career development, therefore students need to understand and use English to improve their confidence to face global competition. That is why English becomes a compulsory subject that must be taught from elementary up to university level (Depdikbud, 1994).
English has been taught at every level of education in Indonesia as the first foreign language (Ramelan, 1992:3). It is focused on four fundamental skills, they are: a) Listening skill refers to the ability to catch the message or meaning through audio or hearing, b) Speaking demands the ability to use the language in the oral form, c) Reading skill refers to the ability to understand or get the meaning of written or printed words and d) Writing skill refers to the ability of putting information or message in a piece of paper or in appropriate on a form. Besides those skills, they also concentrate to learn about three components of English namely vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar. To achieve the aim of learning English that is for communication, those aspects are not taught separately but integratively.
at high speed. It is skill to convey information or express one’s thoughts and feelings in spoken language. Rivers (1978:162) states through speaking someone can express his ideas, emotions, attentions, reactions to other person and situation and influence other person. So that, speaking has an important role in daily life, because by mastering it, people not only can carry out conversations with others, give the ideas and exchange the information with others but also maintain the social relationship.
Guideline of education unit level curriculum (KTSP) which is applied for all school levels in Indonesia leads to have real-life skills. Speaking belongs to one of important skills that have to be mastered by students in learning English. Many language learners regard speaking ability as the measure of knowing language. That is why the main purpose of language learning is to develop proficiency in speaking and communicative efficiency. Furthermore, speaking becomes one of the most complex skills in English, since there are many aspects involve it such as pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency and comprehensibility. Therefore, to acquire speaking well, we have to concern to those aspects related to speaking itself. Since speaking is a productive skill, it is believed that more practice will make the students’ ability better than before. Thus, the students need to practice in expressing their ideas in speaking class and everyone has same opportunity to be voiced.
speaking is one of the language skills presented in teaching learning process of English. One of the speaking forms that should be mastered by them is procedure text. It is a text aims to describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps (Gerot and Wignell, 1994:206). Therefore, the students are expected to be able to express their mind using English in certain form in daily life, especially to understand and tell a procedure text communicatively based on the social function, language use and generic structure of the text.
unconfident with their ability or they were unable to communicate in English at all. Exceedingly, speaking did not take a part in students’ daily even final semester examination. Then, it appeared such a terrible view that most of the students were low in speaking English.
Regarding to the facts above, the researcher assumes there might be difficulties, obstacle or something wrong in their learning process. Actually, there are so many factors influence students’ achievement in speaking skill. One of them is the way or technique that is used by teacher. Some of attractive techniques that can be used by teachers in speaking class to train their students’ speaking ability both individually and cooperatively such as speech, telling story, chain story, game, role play, drama, song, etc. Alexander (1998) states that the teaching qualities, particularly the approach, method and techniques used in teaching process are important. Wilkins (1983:14) adds that teachers have to find out any technique that is relevant to the students’ interest and then it will motivate them to pay more
attention in teaching learning process. So that, it is the responsibilities of teacher to find the appropriate technique in teaching learning process in order to break the difficulties, keep communication and make a good interaction with students in the classroom.
the content of book or material for a quiz without giving many chances for their students to speak up. They have omitted the essential of English study that is for communication. Whereas, the vital part of teachers’ job is getting students to speak, to use target language they are learning. Students are people who need practice, not teacher. In general term, a good teacher should maximize STT and minimize TTT. In short, in speaking class the learners should work as much as possible by themselves and talk to one another directly rather than the teacher with another word is learner-centered.
Furthermore, Brown (2001) asserts one of the basic problems in foreign language is to prepare learners to be able to use the language. How the preparation can be done successfully depends very much on how we as the teacher understand the aim of teaching. It means that a good technique in teaching speaking will encourage students to practice speaking. Based on those phenomenons, the researcher assumes one of the models that are suitable for teaching English especially speaking skill that is cooperative learning.
Cooperative learning is one strategy for group instruction which is under the learner-centered approach (Brown, 2001:47). Since it is a group working where the teacher is only as a facilitator, the researcher believes that this strategy is proper to be conducted in the speaking classroom. It means that the learners will have a huge role in teaching learning process. Moreover, group working is supposed able to break the students’ difficulties because through cooperative
asses each others’ current knowledge and fill in gaps in each others’
understanding. In addition, it is fun and most learners will absolutely agree that enjoyment leads to better learning. One of its well-known techniques is Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD).
Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) is a group work which offers many opportunities for creative, flexible interchange of ideas and also meaningful participation. It is one of simplest and most extensively researched forms of all cooperative learning; and is a good technique to begin with for students who are new to the cooperative learning method (Slavin, 1995). This technique will help the students to participate in conversation freely and actively. In other words, by using Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique, the students are free to explore their speaking ability and creativity in communicating to each other. In this way, the students should be able to discuss about topic given by the teacher. They should use their logical thinking in giving and uniting the opinion which is actually different from their friends in the group. Then, they will exchange their information to other groups. By applying that task, it is believed that the existence of their friends in group will help them to feel comfortable while speaking.
