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Introduction

Hal Hill & Budy P. Resosudarmo

To cite this article: Hal Hill & Budy P. Resosudarmo (2012) Introduction, Bulletin of Indonesian

Economic Studies, 48:2, 129-142, DOI: 10.1080/00074918.2012.694152

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ISSN 0007-4918 print/ISSN 1472-7234 online/12/020129-14 © 2012 Indonesia Project ANU http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2012.694152

Special Issue in Honour of

Chris Manning and Ross McLeod

INTRODUCTION

Hal Hill and Budy P. Resosudarmo

Australian National University

This special issue of the

Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies

(

BIES

) recognises

Chris Manning and Ross McLeod for their scholarship, their role as public

intel-lectuals, their mentoring of students, their collegiality and their institution

build-ing, all with special reference to Indonesia over a period of more than four decades

both in Canberra and in various parts of Indonesia.

While their personalities and backgrounds differ – more on this below – they

share much in common. They were part of a post-war generation of Australians

who were pioneers in their curiosity about, and their desire to engage with, an

exciting and rapidly evolving era of Southeast Asian nation building. Both sought

to immerse themselves deeply in the region – mainly Indonesia, but with a strong

interest in its neighbourhood. Both were motivated by a concern for the state of

human well-being, observing deprivation and poverty on a scale far more serious

than in their country of birth, and then trying to understand the socio-economic,

historical and political origins. Both began serious research on Indo

nesia

equipped with strong analytical foundations but also with an open curiosity. Both

carried this interest forward with path-breaking research on Indonesia – Chris on

wages and labour markets, Ross on small business inance – while at the Austral

-ian National University (ANU) in the 1970s. Both continued to work in and on

Indonesia for the next three decades, at the ANU’s Arndt–Corden Department

of Economics and elsewhere. Both were highly collegial individuals, supportive

of academic colleagues and graduate students in Australia, Indonesia and

else-where, and eager to facilitate constructive dialogues on Indonesian development

issues and challenges. For the past 13 years or so, both have been central igures

in the development of the ANU’s work on the Indonesian economy, and of the

university’s Indonesia Project.

So much for the similarities. The differences also deserve mention. Ross came

from provincial Victoria, studied to be an engineer, worked briely as one and

then ‘saw the light’ as he sometimes said, and switched to economics. He

stum-bled upon Indonesia almost by accident during his irst major travels abroad – on

a Singapore-bound boat that ran aground near Tanjung Priok! As a result of that

chance encounter, he quickly became fascinated with the country. By contrast,

Chris, who grew up in rural New South Wales and attended boarding school in

Sydney, enrolled in what was quaintly called ‘Oriental Studies’ at the ANU, where

he studied Indonesian language and culture as well as economics. Wanting

irst-hand experience of Indonesia, he worked as a volunteer graduate at the Bogor

Agricultural Institute (Institut Pertanian Bogor) for two years. On his return to

Australia, he took a master’s degree at Monash University, attracted by its vibrant

Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, and acting speciically on the advice of Jamie

Mackie, the centre’s director at the time, and also a distant relative of Chris’s.

He then spent a further two years in Indonesia, this time at the Population

Stud-ies Centre, Gadjah Mada University. This cemented his close personal and

pro-fessional association with its legendary director, the late Dr Masri Singarimbun;

whom Chris had earlier worked for as a research assistant in Canberra.

When irst Chris and then Ross embarked on doctoral dissertation research at

the ANU in the mid-1970s, their research careers overlapped for the irst time.

Under the leadership of Heinz Arndt, the ANU was then into its second decade

of serious work on the Indonesian economy. The program was already attracting

economists who were to become leading international igures in the ield, among

them Anne Booth, Howard Dick, Stephen Grenville and Peter McCawley. Chris

had already spent some time in Heinz Arndt’s department as a research assistant,

alongside another research assistant – Boediono – who was destined to become

Indonesia’s vice president.

Although they had different supervisors and were in different departments –

Chris in the research school, Ross in the ‘faculties’ (the teaching department) –

they both undertook extensive ieldwork in Java for about 12 months. Travel to

Indonesia to conduct ieldwork was a feature of ANU work on the Indonesian

economy at the time, partly because the secondary database was very weak and

partly because of the methodological inclinations of the key senior researchers.

Thus, Chris interviewed the owners of many textile and cigarette irms in West,

Central and East Java to ind out why inter-irm wage differences were so large,

while Ross sought to understand how inance for small business enterprises oper

-ated, mainly in the region of Yogyakarta.

Viewed from a contemporary research perspective, this was a highly unusual

approach to economic research. Both spent many months interviewing the owners

of irms, other economic actors, local researchers and government oficials. Chris

had a head start in this painstaking research, with his major in Bahasa Indonesia

and his two years in Bogor. But Ross began to catch up quickly, with his

linguis-tic proiciency and local ield knowledge. This sort of research could have been

regarded as quasi-anthropological, and in fact their methodologies had some

ele-ments in common with this discipline. But, while eclectic and inter-disciplinary

in their approaches, both Chris and Ross remained grounded in economics. Their

dissertations were examined, and commended, by major international igures in

the discipline. In their post-doctoral work, they continued to engage with both

the economics profession and the Asian studies community as their intellectual

anchors.

