MESSAGES CONVEYED IN
THE BLIND PIG
RELATED TO JACKSON’S VIEW ON CRIME WORLD:
A NEW CRITICISM STUDY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ofSarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ALSTONIA EPAFRAS
Student Number: 004214053
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
MESSAGES CONVEYED IN
THE BLIND PIG
RELATED TO JACKSON’S VIEW ON CRIME WORLD:
A NEW CRITICISM STUDY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ofSarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ALSTONIA EPAFRAS
Student Number: 004214053
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2008
“And I say unto you, ask, and it shall be given you; seek,
and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you”
(Luke 11: 9)
This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to:
My beloved family
and
My special friends
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Jesus Christ for His guidance. Thanks for His blessings. He is my encouragement to do this thesis and I am sure that without Him, I am nothing. I would also like to express my gratitude to the following persons who are directly involved in the process of the thesis writing.
I really thank my advisor, Mr. Hirmawan, who has given his knowledge and guidance during the thesis. Thanks for his patience in helping my thesis writing. Special appreciation also goes to my co advisor Mr. Harris, for helping me in dealing with my thesis.
My next gratitude goes to my parents, my father Mr. Pradoso and my mother Mrs. Gabriel, for their prayer and worship during my study in the Deparment of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. I also thank Ivan, Wiwin, Anto, and Risa as my brothers and sister. Thanks for your kindness and supports in helping my study. My thanks also go to all my friends in the Faculty, especially for 2000’s class. Thanks for being my friends during my study in Sanata Dharma University. I have learned many experiences and lessons from all of you.
I give my last special thank to my beloved girlfriend, Agustina Nila, who has given her support and spirit to me. Thanks for your attention and love for my success. I really thank God to have you in my life. Thanks for being my girlfriend. Alstonia Epafras
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Problem Formulation ... 4
C. Objectives of the Study ... 4
D. Definition of Terms ... 4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW... 6
A. Review of Related Studies ... 6
B. Review of Related Theories ... 8
C. Theoretical Framework ... 17
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY... 19
A. Object of the Study ... 19
B. Approach of the Study ... 19
C. Method of the Study ... 20
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS... 22
A. The Ideas that Represent Jackson’s View on Crime World .... 23
B. The Message of the Novel ... 33
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION... 40
BIBLIOGRAPHY... 43
APPENDIX : Summary ofThe Blind Pig………... 45
ABSTRACT
ALSTONIA EPAFRAS (2008). Messages Conveyed in The Blind Pig Related to Jackson’s View on Crime World: A New Criticism Study. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.
This undergraduate thesis, basically, views the evil side done by human beings in their life. The writer uses Jon A. Jackson’s The Blind Pigto discuss the messages revealed in the story. The analysis focuses on the actions of the characters and the setting of the story.
In this thesis, the writer formulates two objectives of the study. The first is to find out the ideas that can be seen in the novel related to Jackson’s view on crime world, while the second is to find out the messages conveyed in the novel.
This study relies on library research as the method. Primary data are taken from the novel itself, The Blind Pig written by Jon A. Jackson. Other books, dictionaries, websites on the related topic also become the sources of the data, which are significant for this study. The formalistic criticism approach is used to be the basic concept of thinking for the writer in doing the analysis of the study. This approach is suitable in order to find the answers of the thesis.
Having analyzed the novel, the writer discovers that detective Mulheisen as one character of Jackson'sThe Blind Pig, is a significant character for the study of this work. From that point, the writer can reveal what ideas appear in story relates to Jon A. Jackson's view on crime world. The writer finds three main ideas in his thesis. So, from the analysis of the first problem formulation, Jon A. Jackson wants to show how exactly life is going. And, the writer finally concludes it into a moral message. Human beings have many ways in facing and solving their own problematic life by experiencing all situations.
ABSTRAK
ALSTONIA EPAFRAS (2008). Messages Conveyed in The Blind Pig Related to Jackson’s View on Crime World: A New Criticism Study. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini pada dasarnya memperlihatkan tentang kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh manusia di dalam kehidupan mereka. Penulis menggunakan karya Jon A Jackson, The Blind Pig, untuk membahas pesan yang tersampaikan dalam cerita tersebut. Karya ini terfokus pada tindakan-tindakan dari karakter dan pentingnya peran tempat-tempat yang ada dalam cerita tersebut.
Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, penulis merumuskan adanya dua masalah utama, yang nantinya juga akan menjadi sasaran penelitian.Sasaran yang pertama adalah menemukan ide-ide cerita yang berhubungan dengan pandangan Jackson terhadap dunia kriminal. Sementara yang kedua adalah menemukan satu pesan terselubung yang ada di dalam cerita tersebut.
Penelitian ini berdasakan pada studi kepustakaan dalam metode penelitiannya. Data utama diambil dari novel itu sendiri,The Blind Pig karya Jon A. Jackson. Buku-buku, kamus, dan website yang terkait dalam topik penelitian juga menjadi sumber data yang penting bagi studi ini. Pendekatan berdasarkan kritik formal yang diterapkan, menjadi konsep dasar pemikiran penulis dalam melakukan pembahasan masalah dalam penelitian. Pendekatan tersebut sangat berperan dalam menemukan jawaban atas penelitian ini.
Setelah menganalisis novel ini, penulis menemukan bahwa detektif Mulheisen sebagai salah satu karakter dalam karya Jackson, The Blind Pig, berperan penting dalam novel ini. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis dapat menemukan idea-idea yang muncul di dalam cerita yang berhubungan dengan pandangan Jon A. Jackson terhadap kriminal. Penulis menemukan tiga idea utama dalam tesisnya. Dengan adanya peran Mulheisen, Jon A. Jackson ingin menunjukkan bagaimana sebenarnya kehidupan kita berjalan. Penulis akhirnya merealisasikannya dalam sebuah pesan moral. Manusia mempunyai banyak cara dalam menghadapi dan menyelesaikan masalah-masalah kehidupannya dengan mencari pengalaman-pengalaman di dalamnya.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Literary works reflects human expressions. They are expressed in words by the author. By reading a literary work, we can get some experiences of life because many authors use their own experiences of life in their works. People begin to write literature when they had in their mind about anything that they want to share with others.
The results of their works are then published so that it would be known and read by the public. What is pictured there is generally based on the fact and experience which happened in the past. Hudson says in An Introduction to Study of Literature,
Literary is the expression of life through the medium of language. It can be regarded as something essential since it contains about real life, people, thought, and the feeling about life (1958: 10).
Since literary is the expression of life, it might contain an essential idea about life that can be learned. Therefore, every literary work has a meaning, no matter what the form is. The meaning of it can be gained. The literary work, in this case novel, is commonly a long written story. This is one of the genres that literature has.
The term novel emerged in England during the eighteenth century. Indeed, for the first time, novel is mainly about the social and historical condition of the eighteenth centuries of England. Following the rise of an educated middle class,
the spread of the printing press and a modification of the economic structures, the novel then stand in the front row as genres and tolerate many innovations in literature.
The making of the novel, as the making of other kinds of literary works, is based on the real human life. In the other words, it is an imitation of real life. However, a novel must have its own world. A history-based novel, for example, is sometimes made by considering the real human life, yet the author expresses his or her ideas by using his or her own imagination in order to make it more interesting to read.
In writing a literary work, an author uses his or her imagination, feeling, and also emotion. The context of a literary work depends on how an author makes it, what is thought and will be written. Between an author and his or her works, there is a close relationship that cannot be separated because the one who makes a literary work is an author. We can see an opinion about the relationship between an author’s life and his or her works below.
Directly or indirectly, conscious or unconsciously, every novelist necessarily presents in his novel a certain view of life and some of the problems of life. He represents incidents, characters, motives, etc in such a way as to reveal more or less directly and clearly the way in which he looks upon the problems of life (Van Der Laar and Schoonderwoerd, 1969: 174).
The novel that the writer would like to discuss is Jon A. Jackson’s The Blind Pig. This is the best American novel written by Jackson after his previous famous work The Diehard. It was published in 1978 by Random House, New York. Actually, The BlindPig is the second series of his crime mystery novel. In this novel, the author used a lot of material he had gathered in his wild and reckless youth, in Detroit. Not just the setting of the work, Jackson also gives another item related to his life in The Blind Pig, is about the main characters of the story. The story is full of intrigues, especially about crime world.