Besides, the success of teaching and learning is not always established by the students’ intelligence in mastering the subject of study and the skill of teacher in
motivation to study is influenced by the condition of attractive classroom where they study. Hence, knowing the implementation of a technique in the class is important. Based on the reasons above, the writer is interested to conduct qualitative descriptive research. In addition, STAD technique never been conducted in this school. Therefore, the writer entitles her script “The Implementation of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) Technique in Speaking Class at the Tenth Grade Students of SMA Negeri 14 Bandar Lampung”.
1.2 Limitation of the Research
In this case, the researcher limits the research just in portraying and reporting the implementation of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique in her speaking class in understanding certain text and finding out the students’ opinions toward the implementation of STAD technique. Furthermore, the researcher also wants to find out the problems students have in speaking class through that technique.
1.3 Formulation of the Problems
Based on the background of the problem mentioned previously, the researcher formulates the research problem as follow:
2. What are the students’ opinions toward the implementation of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique in speaking class at the tenth grade students of SMA N 14 Bandar Lampung?
3. What problems do students encounter in speaking class through Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique at the tenth grade of SMA N 14 Bandar Lampung?
1.4 Objectives of the Research
Concerning to the research problem above, the objectives of this research are:
1. to analyze the implementation of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique in speaking class at the tenth grade students of SMA N 14 Bandar Lampung.
2. to find out the students’ opinions toward the implementation of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique in speaking class at the tenth grade students of SMA N 14 Bandar Lampung.
3. to find out the problems students encounter in speaking class through Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique at the tenth grade of SMA N 14 Bandar Lampung.
1.5 Uses of the Research
1. Theoretical Use
1. This finding will verify and enrich the previous theory of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique.
2. To be one of references for the next researcher who will conduct the same field with different perspectives.
2. Practical Use
Hopefully, this research will be useful for everyone, especially English teacher, students and other researcher.
a. English teacher
This result of research can give knowledge and consideration to the general English teacher to apply Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) as one of techniques in teaching speaking. It also gives contribution to the global teaching learning English speaking.
b. Students
Through this research, the students will know the rules of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique in speaking class. Besides, the implementation of this technique in this research will make the students get accustomed to use English in oral production, so it can be easily to train their speaking ability and also their active participation.
c. Other researcher
be used by others to open further analysis about Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) in other language skills or components.
1.6 Scope of the Research
1.7 Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misinterpretation, the researcher provides some key terms used in this study as follows:
Speaking is encoding process where people can communicate the ideas,
thought and feeling orally (Harris, 1974:9).
Teaching Speaking means teaching how to use language for
communication, for delivering ideas, thought even feeling to other people in any situation.
Cooperative Learning as a process of working in groups of two or five members in which “students work together to maximize their own and
each other’s learning (Johnson and Johnson, 1992).
Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) is a prevailing and
simple technique in cooperative learning. It consists of five major components: class presentations, teams, quizzes, individual improvement scores and team recognition (Slavin, 1986 in Wang (2009:116)).
Procedure Text is a text which tells us information of making or doing
II. FRAME OF THEORIES
This chapter discusses certain points; the literature review deals with the nature of speaking, concept of teaching speaking, concept of cooperative learning, concept of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique, concept of procedure text, procedure of STAD technique implemented in speaking class and the advantages and disadvantages of STAD technique categorized like the following:
2.1 The Nature of Speaking
Speaking is one of important skills that should be taught to students. In this section, the writer presents the nature of speaking including the concept of speaking, components of speaking and types of speaking.
2.1.1 Concept of Speaking
Speaking is an active productive skill. According to Welty and Welty (1976:47), speaking is one of four basic skills of language and it has widely important role in daily life because it is the main skill in communication. It means that people can communicate to each other by speaking. In Webster’s Ninth New Colligate Dictionary (1990), speaking is defined as follows:
2. To express the feeling by others than verbal means (action sounds louder than words).
3. To express thought, opinion or feeling orally.
Communication itself consists of two ways, written and oral. As Byrne (1984:81) states speaking or oral communication is a two way process between speaker and listener and involves productive and receptive skill of understanding. In line with that statement, Scott in Johnson and Morrow (1981:70) clarifies speaking as an activity involving two (or more) people, in which the participants are both hearers and speakers having to react to what they hear and make the contributions at high speed. Therefore, one of requisites in speaking process is having at least two people who make interaction: one as a speaker who brings the information while another as a listener who receives the information. They also have a feedback to each other.
Murcia (1978:91) says speaking is the primary element of language and it can be developed from the beginning when someone was born, from the first contact with the language. From that statement, we know that language is a gift from God when someone is born. After that speaking can be learnt automatically according to the environment because it just occurs for the first language. Then it develops based on its phase. Jeremy (1983:41) confirms that someone speaks because:
1. He wants to speak. The speaker makes the definite decision to someone. 2. He has some communicative purposes. The speaker says something
speaker may want address to charm his listener, to give information, to express pleasure.