From the early 1980s, their careers followed at times similar and at times

divergent paths. Both lived and worked for extended periods in Indonesia. Ross

worked as a small business inance adviser to Bank Indonesia in Semarang and

later as a specialist educator attached to the Ministry of Finance in Jakarta. Chris

worked as a researcher in Bogor and Yogyakarta. The Yogyakarta connection of

both, centred on Gadjah Mada University, has continued to be an important part

of their lives. The university supported their work, in a practical and intellectual

sense, and they both conducted ield research in and around the city. Immediately

upon completion of his PhD, Chris again worked for Gadjah Mada’s Population

Studies Centre, and the city now appears likely to be his home for ‘retirement’.

Both returned to Australia in the mid-1980s. For some years, Chris worked at

the Population Studies Centre at Flinders University in Adelaide. Ross taught

economics for a period at the ANU, and maintained a Canberra base for his

fre-quent travels to Indonesia, where he worked as a consultant to the Department

of Finance through the Jakarta ofice of the Harvard Institute for Inter national

Development. Then, in the early 1990s, two vacancies for work on the Indonesian

economy arose at the ANU. Both Chris and Ross were interested in these

posi-tions, and both were clearly the out standing applicants. They returned to the

university, and proceeded to reinvigorate its work on Indonesia and economic

development for the next two decades. With greater freedom for research, and a

stimulating, supportive academic environment, they entered arguably their most

intellectually productive periods.

The major academic publications of each are listed below. Ross returned to some

of his earlier work on inance and development, including the important 1994

Indonesia Update volume on this subject. He then began to extend his research

interests in various directions. When the Asian inancial crisis hit Indonesia, and

some of its neighbours, with unexpected ferocity, with Ross Garnaut he organised

perhaps the irst serious academic conference and book project on this subject.

His interest in inancial development broadened into the ield of macroeconomic

management, in the process crossing the border from micro to macroeconomics.

In 1997, in what quickly became a widely cited paper, he sought to explain

Indo-nesia’s ‘chronic inlation’ – that is, why the country had dificulty matching the

low inlation record of its neighbours, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. A major

research interest in the wake of the Soeharto era was governance and corruption.

In a paper published in 2000, he developed the thesis that the Soeharto regime

constituted a ‘better class of corruption’. Critics of the ANU’s work on the

Indo-nesian economy interpreted this as a sophisticated defence of that regime. But

on the contrary, Ross was simply trying to explain – convincingly in retrospect

– why and how the 32-year Soeharto rule achieved historically high rates of both

economic growth and poverty reduction, alongside egregious corruption. From

the mid-1980s, this corruption was heavily concentrated on the presidential

fam-ily, a phenomenon Ross aptly termed the ‘Soeharto franchise’. Ross extended this

research to the related area of civil service reform, writing an important paper on

the subject for the

BIES

in 2005, and co-editing (with Andrew MacIntyre) an

Indo-nesia Update volume on governance in 2007.

Chris similarly maintained a deep interest in his original ield of research before

branching out into related topics. In 1993, shortly after returning to the ANU, he

too edited an Update volume – almost a condition of entry to the Indonesia

Pro-ject! He then continued to work on the Indonesian labour market, drawing on

his earlier dissertation research and close familiarity with Indo nesian

develop-ment dynamics in its various manifestations – demographic, rural, regional and

industrial – on all of which he had already written major papers and monographs.

The new dimension at this time was that Indonesia was becoming increasingly

‘East Asian’, in the sense that rapid export-oriented industrialisation, combined

with rising education and more open export markets, was now

transform-ing Indonesian, and particularly Javanese, labour markets. Helped by a much

improved secondary database, Chris was able to document these changes

con-vincingly and in great detail, resulting in several signiicant papers and a semi

-nal volume,

Indonesian Labour in Transition

, published by Cambridge University

Press in 1998. While maintaining his interest in labour and poverty, Chris began to

look beyond Indonesia to the broader region. He co-authored two major volumes

on inter national labour migration in the Asia–Paciic: one with Prema-chandra

Athukorala in 1999 and the other with Prema-chandra Athukorala and Piyasiri

Wickramasekara in 2000. He also wrote papers on various labour-related issues in

Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam, and Southeast Asia more broadly.

Our two friends’ personal dispositions may appear to differ somewhat: a

heroic characterisation might be – and frequently is! – that Chris is the

quintes-sential under-stated ‘Javanese’, often cautious in his judgments and conclusions,

while Ross is more ‘Batak’-like in his direct personality and forceful

pronounce-ments. But in other respects they have much in common. They both focus on

what has been happening to the

rakyat

, the vulnerable bottom 40% or so of the

community, and they have a profound distaste for the arrogance of the politically

well-connected rich. They both follow developments in Indonesia very closely,

through an unparalleled circle of close friends, through the media and through

frequent ield trips. They regularly monitor the country’s political economy, they

examine the secondary database, and they follow the latest research. They reach

out comfortably across disciplinary boundaries, and are eclectic in their resort to

both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies.