Finding how interesting the story is revealed, the writer is eager to find many aspects related to Jackson’s The Blind Pigthat also reflecting his life. The writer needs more attention in order to get some details from the novel in answering the problems revealed in this thesis.
The next interesting point that appears in the writer’s mind is finding the messages conveyed in Jon A Jackson’s The Blind Pig. Through the story and many aspects that are delivered clearly in the novel, the messages are found. There are many aspects in the novel that support each other and cannot be separated.
B. Problem Formulation
As guide lines in analyzing the novel, the writer has formulated two problems related to his topic of the thesis:
1. What ideas can be seen in Jon A. Jackson’s The Blind Pig that represent Jackson’s view on crime world as revealed by analyzing the characters and setting?
2. Related to the author’s view on crime world, what are the messages conveyed in Jackson’sThe Blind Pig?
C. Objectives of the Study
Related to the questions that the writer wants to answer, this study is focused in analyzing Jon A. Jackson’s second novel, The Blind Pig. The writer tries to explain further the answer of the problems above. The first study is finding out the ideas that can be seen in the novel related to Jackson’s view on crime world. The study itself also tries to discover the messages in the novel.
D. Definition of Terms
Crime
A Sociologist named Edwin M. Schur explains in his book Our Criminal Society: The Social and Legal Sources of Crime in America, that “crime” is a kind of wrong behavior that is viewed as being more of a core problem and requiring urgent action (1969: 24). Kelly in his book Criminal Behaviour: Reading in Criminology defines crime as evil acts which are harmful to social welfare and which carry the possibility of a penalty imposed by the state (1980: 11).
Message
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
In this study, the writer will discuss Jon A. Jackson’sThe Blind Pigand its relation to his life, in revealing the author’s messages about life in writing the novel. Some American reviewers give their comments on Jon A. Jackson’s The Blind Pig. One of the reviewers named James Crumly says that The Blind Pigis without a doubt one of the finest detective novels ever written-smart, funny and completely convincing. He has re-read the novel a dozen times and it's always a great read. This novel has become Crumly’s favorite novel <http://www.ffbooks.co.uk/n12/n60211.htm>.
Another view was also given by Michael Connelly. As a crime-mystery novelist, he also gave a statement related to Jackson’sThe Blind Pig.
This is an absolutely fantastic book. As an ex-Detroiter, I especially enjoyed it. Mr. Jackson writes one of the best humorous crime type books available. His information about Detroit is perfect; I guess he lived there too! I honestly hated to finish this book because I knew that it would take me a long time to find a novel that I would enjoy as much as this one. <http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440217148/702-5084441-6567203>
The same argument was agreed by L. Greenberg who has a nickname “lgwriter49”. He said that the plotting ofThe Blind Pig is excellent. In this book, there are a lot of threads that the author knows how to interweave, and giving a good story. Sometimes the story is also presented in funny line. Greenberg thought that the characters are nicely drawn. The main character, detective “Fang”
Mulheisen, is portrayed as one of the cooler heads on the force, gets drawn into a few different crime threads. A mysterious intruder at the home of a young wealthy trucking tycoon is killed by two patrolmen. Two gangsters come into a local watering hole and shoot up both the jukebox also the cigarette machine, purportedly owned by the same young trucking tycoon. A great looking woman, a friend of the tycoon, attracts Mulheisen with her sexiness and charisma, and, later disappears. A lot of matter going on here, but Jackson pulls it all together well. Mulheisen has to put the puzzle pieces together and does an admirable job, for sure <http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/tg/detai/-/0802137067>.
Gregory L. Morris in Magill Book Reviews also gives his judgment to Jackson’s works. As a mystery writer, Jon A. Jackson has more or less claimed the landscape of Detroit as his territory. He has made it his own over time, and through the splendid series of novels he has written that feature the character and voice of Detective Sergeant "Fang" Mulheisen. Jackson enriches his novel with the rich detail of the Detroit jazz culture. As always, Jackson is interested in what makes his city mark; because so much of the urban spirit of Detroit is wrapped up in the music of that place, Jackson immerses readers in the complex traditions of that music.