3. He selects from his language store. In order to achieve his communicative purpose, he will select from the store of language he possesses, the language he thinks is appropriate to the purposes.
Meanwhile Chaney (1998:13) defines speaking as the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts. Based on the definition above, speaking happens only when the speaker uses verbal symbols and non-verbal symbols. Verbal symbols can be word and sentence, while non-verbal is gesture. Both verbal and non-verbal has same important level to convey the intention in speaking process.
Speaking is the essential skill in learning communication. According to Canale and Swain (1980), there are four competences underlying speaking effectiveness:
a. Grammatical Competence
Grammatical competence is an umbrella concept that includes increasing expertise in grammar (morphology, syntax), vocabulary and mechanics (basic sound of letters and syllables), pronunciation of words, intonation and stress. Grammatical competence enables speakers to use and understand English language structure accurately and unhesitatingly, which contributes to their fluency.
b. Discourse Competence
This competence is concerned with intersential relationship. In discourse, the rules cohesion and coherence apply which aid in holding the communication together in a meaningful way.
c. Sociolinguistic Competence
Knowledge of language alone does not adequately for effective and appropriate the use of the language. Speaker must have competence which involves knowing what is expected socially and culturally.
d. Strategic Competence
conversation and how to clear up communication breakdown as well as comprehension problems.
Harris (1974:9) says that speaking is encoding process where people can communicate the ideas, thought and feeling orally. The same concerning is proposed by Rivers (1978:162) who states through speaking someone can express his ideas, emotions, attentions, reactions to other person and situation and influence other person. It means that speaking is the right tool for communication. Through speaking someone can deliver the idea naturally and get the attention directly from others. In this process, we can express, share, influence even interact with other people about what we think and feel freely.
2.1.2 Components in Speaking
Speaking is a complex skill since its existence involves some important aspects. If we want to be a good speaker, we need to know about it. According to Harris (1974:75), here are five main components in speaking:
1. Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the way we say a word sounds when it is spoken. Pronunciation refers to the ability to produce easily comprehensible articulation (Syakur, 1987). Meanwhile Harris (1974:81) defines pronunciation as the intonation patterns. Pronunciation refers to be the one’s way of pronouncing the words. Furthermore O’Connor (1989) explains pronunciation as the analyzed sound that is very
different from the written language. It means that when we read some words in dictionary, the way we pronounce is totally different with the written form. The words in the bracket point us about how to pronounce it well. For example “like”
we should say /laɪ k/ and “colour” should be said /ˊ kʌlɚ/.
2. Grammar
Grammar is the study of language rule. It is a system of units and patterns of language (Lado, 1969:221). It is also a kind of regularity of sound structure that nobody can learn language without learning grammar. Heaton (1978:5) defines grammar as the students’ ability to manipulate structure and to distinguish
the sentence “I always happy” is incorrect while the correct one is “I am always
happy”.
3. Vocabulary
Vocabulary refers to the words used in language. Phases, clauses and sentence are built up by vocabulary. One cannot communicate effectively or express ideas in oral form well if they do not have sufficient vocabulary. Therefore, vocabulary means the appropriate diction which is used in communication as what is stated by Syakur (1987). In short, Wilkins (1983:111) states vocabulary is very important because without words we cannot speak at all. Vocabulary itself is divided into two parts; close and open class. Close class consists of preposition, pronoun and conjunction. While open class consists of noun, adjective, verb and adverb. For example fruit, big, round, green and sweet are some vocabularies about melon.
4. Fluency
Fluency is defined as the ability to speak with speed, accuracy and proper expression, in order to understand what they speak about. Fluency refers to the ease and speed of the flow of the speech (Harris, 1974:81). Fluency is the smoothness or flow with which sounds, syllables, words and phrases are joined to other when speaking. Oster (1985:210) says fluency refers to the one who express quickly and easily. For example, when a student says this “My name is Agnes Monica. I am 27 years old. I live in Jakarta. I love singing and dancing very
and there is no long pause occurred. As matter of fact, signs of fluency include a reasonably fast speed of speaking and only small numbers of pauses.
5. Comprehensibility
Comprehensibility is the ability to understand, to be understood, intelligible. Heaton (1991:35) states comprehensibility denotes the ability of understanding the speaker’s intention and general meaning. If someone can express something
fluently and correctly as well as catch the point of conversation from the other well, it indicates his comprehensibility in speaking. For example when a student says something, other students will be able to understand and comprehend what he says. It also can be proved by his ability to respond what another student says.