The Indonesia Project entered a new phase in 1998, when Chris became Head of

the Project and Ross was appointed Editor of the

BIES

. For the next 12 years, they

carved out a highly complementary and congenial working relationship. Under

their leadership the work of the Indonesia Project lourished, as did its Indonesia

research more generally. Ross rigorously edited the

BIES

with assiduous attention

to detail, down to the last footnote, in the process elevating its standing in

inter-national journal rankings to among the very highest among journals of its type.

He also steered the

BIES

into the complex new world of electronic journal editing

and publishing. Chris headed the grand Indonesia Project enterprise, reaching

out effectively to its highly diverse constituencies, across disciplinary boundaries,

geographical borders and ideological perspectives. The annual Indonesia Update

conference and accompanying volume, which had commenced in 1983 and 1989

respectively, were taken to new heights in terms of audience, scholarly quality

and recognition. The regular Indonesia Study Group seminar series was

invig-orated. Several new collaborative research and policy activities were initiated.

Graduate student work on the Indonesian economy rose sharply. Taken together,

it is hard to think of a more inluential and sustained collaborative effort in Indo

-nesian studies in recent times.

Switching from the professional to the personal, there is another important

sim-ilarity – namely that their cultural immersion in Indonesia has extended beyond

the purely academic. For more than 30 years, Chris’s wife Tri and Ross’s wife

Prapti have shaped their lives and outlooks, and their understanding of

Indo-nesia. In important respects Tri and Prapti have been silent ‘co-authors’ in their

thinking and writing on Indonesia, not to mention anchors of their vast and

dis-parate social networks in Canberra and Indonesia.

This special issue of the

BIES

consists of essays by some of the closest colleagues

and friends of Chris and Ross, in their honour. It also contains a tribute to Widjojo

Nitisastro, an icon of Indonesian economic policy making. The issue is a small

token of appreciation from the broader community of scholars and friends who

have been enriched by their friendship and scholarship. This is of course not the

end of their stories – they are, fortunately, alive and well, with various

interest-ing and important activities under way. We would not be at all surprised if more

seminal papers and books appeared under their names. But this seems like an

appropriate juncture to pause, and to relect on and celebrate their achievements.

To Chris and Ross we say ‘Terima kasih banyak, Bapak Bapak’, and to our readers

we say ‘Selamat membaca’.

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS BY CHRIS MANNING

Books

2011 (ed.) Employment, Living Standards and Poverty in Contemporary Indonesia, Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore (with S. Sumarto). 2010 (ed.) The Great Migration: Rural–Urban Migration in China and Indonesia, Edward

Elgar, Cheltenham (with X. Meng).

2002 (ed.) Ekonomi Indonesia di Era Politik Baru: 80 Tahun Mohamad Sadli [The Indonesian Economy in the New Political Era: Mohamad Sadli at 80], Penerbit Buku Kompas, Jakarta (with M. Ikhsan and H. Soesastro).

2000 Growth, Employment and Migration in Southeast Asia: Structural Change in the Greater Mekong Countries, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham (with P. Athukorala and P. Wick-ramasekara).

2000 (ed.) Indonesia in Transition: Social Aspects of Reformasi and Crisis, Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore (with P. van Diermen). (Pub-lished in Indonesian as Indonesia di Tengah Transisi: Aspek-Aspek Sosial Reformasi dan Krisis, LKiS, Yogyakarta, 2000.)

1999 Adjusting to Labour Scarcity: Structural Change and International Labour Migration in East Asia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne (with P. Athukorala).

1998 Indonesian Labour in Transition: An East Asian Success Story?, Trade and Develop-ment Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

1993 (ed.) Labour: Sharing in the Beneits of Growth?, Indonesia Update Series, Australian National University, Canberra (with J. Hardjono).

1984 (ed.) Analisa Ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia Berdasarkan Data Sensus Penduduk 1971– 1980 [Analysis of the Indonesian Labour Force Based on Census Data for 1971–1980], Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta (with M. Papayungan).

1984 (ed.) Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja, Pengangguran dan Kesempatan Kerja [Labour Force Par-ticipation, Unemployment and Employment], Rajawali Press, Jakarta (with Z. Bakir). 1984 (ed.) Urbanisasi, Pengangguran dan Sektor Informal [Urbanisation, Unemployment and

the Informal Sector], Gramedia, Jakarta (with T.N. Effendi).

1974 Irian Jaya: The Transformation of a Melanesian Economy, ANU Press, Canberra (with R. Garnaut). (Published in Indonesian with minor revisions as Perubahan Sosial Ekonomi di Irian Jaya [The Social and Economic Transformation of Irian Jaya], Gramedia, Jakarta, 1979.)

Monographs

2005 Movement of Workers in ASEAN: Healthcare and IT Sectors, Final Report, REPSF Pro -ject No. 04/007, ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta, June (with A. Sidorenko).

2004 Liberalizing and Facilitating the Movement of Individual Service Providers under AFAS: Implications for Labour and Immigration Policies and Procedures in ASEAN, Final Report, REPSF Project No. 02/004, ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta, March (with P. Bhatnagar). 2003 Labor Policy and Employment Creation: An Emerging Crisis?, Report No. 110,

Partner-ship for Economic Growth–USAID, Jakarta, June.

