Informasi Dokumen
- Penulis:
- Wisnu Anggoro
- Pengajar:
- Benediktus Dwi Desiyanto
- Sekolah: Packt Publishing
- Mata Pelajaran: C++ Programming
- Topik: C++ Data Structures and Algorithms
- Tipe: book
- Tahun: 2018
- Kota: Birmingham
Ringkasan Dokumen
I. Learning Data Structures and Algorithms in C++
This introductory chapter lays the groundwork for understanding data structures and algorithms within the C++ programming language. It begins by establishing a basic understanding of C++ syntax and functionality, including essential elements such as variable declaration and initialization using fundamental and advanced data types (bool, char, int, float, etc., and structs and enums). The chapter then moves into code flow control, covering conditional statements (if, else if, else, switch) and loop structures (for, while, do-while), crucial aspects for algorithm design and implementation. A significant portion focuses on abstract data types (ADTs) and how to build user-defined ADTs using C++ classes, illustrating the principles of abstraction, information hiding, and encapsulation. Finally, the chapter introduces algorithm analysis using asymptotic analysis, covering Big Theta, Big O, and Big Omega notations to evaluate algorithm efficiency.
1.1 Introduction to basic C++
This section covers setting up a basic C++ development environment, illustrating the compilation and execution process using a simple program. It explains the importance of using an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) such as Code::Blocks for enhanced productivity. The fundamentals of input/output operations (using std::cin and std::cout) and the purpose of header files (#include) are also demonstrated. The section serves as a foundational refresher for those with prior programming experience and an introduction for those new to C++.
1.2 Defining the variables using fundamental data types
This subsection details C++'s fundamental data types, explaining their usage and demonstrating different variable initialization techniques: copy initialization, direct initialization, and uniform initialization (brace initialization). The various data types, including boolean (bool), character (char, wchar_t, etc.), floating-point (float, double), integer (int, long, etc.), and void, are introduced. Understanding these data types is essential for efficient memory management and program performance within the context of data structures and algorithms.
1.3 Controlling the flow of the code
This section focuses on control flow statements, explaining how conditional statements (if, else if, else, switch) and loop constructs (for, while, do-while) are used to alter the execution path of a program. The importance of these constructs in creating dynamic and efficient algorithms is highlighted through practical examples, such as creating a simple calculator and a number guessing game, showcasing the implementation of conditional and loop statements. These examples underscore the importance of control flow in constructing algorithms.
1.4 Leveraging the variable capability using advanced data types
Building on fundamental data types, this section introduces more advanced concepts: enums and structs. Enums are explained as a way to create a set of named integer constants, which is particularly useful for representing states or categories within an algorithm. The example of creating a card game demonstrates the practical application of enums. Structs are then explained as user-defined composite types that group related variables together. The combined use of enums and structs are illustrated, providing a clear example of how to represent complex data structures in C++.
1.5 Developing abstract data types
This subsection explains the concept of Abstract Data Types (ADTs), emphasizing the separation of interface (operations) and implementation. It highlights the importance of abstraction, information hiding, and encapsulation in designing robust and maintainable code. The principles of ADTs are illustrated, laying the theoretical foundation for the more concrete examples of data structures introduced in subsequent chapters. The section provides a clear theoretical framework crucial for understanding data structures' design and implementation.
1.6 Applying C++ classes to build user-defined ADTs
This section demonstrates the practical application of C++ classes to create user-defined ADTs. It explains the use of access specifiers (public, protected, private) for controlling data access and implementing information hiding and encapsulation. A simple Animal class example is presented, illustrating how classes can encapsulate data and methods related to a specific concept. This section bridges the gap between the theoretical concept of ADTs and their practical implementation within the C++ language.
1.7 Analyzing the algorithm
This section delves into the crucial aspect of algorithm analysis. It introduces asymptotic analysis, explaining how Big Theta (Θ), Big O (O), and Big Omega (Ω) notations are used to describe the time and space complexity of algorithms. This foundational knowledge is critical for selecting efficient algorithms and optimizing code performance for scalability and robustness, highlighting the importance of analytical rigor in algorithm selection and implementation. It emphasizes evaluating an algorithm's performance beyond individual instances.