2.1.3 Types of Speaking
Brown (2001:251) said that much of our language teaching is devoted to instruction in mastering English conversation. He classifies the types of oral language as the diagram below:
Planned
Monologue
Unplanned
Types of Speaking
Interpersonal Dialogue
1. Monologue
In monologue, when a speaker uses spoken language for any length of time, like in speech, lecture, storytelling, newscast, etc, the listener must process long stretches of speech without any interruption. The stream of the speech will go on without heeding whether the listener comprehends or not. Monologue itself is divided into two kinds, planned and unplanned. Planned usually refer little redundancy and are relatively difficult to comprehend. Whereas unplanned manifest more redundancy which makes for ease in comprehension, but the presence of more performance variables and other hesitations, can help or hinder comprehension. For example:
Dewa: Hello guys. My name is Dewa. I am a Lampungnese but I live on Ngurah Rai street no.25, Denpasar. I am the second child in my family. My hobby is playing guitar. Well, if you want to know more about me, you can follow my twitter.
2. Dialogue
In line with the theories above, it can be concluded that there are two types of speaking, monologue and dialogue. Both of them have different purpose. Monologue is singular speaking which is only intended to convey our intention, while dialogue is plural speaking consists of at least two people, speaker and hearer, who make an interaction. One transmits the message orally and another receives and processes it in his mind in order to understand the meaning of the message for the purpose of replying to the speaker’s message orally too.
Brown (2001, 271-274) also provides types of classroom speaking performance, they are:
1. Imitative
A very limited portion of classroom speaking time may legitimately be spent generating “human tape recorder” speech, where for example
drilling. Learner practices an intonation contour or tries to pinpoint a certain vowel sound. Imitation of this kind is carried out not for the purpose of meaningful interaction, but for focusing on some particular element of language form in a controlled activity.
2. Intensive
3. Responsive
A good deal of the students’ respond directly in the classroom is responsive: short replies to teacher and peer’s questions or comments. These replies are usually sufficient and do not extend into dialogues. Such speech can be meaningful and authentic.
4. Transactional (dialogue)
Transactional dialogue, which is carried out for the purposes of conveying or exchanging specific information, is an extended form of responsive language. Conversations, for example, may have more of a negotiate nature to them than does responsive speech such as information-gathering interview, role play or debate.
5. Interpersonal (dialogue)
Interpersonal dialogue carries out more for maintaining social relationships than for the transmissions of fact and information. The conversations are little trickier for learners because they can involve some or all of the following factors: a casual register, colloquial language, emotionally charged language, slang, ellipsis, sarcasm and a covert “agenda”. The examples of interpersonal dialogue are personal interview
6. Extensive (monologue)
Students at intermediate to advanced level are called on to give extended monologues in the forms of oral reports, oral summaries or perhaps short speeches. In this, the register is more formal and deliberative. This monologue can be planned or impromptu.
In this study, almost all types of classroom speaking performance would be used by teacher and students. Because it was qualitative descriptive analysis, so all types of speaking performance above had same chance appeared in teacher-student or teacher-student-student’s interaction during teaching learning process.
2.2 Concept of Teaching Speaking
Teaching speaking means teaching how to use language for communication, for delivering ideas, thought even feeling to other people in any situation. Based on that statement, in teaching speaking skill, it is necessary to have clear understanding involved in speech. Swain (1985:235) in Lawtie (2004:35) states we learn to speak by speaking. The more students practice their speaking the more they will develop their oral skill. Hence, the teacher must create speaking activities that can be easily practiced in speaking class.
that apply in each communicative situation (Burnkart, 1998:2). Penny Ur (1991:201) says that characteristics of successful speaking activity:
o Learners talk a lot. As much as possible of the period of time allotted the activity is in fact occupied by learner talk. This may seem obvious, but often most time is taken up with teacher talk or pauses.
o Participation is even. Classroom discussion is not dominated by a minority of talkative participants: all get a chance to speak and contributions are fairly evenly distributed.
o Motivation is high. Learners are eager to speak because they are interested in the topic and have something new want to say about it, or because they want to contribute to achieve a task objective.
o Language is of an acceptable level learner express that are relevant, easily comprehensible to each other and of an acceptable level of language accuracy.
According to Harmer (1990), the aim of teaching speaking is to train students for communication. Therefore, language activities in speaking class should focus to language use individually. The duty of teacher is not only to create a warm and humanistic classroom atmosphere, but also to provide each student to speak.
Then he adds that language is an activity that permits people to communicate with each other. The statement above asserts that language is necessary for people. As teacher, we do not only teach about what will be spoken but also the situation we deal it. It is by carrying out students into certain situation when the topic occurred. The topic here must be well-known for the students, so that the ideas and organization are clear. Besides that, the learners will easily describe the topic. Nunan, 2003 in Kayi, 2006 states that teaching speaking is to teach English learners to:
Produce the English speech sounds and sounds patterns
Use word and sentences stress, intonation patterns and the rhythm of the
second language
Select appropriate words and sentences according to the proper social
setting, audience, situation and subject matter
Organize their thoughts in a meaningful and logical sequence
Use language as a means of expressing values and judgments
Use the language quickly and confidently with few unnatural pauses,
which are called as fluency
In addition, Nunan (2003:54-56) says there are five principles for teaching speaking:
1) Be aware of difference between second language and foreign language in learning context.
