PENGEMBANGAN DISIPLIN AKUNTANSI
SECARA INTERNASIONAL
Accounting is a function of the business
environment in which it operates, and it
originated in order to record business
transaction.
Akuntansi mulai dikenal dengan adanya
“
double-entry”
Pengaruh Italia sangat kuat (Genoa,
PENGEMBANGAN DISIPLIN ... (Lanjt)
Luca Pacioli (1494) menerbitkan “Summa de
Arithmatica” Buku pedoman bisnis bagi orang Venice Standar bagi Italia, Belanda, Jerman, dan Inggris.
Isi buku: 1) Memorandum mencatat informasi
transaksi; 2) Jurnal pembuatan jurnal; 3) Ledger posting ke ledger debit dan kredit.
Perkembangan selanjutnya, akuntansi berusaha
PENGEMBANGAN DISIPLIN ... (Lanjt)
1550-an: ada literatur tentang komersial dan politik,
bagaimana memanaj keu publik.
1673: France introduces accounting code, balance
sheet (once two years), and debit in left-hand side while credit in right-hand side.
1770-an: accounting developed significantly.
1760-1830: industrial revolution double-entry
developed more expanded.
1990-an: industrial complexity appeared with
merger, acqusition and MNC development
influencing external and internal financial reporting and controlling systems.
National Differences in Accounting System
Banyaknya sistem akuntansi, sebanyak
negara yang ada di dunia.
Accounting systems are influenced by
environment where they used.
Ownership, industrialization, inflation,
economic development, educational
system, law, politic, and sociality are
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT
The USA is number one country in
international trading, followed by
Germany, Japan, France, and UK.
Also, in international investment: USA
(25%) UK (13), France (11), Germany (9),
and Japan (6)
Global Players: EU (38%), USA (29), and
GLOBAL CORPORATE STRATEGY
Dominant theory of economic activity among
countries was mercantilism. The premis of mercantilism was a country’s wealth was
dependent on its holdings of gold. Therefore, countries tend to restrict imports, subsidize exports, exploit colonies and hoard gold.
1700s Adam Smith questioned mercantilism and
suggested that the real wealth of country
consisted in the goods and services available to its citizens absolute advantage in production. Absolute advantage can be natural (climate and natural resources) or acquired (firm-specific
GLOBAL CORPORATE ... (cont’d)
Another strategy is comparative advantage,
countries tend to specilaize in the production of products that they can produce most efficiently. The comparative advantage of a country due to the abundance of certain production factors. Reasons to export
1. To make different product.
2. To get a rid of excess production capacity. 3. To gain greater market share and increase
sales.
Barriers to trade
There are two barriers to trade: structural and
transactional.
Structural market failure is often related to
government action: unemployment, infant industry, industrialization, political action, balance of payment problem.
Transactional barrier related to tariff and nontariff
barriers. A tariff is a governmental tax levied on goods shipped internationally. Nontariff barrier related to international trade block, such as
NAFTA, WTO, AFTA, EU etc. The best examples of nontariff barriers to trade are subsidies,
ACCOUNTING DIMENSION OF GLOBAL STRATEGY
Dimensi akuntansi pada strategi global ada
pada financial statements, controlling, transfer pricing and international audit.
Implications:
1. Language & currency are different 2. Different definition
3. Type and number of information disclosure are different
International business evolution:
ACCOUNTING DIMENSION ... (cont’d)
Accounting aspec of international business
export-import financial information
hire foreigner. Shipping, insurance, legal,
payment etc. must be concerned.
Field of international accounting
1. Descriptive / comparative accounting
2. Accounting dimension of international
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND MULTINATIONAL STRATEGY