1989 Economic Development, Migrant Labour and Indigenous Welfare in Irian Jaya 1970–84, Paciic Research Monograph No. 20, Australian National University, Canberra (with M. Rumbiak).

1988 The Green Revolution, Employment and Economic Change in Rural Java: A Reassessment of Trends under the New Order, Occasional Paper No. 84, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.

1984 Landownership, Tenancy and Sources of Household Income: Community Patterns from a Partial Recensus of Eight Villages in Rural Java, Agro-Economic Survey, Bogor (with G. Wiradi).

1982 Tubektomi Orang Desa [Tubectomy of Villagers], Liberty Press, Yogyakarta (with M. Singarimbun, G. Samekto and B. Soediyanto).

1974 Fertility and Family Planning in Mojolama, Institute of Population Studies, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta (with M. Singarimbun).

Refereed journal articles

2010 ‘Vietnam: globalization and labour markets in boom and crisis’, ASEAN Economic Bulletin 27 (1): 136–57.

2009 ‘Relections on political reform in Indonesia’, Indonesian Quarterly 37 (4): 296–315 (with H. Hill).

2008 ‘Minimum wages and poverty in a developing country: simulations from Indo-nesia’s household survey’, World Development 36 (5): 916–33 (with K. Bird).

2007 ‘The Manpower Law of 2003 and its implementing regulations: genesis, key arti -cles and potential impact’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 43 (1): 39–86 (with K. Roesad).

2007 ‘The regulation of professional migration: insights from the health and IT sectors in ASEAN’, World Economy 30 (7): 1,084–113 (with A. Sidorenko).

2006 ‘Labour market dimensions of poverty in Indonesia’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 42 (2): 235–61 (with A. Alisjahbana).

2006 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 42 (2): 143– 70 (with K. Roesad).

2005 ‘Legislating for labour protection: betting on the weak or the strong?’, Economics and Finance in Indonesia 53 (1): 33–59.

2005 ‘Regional arrangements for mode 4 in services trade: lessons from the ASEAN expe -rience’, World Trade Review 4 (2): 171–99 (with P. Bhatnagar).

2002 ‘International labor migration in East Asia during the Asian crisis’, World Economy 25 (3): 359–85.

2002 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 38 (3): 277– 306 (with A. Alisjahbana).

2000 ‘Indonesian labour markets: adjusting to the crisis and slow recovery’, Indian Jour-nal of Labour Economics 43 (3): 545–64.

2000 ‘Labour market adjustment to Indonesia’s economic crisis: context, trends and implications’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 36 (1): 103–36.

1999 ‘Labour markets in the ASEAN-4 and the NIEs’, Asia-Paciic Economic Journal 13 (1): 50–68.

1999 ‘Poverty decline and labour market change in Indonesia: lessons from the Soeharto era’, Indonesian Quarterly 27 (2): 122–45.

1999 ‘RI–Australia ties: what went wrong?’, Indonesian Quarterly 27 (4): 1–9 (with H. Hill). 1998 ‘Choosy youth or unwanted youth: a survey of unemployment’, Bulletin of

Indo-nesian Economic Studies 34 (1): 55–93 (with P.N. Junankar).

1998 ‘Does globalisation undermine labour standards? Lessons from East Asia’, Austral-ian Journal of International Affairs 52 (2): 133–47.

1997 ‘A new era of labour market regulation in East Asia? The case of Indonesia’, Asian Economic Journal 11 (1): 111–29.

1996 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 32 (2): 1–43 (with S. Jayasuriya).

1995 ‘Approaching the turning point? Labour market change under Indonesia’s New Order’, Developing Economies 33 (1): 52–81.

1994 ‘What has happened to wages in the New Order?’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 30 (3): 73–114.

1993 ‘Structural change and industrial relations during the Soeharto period: an approach -ing crisis?’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 29 (2): 59–95.

1992 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 28 (1): 3–38. 1990 ‘Labour market trends and structures in ASEAN and the East Asian NIEs’,

Asia-Paciic Economic Literature 4 (2): 59–83 (with E.F. Pang).

1988 ‘Rural employment creation in Java: lessons from the Green Revolution and oil boom’, Population and Development Review 14 (1): 47–80.

1988 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 24 (2): 3–41 (with S. Jayasuriya).

1987 ‘Public policy, rice production and income distribution: a review of Indonesia’s rice self-suficiency program’, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 15 (1): 66–81. 1987 ‘Rural economic change and labour mobility: a case study from West Java’, Bulletin

of Indonesian Economic Studies 23 (3): 52–79.

1980 ‘Fringe beneits in manufacturing: eficiency or welfare?’, Bulletin of Indonesian Eco-nomic Studies 16 (2): 54–82.

1976 ‘Breast feeding, amenorrhea, and abstinence in a Javanese village: a case study of Mojolama’, Studies in Family Planning 7 (6): 175–9 (with M. Singarimbun).