This undergraduate thesis is developing the previous criticisms that are mentioned above; especially those are related to the characters and settings in the story. It intends to discover the message revealed in The Blind Pig. The writer agrees that Jackson’sThe Blind Pigis good to read. Jackson gives many effects to his novel related to his personal life. It seems that Jackson has experiences with the situation in the novel. The writer concludes that Jon A. Jackson’The Blind Pig is a portrayal of the American crime mystery, especially in Detroit. Many details and information is not just simply the author’s imagination. The characters and settings analyzed will guide the writer in defining a study on messages inside the novel.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theories of Character and Characterization
Abrams categorizes the characters as the main and minor characters. If we see some literary works, the main character can be the center of the story. He or she is the most important character in the story and the acts of the story are focused on the character from the beginning to the ending of the story.
character also plays an important role in the story; they can help the readers to participate in the characters in the experience in the story by sharing imaginatively the feelings or the activities of the characters in the story (1977: 19).
Another thing that has to known about character is characterization. According to Perrine inLiterature: Structure, Sounds, and Sense, characterization must observe three other principles. First, the character must be consistent in their behavior in the story. Second, he or she must be clearly motivated in all their actions, so the reader can understand the reason of their actions. Third, the character must be plausible, a life like figures (1974: 68).
From those descriptions, we can see the difference between character and characterization. Character is a figure or individual that always appears in a story and has an importance role to develop the story. Meanwhile, characterization is related to character’s disposition (characteristic) in the story that can be seen from characters’ speech, behavior, thought, and reactions in a story.
2. Theories of Setting
Meanwhile, setting as the dominant elements consists of two kinds, which are time and place. Time as the dominant element is the time when the action occurs in the importance of many work of fiction. Second, place, as the dominant element is the place dominates in the whole story that tries to find out the effects in a particular character of geographical setting. Murphy also explains that setting of a novel is the background of the characters’ life. The setting can be concerned with the place and time where the characters live (1972: 141).
The theory of setting above show that setting can give some information of the story in detail. Setting of a story can make the readers understand the situation or environment that the author creates in a story. Settings give the readers illustration or portray about the society in a story. It is important for the readers to know the setting of a story, because they can decide whether the setting is based on the actual event or just a creation (fictional). Like what we find in Jon A. Jackson’s The Blind Pig, the author gives a factual setting there. The readers are shown on the description of a hard life in Detroit, America. Besides, it also can help the writer to find out the message of the story.
3. Theories of Message
tries to communicate to people, for example in a play or a speech or the meaning (1988: 490).
Sometimes, message is considered identically with theme although in fact they do not always refer to the same meaning. Beaty and Hunter say that the difference between theme and message is that while message seeks to inform or convince, theme seeks to have the readers understand and empathize so that the ideas are more broadly accessible (1989: 899).
Both message and theme can be viewed as two elements that have a kind of similarity or own the looking like. Nevertheless, theme is more complex than message. Message has no direct value as suggestion addressed to the readers. Message, thereby, can be viewed as one of the elements that form a theme in simple form. But not all of themes are considered as message.
4. The Autobiography of Jon A. Jackson.
Jon A. Jackson was born in 1938, in northern Michigan. Then he grew up in Detroit. He attended Wayne University in Detroit, graduated with a B.A. from the University of Montana, and an M.F.A. from the Writers Workshop at the University of Iowa. He now lives in the Montana Rockies. Besides being a cracker-jack crime fiction writer, Jackson is a devoted jazz fan, an enthusiastic angler, a father, a bird-watcher, and a restaurant critic <http://www.bedrockbooks.com/jonjackson.htm> (24 March 2005). There are many events in his life that meaningful to his career as an American crime fiction writer.
