TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
APPROVAL PAGE ………... i
DEECLARATION ... ii
ACKNOWLEDMENTS ………... iii
ABSTRACT ……….. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………... v
LIST OF TABLES ……… vii
LIST OF BOXES ……….…. viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ……….………..……… 1
1.2 Research Questions ……….……..………….. 3
1.3 Purposes of the Study……….……...… 3
1.4 Significance of the Study ……….. 4
1.5 Scope of the Study ……… 5
1.6 Clarifications of Key Terms ………... 5
1.7 Organization of the Thesis ……… 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Setting ……...… 8
2.1.1 Research Proposal as One of Academic Texts ……… 10
2.1.1.1 Purpose of a Research Proposal ………...… 10
2.1.1.2 Major Elements of a Research Proposal …………...… 10
2.1.2 Introduction Chapter ……… 11
2.1.2.1 Purpose of Introduction ………11
2.1.2.2 Elements of Introduction ………..12
2.1.2.3 Linguistic Features of Introduction ………..… 13
2.1.3 Literature Review Chapter ………... 18
2.1.3.1 Purpose of Literature Review ………..… 19
2.1.3.2 Elements of Literature Review ……… 20
2.1.3.3 Linguistic Features of Literature Review ……… 21
2.1.4 Methodology Chapter ……….… 25
2.1.4.1 Purpose of Methodology ………..… 26
2.1.4.2 Elements of Methodology ……….…... 26
2.1.4.3 Linguistic Features of Methodology ……… 27
2.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) ……….…... 28
2.2.1 Transitivity System ...………...… 29
2.2.1.1 Material Process ………... 29
2.2.1.2 Mental Process ………. 30
2.2.1.3 Verbal Process ………. 31
2.2.1.4 Relational Process ……… 31
2.2.1.5 Behavioural Process ………. 32
2.2.1.6 Existential Process ………....32
2.2.1.7 Circumstances ………...33
3.1 Research Design ………35
3.2 Research Site and Participants ……….. 36
3.3 Data Collection Techniques ……….. 37
3.3.1 Documentation of Students’ Research Proposals ……….……... 37
3.3.2 Interview ………..… 38
3.4 Data Analysis ……… 39
3.4.1 The Students’ Research Proposals ………...……… 39
3.4.2 Interview ……….. 40
3.5 Conclusion ……… 41
CHAPTER IV DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 The Students’ Research Proposals ………...………… 42
4.1.1 The Major Elements in the Research Proposals …………...….. 43
4.1.2 The Elements and Linguistic Features of Each Chapter …….… 45
4.1.2.1 Introduction ………..… 45
4.1.2.2 Literature Review ……… 56
4.1.2.3 Methodology ……… 64
4.2 Interview ………74
4.2.1 The Major Elements in the Research Proposals …..……..……. 75
4.2.2 The Elements and Linguistic Features of Each Chapter …….… 78
4.2.2.1 Introduction ………..… 78
4.2.2.2 Literature Review ……….…84
4.2.2.3 Methodology ……… 87
4.3 Conclusion ……… 92
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion ……….... 93
5.2 Recommendation ……….. 95
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………. 96
APPENDICES Appendix 1: List of Students’ Research Proposals ………... 104
Appendix 2: Results of the Analysis of Students’ Research Proposals …... 105
Appendix 3: Interview Guide ………..154
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF BOXES
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the general issues related to the present study. These include the background of the study, research questions, purposes of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, clarifications of key terms central to the study, and organization of the thesis.
1.1 Background of the Study
In English-major programs at the tertiary level, written work is an integral part of its education. Students are prompted to think independently about particular issues and subjects by performing assignments and research papers. At the same time, students also learn how to access, select and evaluate information from different sources and to formulate ideas (Anderson and Poole, 2001:4). In other words, academic writing is arguably the most important language skill to English tertiary students whose grades are largely determined by their performance in written assignments, academic reports, term examinations and graduation theses (Nga, 2009:112).
2 genres, especially in writing a research report as their thesis. Some studies examine the students’ problem in writing the whole thesis (see Kareviati 2004; Emilia, 2009), while some others focus on a particular section, e.g. abstract (see Abdul & Sadeq, 2006), data presentation and discussion (see Bitchener & Basturkmen, 2006; Emilia, Rodliyah, & Gustine, 2009), and conclusions (see Bunton, 2002).
3 Thus, this present study aims to investigate the students’ ability and problems in writing a research proposal. This study has been conducted in an undergraduate English study program in a university in Banten. This study attempts not only to identify the students’ ability and problems in writing a research proposal, but also the possible causes of the problems and the possible solutions that can be proposed to solve the problems based on the students’ work.