1976 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 12 (3): 1–49 (with P. McCawley).

1974 ‘Marriage and divorce in Mojolama’, Indonesia 17: 67–82 (with M. Singarimbun). 1973 ‘An economic survey of West Irian: Part II’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies

9 (1): 30–64 (with R. Garnaut).

1972 ‘An economic survey of West Irian: Part I’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 8 (3): 35–65 (with R. Garnaut).

1971 ’The timber boom with special reference to East Kalimantan’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 7 (3): 30–60.

Other journal articles

2002 ‘Lessons from labor adjustment to the East Asian crisis: the case of South Korea, Thailand and Indonesia’, East Asian Economic Perspectives 13 (1): 62–96.

2000 ‘Australian–Indonesian relations’, Gaiko Forum 139 (March): 50–59 (in Japanese). 2000 ‘Structural adjustment and labour migration in Malaysia and Thailand’, East Asian

Economic Perspectives 11 (1): 1–19 (with P. Athukorala).

1996 ‘Masalah upah di Jawa: dari Sriharjo tahun 1960-an ke Tangerang tahun 1990-an [Wage issues in Java: from Sriharjo in the 1960s to Tangerang in the 1990s]’, Populasi 7 (1): 1–11.

1988 ‘Penyerapan tenaga kerja di pedesaan Jawa [Labour absorption in rural Java]’, Prisma 17 (1): 30–41.

1980 ‘Segmentasi pasar tenaga kerja di sektor industri di Jawa: beberapa implikasi dari studi kasus industri tenun dan rokok [Labour market segmentation in Java’s manu -facturing: implications from case studies in the weaving and cigarette industries]’, Prisma 9 (11): 85–92.

1977 ‘Ketimpangan upah buruh, penelitian pada industri tenun dan rokok kretek [Wage disparities among industrial workers in the kretek and textile industries]’, Prisma 6 (3): 18–32.

1974 ‘Beberapa catatan tentang pengetahuan, sikap dan praktek keluarga berencana di Mojolama dan Kedung Miri [Some notes on knowledge, attitudes and the practice of family planning in Mojolama and Kedung Miri]’, Demograi Indonesia 1 (2): 70–88 (with M. Singarimbun).

1974 ‘Keluarga berencana, motivasi dan pola sosial-ekonomi: kasus Mojolama [Fam -ily planning, motivations and socio-economic dimensions: the case of Mojolama], Prisma 3 (2): 31–43 (with M. Singarimbun).

Chapters in books

2011 ‘Employment, living standards and poverty: trends, policies and interactions’, in Employment, Living Standards and Poverty in Contemporary Indonesia, eds C. Manning and S. Sumarto, Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Sin-gapore: 1–22 (with S. Sumarto).

2010 ‘Making it in the city: recent and long-term migrants in the urban labour market in Indonesia’, in The Great Migration: Rural–Urban Migration in China and Indonesia, eds X. Meng and C. Manning, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham: 194–221 (with A. Alisjah -bana).

2010 ‘Manufacturing growth, trade and labour market outcomes in East Asia: why have the Southeast Asian cubs lagged behind the tigers?’, in The Rise of Asia: Trade and Investment in Global Perspective, ed. P. Athukorala, Routledge, London and New York: 292–308 (with A. Posso).

2010 ‘The great migration: rural–urban migration in China and Indonesia: trends and institutions’, in The Great Migration: Rural–Urban Migration in China and Indonesia, eds X. Meng and C. Manning, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham: 1–19 (with X. Meng). 2009 ‘Papua I: challenges of economic development in an era of political and economic

change’, in Working with Nature against Poverty: Development, Resources and the Envi-ronment in Eastern Indonesia, eds B.P. Resosudarmo and F. Jotzo, Institute of South -east Asian Studies, Singapore: 21–58 (with B.P. Resosudarmo, L. Napitupulu and V. Wanggai).

2009 ‘Papua II: challenges for public administration and economic policy under special autonomy’, in Working with Nature against Poverty: Development, Resources and the Environment in Eastern Indonesia, eds B.P. Resosudarmo and F. Jotzo, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore: 59–73 (with B.P. Resosudarmo and L. Napitu -pulu).

2009 ‘Trends and constraints associated with labour faced by non-farm enterprises’, in The Rural Investment Climate in Indonesia, ed. N. McCulloch, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore: 50–85 (with A. Alisjahbana).

2007 ‘Regional labor markets and economic development in the Philippines’, in The Dynamics of Regional Development: The Philippines in East Asia, eds A. Balisacan and H. Hill, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham: 244–73 (with E.F. Esguerra).

2006 ‘Coping with cross-border labour lows in Southeast Asia’, in Mobility, Labour Migration and Border Controls in Asia, eds A. Kaur and I. Messner, Macmillan, Lon-don: 52–72 (with P. Bhatnagar).