From the time he was fifteen he smoked a pipe. It was influenced by the Arthur Conan Doyle stories of Sherlock Holmes. After a few years, when he was first creating ‘Mulheisen’, he had to provide him with a physical appearance and a certain style. He said that not all of Mulheisen’s styles are borrowed from Jackson’s appearances <http://www.jonajackson.com/cigars.htm> (22 April 2005). Jackson also said that many characters created in his novels, were a kind of
prototype of people who also related to him
<http://www.jonajackson.com/fang.htm> (25 April 2005).
(the first to be published). Jackson went down to southern California, in 1975, to build houses, and recently learned that Random House had bought The Diehard.
In 1978, his second novel, The Blind Pig, was out <http://www.jonajackson.com/autobio.htm> (6 April 2005). Jack Webb was planning to make a film of it, but his wife was killed in a plane crash. Eventually, my literary prospects having dried up (Jack Webb had died without making the movie and no one seemed to want Grootka, or any of the following novels I started. Then, Grootka was published by Countryman Press’ imprint, Foul Play Press. The Atlantic Monthly Press published Hit on the House. A few years ago Grove/Atlantic published Deadman, Dead Folks, and most recently, Man with an Axe <http://www.jonajackson.com/autobio.htm> (6 April 2005). Although he wrote many mystery novels, Jackson was never gaining any nominations for best mystery novel, from the Mystery Writers of America.
5 . The Relation between an Author and His or Her Works.
The author is the important person of literary works because he is the one who creates literary works. There is a close relation between the author and his works that cannot be separated. According to Renne Wellek and Austin Warren (1956: 75-78), there is a close relationship between the work of art and the life of the author, but the work of art is not mere copy of life. A work of art may be only a place to hide his weakness and so that in writing a literary work the author depends on his mood.
The other writers also state the relation between the author and the works. Rohrberger and Woods in their book Reading and Writing about Literature, say that there is an indirect relationship and similarity between the work and that author. An author’s work including character perhaps is “a kind of mask which is surely based on the author’s experience of life” (1971: 8).
The use of author's background then is quite helpful in this study. The novel reflects to the author’s thoughts, so that by the using of a new criticism approach, the readers share her consciousness and response to the thoughts. The readers should attempt to learn as much as they can about life and the development of the author, and apply this knowledge to understand his writings.
According to Sherwood Anderson in George Perking’s The Theory of American Novel about the relationship between the author and his works, he says that the result of the work of an author must be influenced by the experiences of the author.
writer, and for that matter of any artist in any of seven art, should contain within it the story of this own style (Perking, 1970: 293).
The writer also takes Perrine’s books Literature: Structure, Sounds, and Sense, says that human life began, we are told when the God breathed life into a handful of dust and created Adam. The fictional life begins when an author breathes life into his characters and makes us believe their reality, so that there is a tight relationship between the author and his works (Perrine, 1947: 71).
6. Jon A. Jackson’s View on Crime World.
The crime fiction writer, Jon A. Jackson is a great American novelist. During his life, many good novel and short stories was created. His entire novels describe about crime world. He has written eleven books, which are divided into two kinds of novels. There are nine mysterious series novels and two fictions <http://www.jonajackson.com/bibliography.htm>.
As a crime fiction writer, he certainly has many events in his life that meaningful to his career, especially about crime world. He just thinks that crime world is a unique phenomenon. Wherever we are, we might find this thing. And, Jackson does not see this bad phenomenon as obstacles related to his career rather as an advantage in his life. Jackson’s cleverness is shown when he uses this phenomenon for his objective in the works. For Jackson, a crime world is like his ‘partner’ for his career as an American crime fiction writer.
Edwin M. Schur in his bookOur Criminal Society: The Social and Legal Sources of Crime in America that America is a criminal society. So, this condition just gives him more guts in writing his crime fiction story. If we look at his works, all of his stories are fully motivated by a crime world. It is indicated that Jon A. Jackson had many experiences in his life related to crime world. But it is wrong if we guess that Jon A. Jackson is a criminal. Jackson is different from others novelists who mostly talk about love or other things related to people life.