II. Storing Data in Lists and Linked Lists
Chapter 2 focuses on linear data structures, starting with arrays and progressing to more sophisticated linked list implementations. The chapter begins by explaining how to construct an abstract data type (ADT) for a list, defining core operations such as fetching, inserting, and removing elements. This foundational list ADT is then extended to build both singly and doubly linked lists, demonstrating the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The use of nodes as fundamental building blocks for linked lists is carefully explained. The chapter concludes by comparing these custom-built data structures to their Standard Template Library (STL) counterparts (std::vector and std::list), showing how the concepts learned translate into practical use in C++.
III. Constructing Stacks and Queues
Chapter 3 delves into stack, queue, and deque data structures. It starts by defining the abstract data types for each, explaining their fundamental operations (push, pop for stacks; enqueue, dequeue for queues; and similar operations for deques). The chapter then presents multiple implementations for each structure, emphasizing the differences in performance and suitability for various applications. This provides a thorough understanding of the use cases for each data structure and its nuances.
IV. Arranging Data Elements Using a Sorting Algorithm
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of several sorting algorithms, crucial for efficient data manipulation. It covers a range of algorithms, including bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort, merge sort, quick sort, counting sort, and radix sort. Each algorithm is explained in detail, focusing on their underlying principles, time complexity, and space complexity. This allows readers to understand the trade-offs between different algorithms and choose the most appropriate one based on specific requirements. The chapter reinforces the importance of algorithmic efficiency and understanding its impact on performance.
V. Finding out an Element Using Searching Algorithms
Chapter 5 focuses on searching algorithms, equally important to efficient data access. It covers linear search, binary search, ternary search, interpolation search, jump search, exponential search, and sublist search. Each algorithm is explained with its implementation, along with a discussion of its time complexity. The chapter highlights how the choice of algorithm significantly impacts the efficiency of searching within different data structures. It emphasizes the relationship between data structure and algorithm selection for optimal performance.
VI. Dealing with the String Data Type
Chapter 6 explores string manipulation techniques in C++. It begins by discussing different ways of constructing strings, using both character arrays and the more flexible std::string class. The chapter then dives into string-related operations such as anagram detection, palindrome checking, binary string conversions (decimal to binary and vice-versa), subsequence generation and checking, and pattern searching. These operations illustrate practical applications of string manipulation and provide exercises in algorithm design.
VII. Building a Hierarchical Tree Structure
Chapter 7 introduces hierarchical tree structures, starting with binary trees and progressing to more advanced tree types. It explains the implementation of a binary search tree (BST), covering operations such as insertion, traversal (inorder), search, finding minimum/maximum values, and node removal. Furthermore, it details the construction of a balanced BST (AVL tree) to mitigate the performance issues that can arise from unbalanced trees. The chapter also covers the implementation of a binary heap and its use as a priority queue. This chapter illustrates the power and complexity of tree-based structures.
VIII. Associating a Value to a Key in a Hash Table
Chapter 8 delves into hash tables, a powerful data structure for efficient key-value storage and retrieval. It begins by discussing the fundamental concepts of hashing and collision handling. It then demonstrates the implementation of hash tables using two common collision resolution techniques: separate chaining and open addressing (linear probing). The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of hash table operations, including insertion, search, removal, and checking for emptiness. This illustrates the trade-offs between different hash table implementations.
IX. Implementation of Algorithms in Real Life
The final chapter explores the application of various algorithm paradigms in real-world scenarios. It covers greedy algorithms (coin-changing problem, Huffman coding), divide-and-conquer algorithms (selection problem, matrix multiplication), dynamic programming (Fibonacci numbers, coin-change problem), brute-force algorithms (search and sort), randomized algorithms, and backtracking algorithms (furniture arrangement, tic-tac-toe). This chapter connects theoretical concepts to practical applications and provides a more holistic view of algorithm design.
Referensi Dokumen
- C++ High Performance ( Viktor Sehr, Björn Andrist )
- Mastering the C++17 STL ( Arthur O'Dwyer )
