The First Industrial Revolution
•
Textiles
•
Coal
•
Iron
The Second Industrial Revolution
•
Steel
•
Chemicals
Economies even more productive
•
Electricity
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
•
New Products and New
Patterns
▫ Substitution of steel for iron major change
▫ Electricity – easily
converted into heat, light, motion
▫ First practical generators ▫ Graham Bell invents the
telephone
▫ Guglielmo Marconi sends the first radio wave across Atlantic
▫ Increased industrial production
▫ Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader
Industrialization and workers
•
Some had to give up
former occupations and
accept longer work
hours and
mind-numbing tasks
Organizing the Working Class
•
Karl Marx
(1818-1883) -
The
Communist Manifesto (1848)
▫
The abolishment of
capitalism through violent
revolutions
▫
Bourgeoisie and
Proletariat
- two hostile camps or two
great classes
▫
History is that of class
struggles – ultimately
leading to revolutions
▫
Calls for overthrow of the
bourgeoisie and
dictatorship
of the proletariat
▫
Eventually there would be a
Organizing the Working Class
•
German Social Democratic Party (SPD),
1875
▫ Outlawed by Bismarck, later legalized in 1890
▫ Lobbied to improve working conditions ▫ 4 million votes in 1912 elections – but not
able to bring changes
•
Revisionists
▫ Rejected revolutionary approach and believed socialism and reform could be achieved through gradual work in a parliamentary system
•
Trade Unions: improving working
conditions through collective
bargaining (negotiations with
employers)
© 20 03 W ad sw or th , a d iv isi on o f T ho m so n L ea rn in g, In c. T ho m so n L ea rn in g™ is a tr ad em ark u se d h er ein un de r l ic en se .
The Emergence of Mass Society
•
New Urban Environment
▫
Growth of cities: by 1914, 80 percent of the population in
Britain lived in cities (40 percent in 1800); 45 percent in
France (25 percent in 1800); 60 percent in Germany (25
percent in 1800); and 30 percent in eastern Europe (10
percent in 1800)
Migration from rural to urban
▫
Improving living conditions
Boards of health set up – innovations to prevent diseases Clean running water required (dams, reservoirs, aqueducts,
tunnels)
Expulsion of sewage – critical to public health (underground pipes)
The Social Structure of Mass
Society
•
The Elite
▫ 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth ▫ Alliance of wealthy business elite (the upper middle class) and
traditional aristocracy
▫ Became leaders in government and military
•
The Middle Classes
▫ Middle Class: lawyers, doctors, members of the civil service, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, chemists
▫ Lower Middle Class: small shopkeepers, traders, prosperous farmers ▫ White-collar workers: between the the middle and lower classes:
traveling salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone operators, department store sales people, secretaries – low pay but committed to middle-class values
▫ Middle class values in the Victorian period
•
The Working Classes
▫ 80 percent of the European population
▫ In Eastern Europe peasants, sharecroppers, and farm workers
The Experiences of Women
•
Defined by families and household roles
▫
Difficulty for single women to earn a living
Most women married, legally inferior to their husbands
▫
Birth control
Female control of family size
▫
Middle-class family
Men provided income and women focused on household and child
care
Fostered the idea of togetherness Victorian ideas
▫
Working-class families
Daughters work until married
1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the
husband’s wages
Movement for Women’s Rights
•
Modern
feminism
had its
beginnings during the
Enlightenment
•
Fight to own property
•
Access to higher education by
middle and upper-middle class
women
•
Could not access jobs dominated by
men – instead turned to teaching,
nursing
•
Demand for equal political rights
▫
Most vocal was the British
movement
▫
Suffrage, or the right to vote key
to improving women’s position
▫
Emmeline Pankhurst
(1858-1928), Women’s Social and
Political Union, 1903
Education in an Age of Mass Society
•
In early 19th century reserved for elites or middle class
•
Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began to
offer at least primary education to both boys and girls between
6 and 12 – required
•
Western nations make a commitment to education
Needs of industrialization – required higher level of education
Need for an educated electorate: if voting, people need to be able to
read and know about citizenship
To instill patriotism
•
Compulsory elementary education created a demand for
teachers, most were women
•
Men saw teaching as a “natural role” of women
•
States set up teacher-training schools for women. The first
women’s colleges were teacher-training schools (less pay
incentive)
Leisure in an Age of Mass Society
The National State and Democracy
•
Western Europe and Political Democracy: growing
prosperity after 1850 contributed to the expansion of
democracy
Great Britain: two-party parliamentary system: Liberal
& Conservative – competing to win popular support
Labour party emerges, supporting liberals
Social reform for working class (universal male suffrage,
work benefits, compensation)
France: the Third French Republic after the collapse of
the Napoleon’s Second Empire government
President and a legislature of two houses
The upper house or Senate, the lower house the Chamber
of Deputies
The powers of the president not defined in the
constitution; premier or prime minister actually led the
government
Toward the Modern Consciousness:
Intellectual and Cultural
Developments
•Challenging the Known: A New Physics
▫
Marie Curie
: one of the first scientists to challenge older views
Discovered that radium gives off energy or radiation, directly
challenging the theory of atom
▫
Albert Einstein
Theory of relativity – space and time are not absolute but relative to
the observer
Energy of matter is equivalent to its mass times the square of the
velocity of light
▫
Sigmund Freud
and the emergence of
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior determined by the unconscious, past experience,
and internal forces
The Impact of Darwin: Social
Darwinism and Racism
•
Darwin’s ideas applied to human society (discus)
•
British philosopher Herbert Spencer: the most popular
exponent of
Social Darwinism
•
Houston Stewart Chamberlain:
▫
Modern-day Germans the only pure successors of the
Aryans
•
Anti-Semitism: discrimination
or hostility against Jews
▫
Portrayed as murderers of Christ, subjected to prosecution
▫
In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto and
became assimilated into the cultures around them
▫
Anti-Jewish parties
▫
72 percent of world’s Jewish population lived in eastern
Europe
▫
Russian Jews forced to live in certain regions.
▫
Prosecutions and bloody
pogroms
(organized massacres)
Zionism
•
Hundreds of thousands of Jews emigrated to escape
persecution
•
Many left for United States
•
About 25,000 immigrated to Palestine - becoming the
center of
Zionism
(Jewish national movement)
•
Zionist’s main goal – establishment of a Jewish State
in Palestine
•
Theodor Herzl
– a key figure in the growth of political
Zionism
•
Palestine a part of Ottoman Empire, opposed to
Culture of
Modernity
•
Modernism –
rebellion against
traditional literary
and artistic styles
dominating since the
Renaissance
•
Literature: writers
explored ideas of
Freud and role of
women in society
▫
Emil Zola
Culture of Modernity
•
1870-1914: one of
the most productive
periods in the
history of visual arts:
modernism
•
Impressionism:
movement began in
France - artists
rejected to paint
nature directly
•
Artists seeking ideas
to represent their
changing ideas
about the world
Claude Monet
•
Sought to capture the interplay of light, water, and sky
Pablo Picasso
Modernist Architecture
•
Modernism gave rise
to a new principle –
functionalism
•
Buildings, like
machines, should be
useful
•
Frank Lloyd Wright
specialized in
building homes with
long geometric lines
and overhanging
roofs
▫ Pioneered the
modern American