3) Provide opportunities for students to talk by using group work or pair work.
4) Plan speaking task that involve negotiation for meaning.
5) Design classroom activities that involve guidance and practice in both transactional and interaction speaking.
Therefore, if the pioneers of education do not give much more opportunities to their students to speak during the class, the students will lose their motivation and interest in learning speaking. On the other hand, if the right activities are taught in the right way, surely speaking class will be full of fun and raise general learners’ motivation. It also makes speaking class become an active place.
The goal of teaching speaking itself is to improve students’ communicative skill. So language learners need to recognize that speaking involves three areas of knowledge:
(1) Mechanics (pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary): using the right words in the right order with the correct pronunciation.
(2) Functions (transaction and interaction): knowing when clarity of message is essential (transaction/information exchange) and when precise understanding is not required (interaction/relationship building).
After that, to help students practice their speaking skill, a teacher should help them with understanding about what makes speaking difficult that are revealed by Brown (2001:270-271) as follows:
1. Clustering
Fluent speech is phrasal, not word by word. Sometime, students are difficult to make coherent speech. They often pause the speech for remembering what they will say in appropriate word. Learners can organize their speaking both cognitively and physically (in breath groups) through such clustering.
2. Redundancy
Students have opportunity to make meaning clearer through the redundancy of language such as rephrasing, repetitions and little insertions. Learners can capitalize on this feature of spoken language.
3. Reduced forms
Contractions, elisions, reduced vowels, etc., all form special problems faced by students in teaching spoken English. They have to learn more English forms to solve this problem. Students who do not learn colloquial contractions can sometimes develop a stilted bookish quality of speaking that in turn stigmatizes them.
4. Performance variables
hesitations, pauses, backtrackings and corrections. Students are allowed to use “thinking time” such as uh, um, well, you know, I mean, like, etc.,
while thinking the idea to speak.
5. Colloquial language
Make sure your students are reasonably well acquainted with the words, idioms and phrases of colloquial language and they get practice in producing these forms.
6. Rate of delivery
Rate of delivery is one of characteristics in speaking fluently. Students often think that native speakers always speak fast. So, one of our tasks as a teacher in teaching spoken English is to help learners achieve an acceptable speed along with other attributes of fluency.
7. Stress, rhythm and intonation
This is the most important characteristic of English pronunciation. The stress-times, rhythm of spoken English and its intonation patterns can help the students to convey important messages clearly.
8. Interaction
Those characteristics above should be handled by students in improving their speaking proficiency. Even though there are some difficulties in teaching speaking, it is clear that speaking is the ability to express one’s thought and the proper forms of communication. There are several ways of teaching speaking that we can use during teaching learning process. In order to teach second language learners how to speak in the best way possible, teachers should help and facilitate students to practice English speaking a lot. They must use speaking activities that can be practiced and applied in the classroom. One of the examples is cooperative learning.
2.3 Concept of Cooperative Learning
Small group discussion, role-play and simulation, case study, discovery learning, self-directed learning, cooperative learning, collaborative learning, contextual instruction, project based learning, problem based learning and inquiry, and task based learning are the techniques of students center learning models.
teacher. In these groups, all member of the group can share their ideas in order to finish their tasks.
While Slavin (2008:4) states that cooperative learning refers to any kinds of teaching methods in which the students work together in small groups for helping each other in learning a certain lesson material. In cooperative class, the students are hoped can help each other, discuss and argue with one another in order to sharpen current knowledge and close discrepancy in understanding on their own. This kind of learning is very important because one who is categorized to a low student will be helped by others. So that, they will get more knowledge through this learning.
In addition, Kagan and Olsen in Kessler (1992:1) states that cooperative learning is a body of literature and research that has examined the effects of cooperation in education. It offers ways to organize group work to enhance learning and increase academic achievement. It can be said that cooperative learning has big effects in education and it also provides many ways to organize group work in order to create high quality learning and to increase students’ academic achievement. In this case, the researcher focuses on the students’ achievement in spoken procedure text.
to the facilitator. He also states that not all of group work can be regarded as cooperative learning. It is not cooperative learning if students sit together in groups and work on problems individually and let one person do all the work. Besides, a teacher should be a motivator for students in class. In other words, Teachers give motivation and know the way how to push maximum ability of their students.