2006 ‘Potential winners and losers from labour regulation in the formal sector: the case of Indonesia’, in Labour Market Regulation and Deregulation in Asia: Experiences in Recent Decades, eds C. Brassard and S. Acharya, Academic Foundation, New Delhi: 111–37. 2004 ‘Labour regulation and the business environment: time to take stock’, in Business

in Indonesia: New Challenges, Old Problems, eds P. van der Eng and M.C. Basri, Indo-nesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore: 234–50. 2003 ‘Economic reform, labour markets and poverty: the Indonesian experience’, in Trade

Policy, Growth and Poverty in Asian Developing Countries, ed. K. Sharma, Routledge, London and New York: 74–94 (with K. Bird).

2003 ‘Globalization, economic crisis and labor market policy: lessons from East Asia’, in The Impact of Trade on Labor: Issues, Perspectives and Experience from Developing Asia, eds R. Hasan and D. Mitra, North Holland, Amsterdam: 159–285.

2002 ‘Harmonizing labor policies and employment goals’, in Ekonomi Indonesia di Era Politik Baru: 80 Tahun Mohamad Sadli [The Indonesian Economy in the New Political Era: Mohamad Sadli at 80], eds M. Ikhsan, C. Manning and H. Soesastro, Penerbit Buku Kompas, Jakarta: 233–44.

2001 ‘The economics of employment protection and unemployment insurance schemes: policy options for Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand’, in East Asian Labor Markets and Economic Crisis, eds G. Betcherman and R. Islam, World Bank and International Labour Organization, Washington DC: 345–78 (with A. Cox-Edwards).

2000 ‘Recent developments and social aspects of reformasi and crisis: an overview’, in Indonesia in Transition: Social Aspects of Reformasi and Crisis, eds C. Manning and P. van Diermen, Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Sin-gapore: 1–11 (with P. van Diermen).

2000 ‘The Korean labour market in boom, crisis and recovery’, in Looking Forward: Korea after the Economic Crisis, ed. H. Smith, Asia Paciic Press, Canberra: 163–84.

1999 ‘Labour market institutions: the case of Indonesia’, in Institutions and Change in Southeast Asia, ed. C. Barlow, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham: 43–55.

1998 ‘Technology and human resources: are supply-side constraints holding Indonesia back?’, in Indonesia’s Technological Challenge, eds H. Hill and Thee K.W., Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore: 199–218.

1996 ‘Labour markets and human resources in developing East Asia’, in Asia-Paciic Eco -nomic Cooperation: Theory and Practice, eds R.W Hooley, A. Nasution, M. Pangestu and M. Dutta, JAI Press, Greenwich CT: 189–204.

1996 ‘Labour standards and economic development: the Indonesian case’, in Labour Standards and Economic Development, ed. J.E. Lee, Chung-Hua Institute for Economic Research, Taipei: 249–73.

1994 ‘Rural development and non-farm employment in Java’, in Development or Deterio-ration: Work in Rural Asia, eds B. Koppel, J. Hawkins and W. James, Lynne Rienner, Boulder CO: 211–48 (with T.N. Effendi).

1993 ‘Balancing both sides of the ledger: wages and employment in Indonesia under Soe -harto’, in Labour: Sharing in the Beneits of Growth?, eds C. Manning and J. Hardjono, Indonesia Update Series, Australian National University, Canberra: 61–87.

1993 ‘Rural problems and urban opportunities’, in Development and Social Welfare: Indo-nesia’s Experiences under the New Order, eds J.-P. Dirkse, F. Husken and M. Rutten, KITLV Press, The Hague: 87–94.

1992 ‘Labour force and employment during the 1990s’, in The Oil Boom and After: Indo-nesian Economic Policy and Performance in the Soeharto Era, ed. A. Booth, Oxford Uni-versity Press, Singapore: 383–418 (with G. Jones).

1990 ‘Macro-economic strategy, stability and income distribution: a global assessment of trends under the New Order’, in Indonesian Economic Development: Approaches, Technology, Small-scale Textiles, Urban Infrastructure and NGOs, ed. R.C. Rice, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, Melbourne: 1–14.

1988 ‘Economic development and poverty in capitalist Asia: recent trends, issues and future prospects’, in Rethinking Development Issues: Opportunities and Constraints in the 1980s, eds J. Browett, C. Gertzel and R. Leaver, Conference Paper Series No. 5, Centre for Development Studies, Flinders University, Adelaide: 95–124.

1985 ‘A food production success story: the case of rice self-suficiency in Indonesia’, in Food for the World? Constraints to Agricultural Development in the Third World, eds R. Knight et al., Conference Paper Series No. 3, Centre for Development Studies, Flinders University, Adelaide: 1–19.

1984 ‘Angkatan kerja dan kesempatan kerja di Indonesia dewasa ini [Current trends in labour force and employment in Indonesia]’, in Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja, Pengang-guran dan Kesempatan Kerja [Labour Force Participation, Unemployment and Employ-ment], eds Z. Bakir and C. Manning, Rajawali Press, Jakarta: 1–28.

1981 ’Dualism in labour markets and labour market segmentation in Indonesian manu-facturing’, in Dualism, Growth and Poverty, eds R. Garnaut and P. McCawley, ANU Press, Canberra: 307–19.

1978 ‘Pockets of privilege amidst mass poverty: wages and working conditions in Indo-nesian industry’, in The Life of the Poor in IndoIndo-nesian Cities, eds L. Jellinek, C. Manning and G. Jones, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, Melbourne: 17–32.