From the time he was fifteen, he was influenced by the Arthur Conan Doyle stories of Sherlock Holmes. This was a step stone for him in literature world. After a few years, he began to create the first main character, Mulheisen, for his career in writing crime fiction. When he was first creating Mulheisen, he had to provide the character with a physical appearance and a certain style. He said that not all of Mulheisen’s styles are borrowed from Jackson’s appearances <http://www.jonajackson.com/cigars.htm>. Jackson also said that many characters created in his novels, were a kind of prototype of people who also related to him <http://www.jonajackson.com/fang.htm>. As Jon A. Jackson says in hisThe Blind Pig,
There is a Detroit of the mind..., and the events and people described in this book exist in Detroit, which is in my mind. And nowhere else (1978: viii).
In the story, Jackson put on some things that connected to the crime world. We can see guns, illegal pubs, intruder, robbery, murders, crime cases, crime informants, violence, and so on. Like Jackson’s The Blind Pig, the author is very outgoing in telling those crime things. Jackson just notes that it is usual in America especially a city like Detroit.
C. Theoretical Framework
In this study, the writer wants to analyze the relation of the author’s work toward his background of life. The writer finds that the novel has a close relation to the author’s life. In his writing, the writer uses one major theory in order to help his thesis process, beside he also uses some theories of literature. The major theory used by the writer is theory of the relation between an author and his or her works.
In answering the first problem about the ideas appear in the novel; the writer firstly uses the theories of literature that have been explained before in the previous chapter. They are the theories of character and characterization, setting, and message. The theories of character support the writer to select several characters as main characters in the story. The analysis of characterization also helps the writer in finishing the first problem formulated.
background. Therefore, the theory of the relation between the author and his work is applied. The theory will help the writer to analyze the relation in more detail.
In this part, the description of Jon A. Jackson’s view on crime world is also needed. Jackson’s view about crime world surely gives an advantage for the writer in finding the data. This data is fully supporting the writer in finishing the thesis. The last analysis to be done is finding out the messages of the story related to the topic. Thus, the theory of message here gives a main support for the writer in his final result of the analysis. From that point, the writer can get a deep understanding to the story from the beginning until the end, in order to arrange the important aspects that related with each other.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this study is a novel written by Jon A. Jackson, The Blind Pig. It is an American mystery novel published in 1978 by Random House, New York. It is another in-depth novel about the urban violence which the author describes with such excitement and vitality.
The novel consists of 228 pages and is divided into 22 chapters without any subtitle in each chapter, which have relation, one chapter to another as one unity of the novel. The setting takes the place in one of the bad cities in America, Detroit.
The story itself describes about a crime world in one part of the United States, Detroit. It is fully about ‘Guns’. The word ‘guns’ here refers to crime, a kind of metaphors. The main character, Mulheisen, is a tough detective in his division of police. In his mission, Mulheisen has to solve an intrigue in a trucking company. His guts take him to a mysterious case which involves some illegal pub namely ‘Blind Pig’.
B. Approach of the Study
In this thesis, a certain approach is needed to analyze a work because the way we use to view work is based on that approach. Since the writer chooses the topic that related to the author’s life, a new criticism approach is suitable to use in
analyzing the topic. Wilfred L. Guerin in his book A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature states that a new criticism approach concentrates on the work itself (1979: 20). It also maintains that literature has an intrinsic worth, that it is not just one of the media of transmitting biography and history. Means that the approach beside talk about its work (intrinsic elements) also share about the author's sociological history.
To explain something in the work as a representation of the author’s life or to find out the author’s reasons of creating the work, the author has to learn about characters’ life through his background. Mary Rohrberger in her book Reading and Writing about Literature states that in order to apply the biographical approach in the paper, we should learn as much as possible about the life and the development of the author in order to understand his work better (1971: 8).
C. Method of the Study
The research procedure that the writer used in his thesis was a library research or a desk research. The writer also tried to gather some data from the internet as his supporting data. Many major and supporting data were collected from books, which had valuable information. The most important source used was certainly the novelThe Blind Pigwritten by Jon A. Jackson.
The second step was reading and understanding the biography of the author by gathering all related information to the author’s life. From this step, the writer knew more about Jon A. Jackson’s life and the writer found out that there was a close relationship between Jackson’s life and his novel.