According to Johnson, Johnson & Holubec (1993), cooperative learning should fulfill five principles. They are:
a) Positive Interdependence
Students perceive that they need each other in order to complete the group's task (sink or swim together). It means that one cannot succeed unless everyone succeeds.
b) Face to Face Interaction
Group members have to orally explain how to solve problems, teach one’s
knowledge to others, check for understanding, discuss concepts being learnt, associate the present learning with the past one and share the result to classmates.
c) Individual Accountability
selecting one group member to give the answer. Moreover, the size of the group should be kept small. The smaller size of the group is, the greater individual accountability may be.
d) Interpersonal and Small Group Skills
Groups cannot function effectively if students do not have and use the needed social skills. In cooperative learning students have to learn how to make an interaction with the others in their group. They also learn how to convey their ideas in their group and it will be demanded special ability.
e) Group Processing
Groups need specific time to discuss how well they are achieving their goals and maintaining effective working relationships among members.
In summary, cooperative learning is a variety of teaching methods in which the students work together in small groups to help each other in learning academic content. Students who work in groups should have collaborative skills to achieve the teams’ goal. In this case, the students follow some activities of the technique
2.4 Concept of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) Technique
In line with models of cooperative learning, Depdiknas (2007:128) introduces five types of cooperative learning; jigsaw, student team achievement divisions (STAD), roundtable, group investigation (GI) and inside-outside circle. Others cooperative learning techniques are number head together, team games tournament (TGT), team assisted individually (TAI), structural approach and think pair share (TPS). The models above are known as models of PAIKEM (fun, effective, creative, innovative and active learning).
STAD is one of cooperative learning techniques in which students work in a group. It is one of simplest and most extensively researched forms of all cooperative learning; and is a good technique to begin with for students who are new to the cooperative learning method (Slavin, 1995). The main idea behind Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique is to motivate students, encourage and help each other in understanding the material presented by the teacher. In addition, STAD can be used by students of all ages and any subject areas (Killen, 1998:96).
academic materials. These quizzes are scored and each individual is given an improvement score.
Furthermore, Slavin, 1986 in Wang (2009:116) also states clearly that STAD is a prevailing and simple technique in cooperative learning. It consists of five major components as proposed by Slavin (1995) i.e class presentation, teams, quizzes, individual improvement scores and team recognition. Those components will be elaborated in the following section:
(a) Class Presentation. In this component, the material is introduced in direct instruction or discussion way, but involves audio – visual presentations. It can be a lecture, a discussion and demonstration on the blackboard or whiteboard. Priest (1994) argues that the material taught should closely match to the objective tested by the quiz. Students must pay attention carefully during the class presentation and then students can do the quizzes well afterward to gain good scores for their teams.
(b) Teams. Teams consist of four or five students working in heterogeneous teams according to academic performance (Slavin, 1995). The team meets to study worksheets, discuss problems together, compare answers and correct misconceptions. The major function of the team is to promote its members to do best on their work.
the quizzes, they are not allowed to help each other. It makes sure that every student is responsible for knowing the material.
(d) Individual Improvement Scores. Students’ quiz scores are compared to their past average. The students earn points for their teams based on how much their scores could exceed their previous quizzes. When students make progress on their quizzes, the whole group’s performance will be improved.
(e) Team Recognition. If students’ average scores exceed a certain criterion, teams can earn certificates or other rewards. Slavin (1995) states that the teacher can be creative in how the award are distributed and the important thing is no so much the use of large rewards, but rather the recognition of students’ accomplishment. In this study, the best team among others would get reward from teacher.
From the explanation above, it can be stated that Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique gives students the opportunity to collaborate with peers in the form of group discussions to solve a problem each group member.
2.5 Concept of Procedure Text
things work through several steps directions. While spoken procedure text means explaining the steps or instructions orally in making or doing something. The function is giving information for listeners especially students about the action steps and instructions how something is able to be accomplished, so they will easier understand about what they are going to do.
Procedure text has its own generic or schematic structures. Hartono (2005:5) states schematic structure is the distinctive beginning-middle-end structure of genre. There are three particular generic structures on procedure text namely goal, materials and methods (Derewianka, 1990:27). Before telling the procedure text, it is better for speaker to recognize the schematic or generic structure of the text itself. The first, speakers should have a goal or aim. It is something that will be done which usually stated in the title of the text, for example “How to Make
Chicken Meatball”. The second, speakers should determine the ingredients or
As a kind of genre, procedure text also has language features. Derewianka (1990:28), Watkins and Knapp (2005:156) argue that there are some language features of procedure text. First, it mainly uses many action verbs for command (take, chop, add) and usually uses simple present tense. Action verbs which are used in instructions represent the processes involved in completing a task, for example, “walk the jungle, defeat the enemy there, then cross the river”. Meanwhile, verbs are in the simple present tense to create a sense of timelessness. They are also stated as imperatives. Second, procedure text focuses on specific people or things, such as “first, you take…” and focuses on generalized human agents, such as “you heat the oil”. Besides, according to Gerot and Wignell (1994), procedure text usually uses temporal connectives to do with time or sequence of action and it can be used to link information (first, then, next, when, etc). Finally, Derewianka (1990) adds procedure text uses detail factual description of participants (shape, size, color, amount, etc.), such as “place two
eggs into a bowl” and simple language due to the purpose to give clear
information and detail information on how (mix it slowly), where (cut 5cm from the top), when (until it turns golden).
instructions that give the information about the rule of the games, and 3) Scientific experiments that give the information about steps to do experiment.