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS BY ROSS H. McLEOD

Books

2007 (ed.) Indonesia: Democracy and the Promise of Good Governance, Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore (with A. MacIntyre).

1998 (ed.) East Asia in Crisis: From Being a Miracle to Needing One?, Routledge, London and New York (with R. Garnaut).

1994 (ed.) Finance as a Key Sector in Indonesia’s Development, Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.

1991 (ed.) Cases on Financial Policy and Banking Deregulation in Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta (with D.C. Cole).

Journal articles

2011 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 47 (1): 7–34. 2010 ‘Civil society organisations’ contribution to the anti-corruption movement in

Indo-nesia’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 46 (3): 347–70 (with Budi Setiyono). 2010 ‘How US economists got it so wrong’, Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform

17 (1): 77–81.

2010 ‘Indonesia’s stock market: evolving role, growing eficiency’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 46 (3): 329–46 (with J.J. Kung and A.P. Carverhill).

2009 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 45 (2): 151–76 (with M. Kuncoro and T. Widodo).

2008 ‘Inadequate budgets and salaries as instruments for institutionalising public sector corruption’, South East Asian Research 16 (2): 199–223.

2008 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 44 (2): 183–208.

2006 ‘Indonesia’s new Deposit Guarantee Law’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 42 (1): 59–78.

2006 ‘Private sector lessons for public sector reform in Indonesia’, Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform 13 (3): 275–88.

2005 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 41 (2): 133–57.

2005 ‘The struggle to regain effective government under democracy in Indonesia’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 41 (3): 367–86.

2004 ‘Dealing with bank system failure: Indonesia, 1997–2003’, Bulletin of Indonesian Eco-nomic Studies 40 (1): 95–116.

2003 ‘Towards improved monetary policy in Indonesia’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 39 (3): 303–24.

2002 ‘Banking collapse and restructuring in Indonesia, 1997–2001’, Cato Journal 22 (2): 277–95 (with G. Fane).

2002 ‘Second and third thoughts on privatisation in Indonesia’, Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform 9 (2): 151–64.

2000 ‘Soeharto’s Indonesia: a better class of corruption’, Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analy-sis and Reform 7 (2): 99–112.

2000 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 36 (2): 5–40. 2000 ‘Which currency for East Timor?’, Paciic Economic Bulletin 15 (1): 113–18.

1999 ‘Control and competition: banking deregulation and re-regulation in Indonesia’,

Journal of the Asia Paciic Economy 4 (2): 258–97.

1999 ‘Crisis-driven changes to the banking laws and regulations’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 35 (2): 147–54.

1999 ‘Lessons for monetary and banking policies from the 1997–98 economic crises in Indonesia and Thailand’, Journal of Asian Economics 10 (3): 395–413 (with G. Fane). 1998 ‘From crisis to cataclysm? The mismanagement of Indonesia’s economic ailments’,

World Economy 21 (7): 913–30.

1997 ‘Explaining chronic inlation in Indonesia’, Journal of Development Studies 33 (3): 392–410.

1997 ‘Policy conlicts in Indonesia: the impact of the current account deicit target on growth, equity and stability’, ASEAN Economic Bulletin 14 (1): 32–45.

1997 ‘Postscript to the survey of recent developments: on causes and cures for the rupiah crisis’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 33 (3): 35–52.

1997 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 33 (1): 3–43. 1997 ‘Treating Australia’s health insurance system: palliatives or radical surgery?’,

Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform 4 (1): 3–14.

1996 ‘Indonesia’s economic performance: an assessment’, Journal of Asian Business 12 (4): 71–83.

1996 ‘Indonesian foreign debt: a comment’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 32 (2): 119–31.

1996 ‘The DIFF: an obituary’, Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform 3 (4): 517–22 (with S. Cuthbertson).

1995 ‘Getting value for money from the overseas aid community’, Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform 2 (4): 521–4.

1994 ‘Dificulties in detecting changes in export trends: a note on the presentation of data’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 30 (2): 159–62.

1993 ‘Analysis and management of Indonesian money supply growth’, Bulletin of Indo-nesian Economic Studies 29 (2): 97–128.

1993 ‘Survey of recent developments’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 29 (2): 3–42. 1992 ‘Indonesia’s new Banking Law’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 28 (3): 107–22. 1991 ‘Informal and formal sector inance in Indonesia: the inancial evolution of small

businesses’, Savings and Development 15 (2): 187–209.

1983 ‘Concessional credit for small-scale enterprise: a comment’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 19 (1): 83–9.

1978 ‘On middlemen’, Malayan Economic Review 23 (2): 21–6.

Chapters in books

2011 ‘Institutionalized public sector corruption: a legacy of the Suharto franchise’, in The State and Illegality in Indonesia, eds E. Aspinall and G. van Klinken, KITLV Press, Leiden: 45–64.

2007 ‘Introduction’, in Indonesia: Democracy and the Promise of Good Governance, eds R.H. McLeod and A. MacIntyre, Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore: 1–17 (with A. MacIntyre).