1.2 Research Questions
This study attempts to answer the following research questions:
1. What are the students’ ability and problems in writing a research proposal? 2. What are the possible causes of the problems faced by the students?
3. What possible solutions can be proposed to solve the students’ problems based on the students’ work?
1.3 Purposes of the Study
The specific purposes of the study are as follows:
1. To identify the students’ ability and problems in writing a research proposal. 2. To identify the possible causes of the problems faced by the students in
writing a research proposal.
4 1.4 Significance of the Study
Theoretically, this study will provide a reference on the study on academic writing. Furthermore, this study will be preliminary inputs for other researchers to further study in the similar area of research with different interest.
Practically, this study will provide a general guidance by the experts to write a research proposal, especially in term of its elements and linguistic features.
Professionally, the results of this study are expectedly beneficial for English study program students and lecturers, especially writing instructors and supervisors.
For students, the results provide information to understand how they organize a
research proposal and to see how this organization may lead to problems, and to better understand the expectations of discourse community to which they will be initiated.
For writing instructors, the results can be used to pursue academic writing
strategies for foreign language students who seek to write in English in ways that will allow their work to be accepted in English academic journals, in a world in which academic discourse is dominated.
For supervisors, the results can be used to help them understand better the
5 1.5 Scope of the Study
This study is a case study of undergraduate English Study Program students in a university in Banten. It uses text analysis and in-depth interview to investigate the students’ performance in writing a research proposal. The analysis focuses on the elements and linguistic features employed in the research proposals. The analysis attempts to identify the students’ ability and problems in writing a research proposal, the possible causes of the problems, and the possible solutions that can be proposed to solve the problems based on the students’ work.
1.6 Clarifications of Key Terms
For the sake of clarity, key terms in this study are defined and specified as follows:
Students: The seventh-semester undergraduate students of English study program
in a university in Banten.
Ability: The students’ ability in writing appropriate elements and linguistic
features of a research proposal to convey its communicative purposes.
Problems: The students’ problems in writing appropriate elements and linguistic
features of a research proposal to convey its communicative purposes.
Research proposal: Students’ written plan for conducting their research study as
one of the requirements for completing their study which is written in English.
Elements: The elements of a research proposal and each chapter of it.
Linguistic features: Forms and structures used by the students to achieve a
6
Genre analysis: A study of a particular type of a written discourse made
distinctive by its purpose and the discourse community for which it is intended. Examples of genres are abstracts, grant proposals, laboratory reports, poems, letters, editorial, novels, etc (Swales, 1990). Particular genre to be analyzed in this present study is students’ research proposals (to follow Swales, 1990, 1996, 2004; Swales and Feak, 2004, 2009; Paltridge and Stairfield, 2007; Emilia, 2008, 2009, among others)
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL): Halliday model of text analysis as a point
of reference and theoretical framework for the analysis of students’ writing in terms of linguistic features based on the Transitivity system (developed by Halliday, 1985, 1994; Martin and Rose, 2003, 2007; Eggins, 1994, 2004, among others).
1.7 Organization of the Thesis
35 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents an overview of the methodology of the study. It describes the research design, research site and participants, data collecting techniques, data analysis, and validity of the study.
3.1 Research Design
36 3.2 Research Site and Participants
This study was carried out at the undergraduate English study program in one university in Banten. This research site has been chosen for two reasons. First, as a member of the teaching staff with more than five years teaching experience, it is expected that the researcher would get easy access to the research site, and hence, increase the feasibility of the study (Bogdan and Biklen, 1998:54). Second, this English study program had a research proposal workshop for their seventh-semester students to submit their research proposals to be discussed with some instructors. Therefore, the research proposals analyzed would show the students’ own performance since they were not written for this study.
The participants of the study were nine students and two lecturers of Research on ELT subject. The nine students were selected for two reasons. First, the students involved in this study were accessible for the researcher to get the data since they were still active as the seventh-semester students finishing their study in the research site. Second, their temporary GPA represents the low achiever (<3), mid achiever (3-3.5), and high achiever (>3.5). Meanwhile, the two lecturers of Research on ELT were selected because they were assumed to understand the students’ ability and problems in writing a research proposal since the students were assigned to write a research proposal as one of the requirements of this subject.
37 participants were asked for their willingness to be interviewed, all the participants were voluntary involved in the interview.
3.3 Data Collection Techniques
This study employed two data collection techniques, namely: the documentation of students’ research proposals and interview.
3.3.1 Documentation of Students’ Research Proposals
38 3.3.2 Interview
The second source of data was the interview with all participants of the study. It was carried out after the process of the students’ research proposal text analysis had been completed. It was used to obtain more comprehensive data on their perspective, especially on two areas related to the second and third research questions, i.e. the possible causes of the problems in writing a research proposal and the possible solutions that can be proposed to solve the students’ problems based on their works.
