[ 1 5 5] Kazutaka Ko gi and
Ts uyo s hi Kawakami Organizatio n and se rvic e s in o c c upatio nal and
e nviro nme ntal he alth
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
8 / 5 [1 9 9 7 ] 1 5 4 –1 5 7
t h e im p lem en t a t ion of p r a ct ica l m ea su r es in m u lt ip le a sp ect s of t h e wor k p la ce
con d it ion s [4-6]. T h e r es u lt s of t h e cou n t r y q u est ion n a ir e r esu lt s r e ga r d in g im p or t a n t occu p a t ion a l h ea lt h m ea s u r es, s u m m a r ized in Ta ble IV, clea r ly p oin t ou t t h is t en d en cy. Ap p a r en t ly, t h er e is a gen er a l a gr eem en t t h a t t h e com p r eh en sive m ea su r es of wor k en v i-r on m en t a n d woi-r k ei-r s ’ h ea lt h su i-r veilla n ce s h ou ld b e given a h igh p r ior it y [2]. E m er gen cy m ea s u r es, r eh a b ilit a t ion , cou n sellin g a n d r ela t ed con fi d en t ia lit y a r e a lso d eem ed im p or t a n t . Ad d it ion a lly, in cr ea sin g a t t en t ion is p a id t o t h e lin k w it h en v ir on m en t a l p r ot ect ion a n d t h e n eed for a p p ly in g er gon om ics.
T h e r e p or t s fr om t h es e cou n t r i es a b ou t r ecen t en t er p r i s e-level a ch i evem en t s i n occu p a t i on a l h ea lt h s h ow t h e n eed t o a d d r es s s i m u lt a n eou s ly t h es e m u lt i p le a s p ect s, w i t h a n i n cr ea s i n g em p h a s i s on er gon om i c i n t er ven t i on s a n d p r a ct i ca l, i m m ed i a t e w or k p la ce i m p r ovem en t s. T h i s h a s obv i ou s i m p li ca t i on s on ed u ca t i on a n d t r a i n i n g i n occu p a t i on a l h ea lt h a n d on r es ea r ch .
Participatory approaches
A s i m i la r ly com m on t en d en cy i s t h e a ct ive i n volvem en t of m a n a ger s a n d w or k er s i n p r even t ive a ct i on . T r a d i t i on a lly, occu p a -t i on a l h ea l-t h s er v i ces i n m a n y cou n -t r i es h ave b een con cen t r a t ed on h ea lt h exa m i n a t i on s for s cr een i n g p u r p os es w i t h a ccom p a -n y i -n g a dv i s or y fu -n ct i o-n s of t h e occu p a t i o-n a l h ea lt h p er s on n el b a s ed on h ea lt h s u r vei l-la n ce r es u lt s. T h i s t r a d i t i on a l fu n ct i on i s es s en t i a l b u t t en d ed t o d ea l on ly w i t h h a z-a r d s for w h i ch h ez-a lt h s cr een i n g t ech n i q u es Table I
Impo rtant indus trie s fro m o c c upatio nal he alth po ints o f vie w: the numbe r o f c o untrie s in whic h the c o untry re po rte r agre e d o r dis agre e d that the c o rre s po nding indus try was impo rtant in the c o untry and the s tatus o f o c c upatio nal he alth s e rvic e s . Re plie s fro m 1 5 c o untrie s and are as
Importance Status of health services
Good only
Strongly Disagree Generally in large Generally
Sector agree Agree or uncertain good enterprises poor
M ining 8 5 2 4 6 2
Construction 1 3 2 – – 4 1 1
M anufacturing 1 0 5 – 4 1 0 1
Trade and services 2 9 4 1 6 7
Transport 5 1 0 – – 8 7
Agriculture 1 0 4 1 – 1 1 1
Table II
Minis trie s re s po ns ible fo r po lic y fo rmulatio n and s upe rvis io n o f o c c upatio nal he alth ac tivitie s
Labour Mainly: China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia,
M inistry Myanmar, Philippines, New Z ealand, Singapore, Sri Lanka,
South Australia, Thailand, Vietnam
Health Mainly: China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam,
M inistry Partly: Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia
Social security Mainly: South Australia
agency Partly: India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand
Table III
Ge ne ral o rganizatio n o f o c c upatio nal he alth s e rvic e s in plac e s whe re the y are re quire d by the law within e ac h c o untry. Re plie s fro m 1 5 c o untrie s and are as
Well organized Poorly organized Almost non-existent
Government employees 7 6 2
Private sector, large enterprises 1 0 5
Private sector, small enterprises 2 6 7
Gro up training in the fac to ry pre mis e s o f a po tte ry fac to ry (Thailand)
[ 1 5 6]
Joint companies’ occupational health units 4 6 – 5
[ 1 5 7] Kazutaka Ko gi and
Ts uyo s hi Kawakami Organizatio n and se rvic e s in o c c upatio nal and
e nviro nme ntal he alth
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
8 / 5 [1 9 9 7 ] 1 5 4 –1 5 7
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E n v ir on m en t a n d H ea lth , Vol. 8. (s u p.), 1982,
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1995, p p. 223-6.
9 Ch a n , C., Yip, Y.L., Won g, L., Ch u , L. a n d Leu n g, T.P., “A st u dy of occu p a t ion a l s a fet y a n d h ea lt h p r oblem s in sm a ll in d u s t r ies in H on g
Kon g”, in Pr oceed in gs of th e In ter n a tion a l
S ym p osiu m on Occu p a tion a l H ea lth R esea rch a n d Pra ctica l A p p r oa ch es in S m a llsca le E n ter -p r ises, P a t t aya , T h a ila n d , 1995, -p -p. 271-8.
10 Im a d a , A., “T h e r a t ion a le a n d t ools of p a r t ici-p a t or y er gon om ics ”, in N or o, K. a n d Im a d a , A. (E d s), Pa r ticip a tor y E rgon om ics, Tay lor a n d F r a n cis, Lon d on , 1995, p p. 30-49.
11 Kogi, K., “Occu p a t ion a l h ea lt h a n d sa fet y p olicy a n d m a n a gem en t for sm a llsca le en t er -p r is es ”, in Pr oceed in gs of th e In ter n a tion a l
S ym p osiu m on Occu p a tion a l H ea lth R esea rch a n d Pra ctica l A p p r oa ch es in S m a llsca le E n ter -p r ises, P a t t aya , T h a ila n d , 1995.
12 T h u r m a n , J .E ., Lou zin e, A.E . a n d Kogi, K., “H igh er p r od u ct iv it y a n d a b et t er p la ce t o wor k : p r a ct ica l id ea s for ow n er s a n d m a n a ger s of s m a ll a n d m ed iu m -sized en t er p r is es ”,
A ction M a n u a l, In t er n a t ion a l La b ou r Office,