2007 ‘The state and the market in democratic Indonesia’, in Indonesia: Democracy and the Promise of Good Governance, eds R.H. McLeod and A. MacIntyre, Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore: 73–92 (with R. Duncan).

2005 ‘The economy: high growth remains elusive’, in The Politics and Economics of Indo-nesia’s Natural Resources, ed. B.P. Resosudarmo, Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore: 31–50.

2002 ‘Is Bank Indonesia the cause of inlation?’, in Ekonomi Indonesia di Era Politik Baru: 80 Tahun Mohamad Sadli [The Indonesian Economy in the New Political Era: Mohamad Sadli at 80], eds M. Ikhsan, C. Manning and H. Soesastro, Penerbit Buku Kompas, Jakarta: 117–27.

2001 ‘Finance policies for East Timor’, in East Timor: Development Challenges for the World’s Newest Nation, eds H. Hill and J.M. Saldanha, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, and Asia Paciic Press, Canberra: 209–21.

2001 ‘Lessons from Indonesia’s crisis’, in Capital Flows without Crisis? Reconciling Capital Mobility and Economic Stability, eds D. Wilson, D. Dasgupta and M. Uzan, Rout-ledge, London and New York: 199–214.

2000 ‘Government–business relations in Soeharto’s Indonesia’, in Reform and Recovery in East Asia: The Role of the State and Economic Enterprise, ed. P. Drysdale, Routledge, London and New York: 146–68.

1999 ‘Indonesia’s crisis and future prospects’, in Asian Contagion: The Causes and Con-sequences of Asia’s Financial Crisis, ed. K.D. Jackson, Westview Press, Boulder CO: 209–40.

1999 ‘Paradise lost: the pernicious impact of exchange rate policy on Indonesia’s banking system’, in Vietnam and the East Asian Crisis, ed. E.S. Leung, Edward Elgar, Chelten-ham: 66–82.

1998 ‘Indonesia’, in East Asia in Crisis: From Being a Miracle to Needing One?, eds R.H. McLeod and R. Garnaut, Routledge, London and New York: 31–48.

1998 ‘Some comments on “The funding of PT DSTP, a high-technology project”’, in Indo-nesia’s Technological Challenge, eds H. Hill and Thee K.W., Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore: 234–7.

1998 ‘Some comments on the rupiah “crisis”’, in Indonesia’s Technological Challenge, eds H. Hill and Thee K.W., Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Stud-ies, Singapore: 96–103.

1998 ‘The new era of inancial fragility’, in East Asia in Crisis: From Being a Miracle to Needing One?, eds R.H. McLeod and R. Garnaut, Routledge, London and New York: 333–51.

n.d. (c. 1997) ‘Deisit transaksi berjalan dan pinjaman asing [The current account deicit and foreign borrowing]’, in Pembangunan Ekonomi dan Pemberdayaan Rakyat [Eco-nomic Development and the Empowerment of the People], eds A. Abimanyu, Harsono, M.E. Purnawan, R. Baswir and H. Handoko, PAU-SE UGM and BPFE-Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta: 115–33.

1994 ‘A changing inancial landscape: the evolution of inance policy in Indonesia’, in Financial Landscapes Reconstructed: The Fine Art of Mapping Development, eds F.J.A. Bouman and O. Hospes, Westview Press, Boulder CO: 85–104.

1994 ‘Indonesia’s foreign debt’, in Finance as a Key Sector in Indonesia’s Economic Develop-ment, ed. R.H. McLeod, Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Stud-ies, Singapore: 268–90.

1994 ‘Introduction’, in Finance as a Key Sector in Indonesia’s Economic Development, ed. R.H. McLeod, Indonesia Update Series, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore: 1–18.

1993 ‘Workers’ social security in Indonesia’, in Labour: Sharing the Beneits of Growth?, eds C. Manning and J. Hardjono, Indonesia Update Series, Australian National Univer -sity, Canberra: 88–107.

1991 ‘Australian Red Cross Society’, in Doing Good: The Australian NGO Community, eds L. Zivetz et al., Allen & Unwin, Sydney: 169–77.

1991 ‘Non-government organisations in Australia: an outsider’s view’, in Doing Good: The Australian NGO Community, eds L. Zivetz et al., Allen & Unwin, Sydney: chapter 4. 1991 ‘The Australian NGO community: an overview of sector data’, in Doing Good: The

Australian NGO Community, eds L. Zivetz et al., Allen & Unwin, Sydney: chapter 2. 1991 ‘The inancial evolution of small businesses in Indonesia’, in Informal Finance in

Low-income Countries, eds D.W. Adams and D. Fitchett, Westview Press, Boulder CO: 249–64.

1984 ‘Financial institutions and markets in Indonesia’, in Financial Markets and Institu-tions in Southeast Asia, ed. M.T. Skully, Macmillan, London: 49–109.

1980 ‘Dualism in inancial markets’, in Indonesia: Australian Perspectives, eds J.J. Fox, R.G. Garnaut, P.T. McCawley and J.A.C. Mackie, Research School of Paciic Studies, Australian National University, Canberra: 321–32.