Here is an example of procedure text and its schematic structure:
Goal: “How to Make Chicken Meatball”
Ingredients:
400 grams boneless chicken
2 pcs garlic (big size)
1 pcs small onion
1 tsp salt
3 tbs starch or corn flour
1/4 tsp pepper
1/2 litre water
1 pcs egg (remove the egg yolk)
onion leaves to garnish
a pinch of food seasoning
1 tbs oil
Steps:
Chicken Balls:
Place the chicken, 1 pcs garlic, onion and salt in food processor. Process until smooth
Put the processed chicken in a bowl and mix with the egg and flour. Knead the dough and roll the dough into small balls
Boil the water
Drain the balls
The Soup:
Heat the oil
Crush 1 pcs of garlic and fry the garlic
When the good smell comes out and the color turn golden, add the stocks (the water which was used to boil the chicken balls), let it boiled
Add the salt, pepper and food seasoning
Add the chicken balls and garnish with onion leaves
The chicken meatball soup is now ready to be served
http://www.easyrecipeworld.com/chicken-meatball-soup/
2.6 Procedure of STAD Technique Implemented in Speaking Class
The table presented below is steps of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique proposed by Slavin, 1986 in Wang (2009:116) which modified for speaking class, they are:
Table 2.1 Stage of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique
Stage Students’ Role Teacher’s Role
Team Recognition If the group’s scores exceed a certain criterion, teams can earn
certificates or other rewards.
Teacher gives praises or rewards for the best team among others.
2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of STAD Technique
2.7.1 Advantages of STAD Technique
There are some advantages in implementing STAD technique in the teaching learning process. According to Lundgren (1994), the advantages of STAD are:
1. It can increase the students’ motivation 2. It can increase the students’ score
3. It can increase the students’ retention or save the data for long time
2.7.2 Disadvantages of STAD Technique
Besides the advantages, STAD technique also has the disadvantages in its implementation. According to Kagan (1992:109), the disadvantages of STAD are:
1. Teacher get hardly the class’ attention 2. The noise level become too high
III. RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter discusses certain points; research method deals with research design, subject of the research, sources of data, data collecting technique, validity of data, reliability of data, research procedure and data analysis which classified like the following:
3.1 Research Design
researcher did not approve or disapprove hypothesis. Related to the descriptive characteristics of qualitative, the researcher described the process of the implementation Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique in speaking class.
3.2 Subject of the Research
The subject of this research was the tenth grade students of SMA N 14 Bandar Lampung at even semester in academic year 2012/2013. There were seven classes for the tenth grade with the total number 255 students. Each class consisted of 36-37 students. Among those classes, the researcher only used one class which was X4. It consisted of 37 students. They were about 15-16 years old. The class was selected randomly. It meant that every class had the same opportunity to be selected in this research.
3.3 Sources of Data
problems which appeared during the implementation of Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) in speaking class were analyzed by the researcher too in order to draw conclusion.
3.4 Data Collecting Technique
In collecting the data, the researcher used some instruments in order to enrich the data as follows:
1. Observation
of good level in which the number of active students was more than 75% from the total students in the class (Arikunto, 2006:7).
2. Questionnaire
Questionnaire is administered to obtain information, which is not easily observed, such as attitudes, opinions and motivations (Nasution, 1996:128). The researcher would give a set of questionnaire to the students after teaching learning process in the last meeting (see app.3). In this self reflective teaching research, the researcher used close-ended questions (just yes/no questions) in order to make the equal perception among students in answering the questions. The items of questionnaire are developed based on the context (Setiyadi, 2006). Furthermore, Setiyadi (2006:54) explains close-ended questions as questionnaire can be used to help the researcher in selecting the data, so that the researcher will not waste the time to analyze the data which is irrelevant with their research objectives. Each item of questionnaire used in this research covered the students’ opinion in learning speaking through Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique. This step was done in order to support the data from observation.
3. Interview
Interview was a kind of verbal communication, which aimed to obtain information. The interview would be done in order to get valid data and to find out the students’ perception about the teaching learning process. These interviews
Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique (see app. 4). Interview is an important way for a researcher to check the accuracy of the impressions of what he or she has gained through observation (Fraenkel, 1993:385). The purpose of interviewing people was to find out their mind, what they thought or how they felt about something. In this research, it was aimed to know what the problems faced by students in learning speaking through STAD technique in its every stage. The questions for students’ interview were 8 questions. The researcher would take the students who had problems in learning speaking through STAD technique all along observation occurred in the class to get the interview session. To help the researcher collected the data, she used voice-recorder when interviewing to save the data so that it could be analyzed anytime.
3.5 Validity of Data
the data through some methods, they were observation, questionnaire and interview to gather the data.