In this case, individual semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions (Cohen & Manion, 2004:273) were preferred to enable the researcher to get all information required while at the same time permitted the participants’ freedom of responses and description to illustrate the concept (Field and Morse in Emilia, 2005). The content and procedures of the interviews were organized in advance based on the data gained from the text analysis. Each student was given questions based on the problems they face; while the lecturers were given questions based on the general problems faced by the students (see the interview guide in Appendix 3).
39 3.4 Data Analysis
The data were analyzed through qualitative data analysis on the basis of the research questions. As discussed in data collection section, there were two sources of data in this study, namely: the students’ research proposals and interview. The followings are the steps of data analysis for each source of data.
3.4.1 The Students’ Research Proposals
As pointed out by Travers (2001), the procedure of text analysis in case study follows the procedures laid out in the related theory. For this purpose, this study used the theory of genre analysis and SFL to analyze the students’ research proposals. The analysis was in terms of the elements and linguistic features the students employed in their research proposals to achieve the communicative purpose of each element in the research proposals.
There were six steps of text analysis applied in this study.
First, the research proposals were grouped into one of the three categories (high
achiever, mid achiever, and low achiever) and analyzed as a whole to see its major elements (see Appendix 1 for the list of students’ research proposals).
Second, each chapter of the research proposal, i.e. introduction, literature review,
and methodology, was analyzed to see its elements and linguistic features.
Third, the analysis of the elements and linguistic features were carried out to
40 As a result, it has answered the first research question, i.e. to identify the students’ ability and problems in writing a research proposal.
Fourth, each student’s ability and problems were categorized in the following
form (see the results of the analysis in Appendix 2):
Student # … (1-9)
(i) The major elements in the research proposal (ii) The elements and linguistic features of each chapter
Ability Problems
Introduction Literature Review
Methodology Introduction Literature Review
Methodology
Elements Linguistic features
Fifth, the results of the analysis of all students’ research proposals were described
and discussed in two major points: (i) the major elements in the research proposals, (ii) the elements and linguistic features of each chapter.
Sixth, the possible solutions to solve the students’ problems reflected in the
research proposals were proposed to answer the third research question, i.e. to propose possible solutions to solve the students’ problems based on their work.
3.4.2 Interview
41 categorized by using thematic data analysis with regard to the research questions i.e. the problems faced by the students, the possible causes of the problems, and the possible solutions that can be proposed to solve the students’ problems based on their work (see the interview coding in Appendix 4).
3.5 Conclusion
93 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the conclusion of the present study related to the research questions presented in Chapter One. This chapter also gives recommendation for further researchers and practitioners.
5.1 Conclusion
The study reveals three findings related to the three research questions formulated in this study, i.e. the students’ ability and problems in writing a research proposal, the possible causes of the problems faced by the students, and the possible solutions that can be proposed to solve the problems.
94 Second, the main causes of the problems were the students’ unfamiliarity with the elements and its linguistic features in a research proposal and the students’ lack of knowledge in applying those elements and linguistic features properly in their research proposals.
Third, the possible solutions that can be proposed to solve the students’ problems are guidance, assistance, and explicit teaching in writing the elements and linguistic features of a research proposal to solve their problems in writing a research proposal.
On the basis of findings above, several conclusions can be proposed. First, most students faced difficulties in presenting arguments in terms of justifications. It supports the previous studies by Bunton (2002) and Paltridge and Starfield (2007) finding that presenting arguments in terms of justifications is something many second-language students find difficult to do. Second, most students were not aware that there are standard models in writing a research proposal, especially in terms of its elements and linguistic features, which are widely accepted in the field of English Language Teaching (ELT). Finally, this study supports the extensive research into academic writing that emphasizes the importance of explicit teaching of the structure of specific written genres, particularly a research proposal, to second-language students (Paltridge and Starfield, 2007; Emilia, 2009; Bailey, 2003; Hyland, 2004, among others).
95 5.2 Recommendation
In line with the topic under discussion, there are two recommendations for further researchers to enhance the richness of aspects related to the students’ ability and problems in writing a research proposal. First, as the scope of the text analysis in this study was limited on the elements and linguistic features applied by the students in their research proposals, further researchers are expected to deal with more comprehensive analysis and explore other important factors which were not considered in this study, i.e. the analysis of particular processes in the Transitivity system, especially the behavioural process which was not found in all research proposals; the comparison of low, middle, and high achiever students; and the process of teaching and learning of the subjects related to research and academic writing. Second, further researchers are expectedly to deal with a bigger number of participants to get richer and more reliable data.
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