3.6 Reliability of Data
In keeping the reliability of data of this qualitative descriptive research, another person was involved in observing the teaching learning process happened in the classroom. The observer’s name was Mrs. Imelda Susan, S.Pd. In the researcher’s consideration, Mrs. Susan was qualified to observe the teaching learning process because she had a lot of experiences in teaching English more than 14 years and had experiences in teaching speaking class more than 14 years too. Moreover, she was a graduate of Lampung University S1 in English major. So, the researcher supposed that she was qualified to observe the teaching learning process in speaking class and also could observe each component of STAD in the class.
3.7 Research Procedure
In order to get a good result of the research, the researcher had designed the procedure of research like following:
1. Formulating the research questions and determining the focus on the research.
2. Determining the cases, the way of collecting and analyzing the data as well as the way of reaching the conclusion.
4. Determining the class which would become the subject of the research. 5. Collecting the data from the subject of the research through observation,
questionnaire and interview. 6. Documenting the collective data.
7. Evaluating and analyzing the data to come at the fixed result of the research.
8. Reporting the result of the data analysis to induce the research finding. 9. Making conclusion.
3.8 Data Analysis
1. Data Reduction
Data reduction was basically process of selection, simplification, abstraction and transformation of raw data from recordings, observations, questionnaires and interviews (some of the data could be seen on students’ work’s attachment). Data reduction actually began at data collection, such as summarizing, coding, thematic examination and making classification. This transformation process took place continually after field analysis to final report stage. Data reduction was not separated from other analysis. At this stage, the recorded data from video recording and interview would be selected. Not all information was considered as data of students’ perception of English teacher’s performance. The data that did
not belong to categories would be excluded. After excluding unnecessary data, the selected data would be classified, coded and filed. The result of data reduction was a number of selected data on teacher’s performance, students’ activity and also students’ perception of the teaching and learning process in speaking class through Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) technique would be displayed based on their classification and research question.
2. Data Display
Data display was actually a collection of information that was arranged systematically that helped and enabled the researcher to interpret or draw a tentative conclusion for verification. This data was in the form of report concerning the students’ perception of English teacher’s performance. The data
enabled the researcher to draw some tentative conclusions that would be consulted and checked. Before making a conclusion, there was actually a process of hypothesis formation in the researcher’s mind (it was not a research hypothesis) when analyzing the data. This process would guide the researcher as she made data reduction to reach final conclusion. The data that would be displayed directed the researcher to verify whether the hypothesis was true or not. This data display eventually changed the hypothesis became theses and it was called conclusion. However, if the verification failed there would appear new hypothesis with new data display or might even begin with data reduction. This was the process of data display to make conclusion in data analysis.
3. Data Verification
V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
After conducting the research, presenting the results and doing the analysis, the conclusions and suggestions are presented in this last chapter.
5.1 Conclusions
Referring to the result and discussion on findings on the previous chapter, the writer comes to the following conclusions:
scores stage reached more than 75% on students’ involvement, while team recognition stage only reached 40% on students’ involvement in speaking class.
2. From the result of students’ questionnaire, most students gave positive responses toward the implementation of STAD technique in speaking class. All of students felt happy during the implementation of STAD technique and most of students claimed that they were involved in teaching learning process.
3. Based on students’ opinions in interview section, some speaking problems students encountered in the implementation of STAD technique:
a) Problems at class presentation stage
Understanding the teacher’s explanation
Responding question from teacher
b) Problems at teams stage
Comprehending the discussion in group
Sharing his/her idea to finish the worksheet
c) Problems at quizzes stage
Getting the meaning of question given
Answering the question hesitantly
Looking for some appropriate words
Pronouncing some English words
5.2 Suggestions
Based on those conclusions, the writer would like to propose some considerable suggestions as follows:
1. Considering the conclusions above, it is recommended to the English teachers to use Student Team Achievement Divisions (STAD) as a technique to teach speaking skill since this technique could maximize the students’ English speaking skill and minimize the teacher’s talk time.
2. To decrease the problems of speaking appeared during the implementation of STAD technique, the writer gives some solutions. In term of comprehensibility, the teacher should construct the background knowledge of the students optimally. So, besides giving the graded questions more, the writer suggests that the teacher can give another interesting media besides picture to bridge the topic, for example presentation by using video or realia in order to motivate students’ interests and attentions. Whereas in term of
vocabulary, the writer suggests that the teacher can introduce the students about new vocabularies first or give them a list of difficult vocabularies related to the topic discussed in that day. It functions as an escort which will help them to discuss the topic easier. While the rest, pronunciation, grammar and fluency will be better automatically if they hear the English more and trained to speak English continuously.
underlying STAD technique well. The time allocation have to be considered in administering this technique especially on the teams and quizzes stages. In addition, the teacher should create highly good preparation of the material as well as the media before implementing this technique because it determines the success of teaching learning process. Then, the teacher should control the whole activities done by the students, so the class will not be a lot noisy.
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