The third step was finding some information in The Blind Pig that also represented Jon A. Jackson’s experience of life. And, the writer would try to find what actually Jon A. Jackson tried to present in his novel related to life.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
Based on the problems stated in the problem formulation, this chapter discusses and answers the two questions appeared in the previous chapter. To be more specific, the discussion is divided into two parts. The first part is dedicated to find the ideas in the novel seen through characters and setting in the story related to the author’s view on crime world. This part also talks about the relationship between those two analyses and the author’s background. In this section, the writer makes the discussions into several parts of topic.
Meanwhile, the writer aims to divide the first sub chapter of this analysis into three significant ideas. First, the thesis would talk about how crime could be a familiar thing in life. Second subchapter, the writer relates crime as an advantage to life. After that, the thesis would explain how crime could be a “wife”. This will be discussed in a fine way.
And finally, the last part is done to reveal the messages based on the answer of the first problem. In this part, the writer specifies the message into several things so that could be understood by the reader. Although the writer notices the messages revealed into several thought, all of them just already become a unity. Means that those messages should be supported each other.
A. The Ideas that Represent Jackson’s View on Crime World.
In answering the first problem, the writer would discuss the ideas related to the author’s view on crime world that can be seen in the novel. Precisely, these ideas would be presented through the analysis of characters and setting of the story. In analyzing the characters, the writer mostly relates it to the conversations and acts of characters.
There are many characters supporting the story but the writer mostly uses detective Mulheisen as the center of the characters’ analysis. For the analysis of setting, the writer uses some major places appear in the novel. The writer assumes that using the characters and setting of the story in finding the ideas of the novelist are very helpful in answering the first problem. So, the readers would know what exactly the ideas of Jon A Jackson related to his view on crime world.
There are some ideas that appear in the novel related to the author’s background, especially his view on crime world. Below are the ideas that have been analyzed by the writer through the existence of the characters and setting of the story.
1. Crime as a “Friend”.
a. Seen through the Characters.
In the work, we can see many uncommon words or figure of speech written by the author. If we just look at the words, we are simply confused with the meaning. We cannot just enough to read it. Sometimes we need a deep understanding to the words.
“If it’s dope, he’s selling,” Marshall said. “If it’s guns, he’s buying.” (1978: 3).
We are simply known what is meant by dope and guns. But, we also need to a close reading to the conversation. The readers must be questioned about the meaning of the words behind the conversation. It gives us a lesson that in the police case (especially in America); an illegal trade should have their own pattern. If a criminal shown bring a dope, it means that he or she wants to sell it. But, if a criminal just come to the illegal trade without things, so he tries to buy a gun. The author Jon A Jackson gives us a brief description about that.
In the other part of the story, the author also brings readers to an unusual conversation.
The radio whispered to them, “Nine-three, dispatch.”...Stanos keyed the microphone: “Dispatch, three.”... “A man with a gun, nine-three.”... “Nine-three en route, ten-four.” (1978: 4).
“Nine-three, dispatch....” “You forgot to give him a ten-ninety-seven,” Jimmy said to Stanos. “Ten-ninety-seven” meant “Arrived on scene.” (1978: 7).
“I got the 30-06,” Frank said, ticking items off on his thick finger, “I got .270, I got the little popgun for the old lady-that’s a .32 automatic-I got the Hi-standard .22 “Sharp-shooter,” I got the .357 magnum Ruger, I got….” (1978: 123).
Again, the author gives us a figure of speech that police usually used. There are numbers such as ‘nine-three’, ‘ten-four’, and ‘ten-ninety-seven’. If we search deeply to the meaning of the conversation, we can get what exactly it is. ‘Nine-three’ means a robbery situation in some kind of place. ‘Ten-four’ means that the police are on the way. Then, ‘ten-ninety-seven’ is already written by the author in the conversation above. It means arrived on the scene. We sure that there are many figure of speech used by police, and the author is already known and ready to share it with readers. At the last statement, we have a number “30-06”, means that the police have found the proofs of the case. Those indicate to the items generally used by robber or murderer exactly.
”I’ll take a shotgun and cover the alley,” Stanos suggested. “You go to the door. He won’t be able to see you so easily.” (1978: 7).
In this case, Jackson briefly gives us a scenario how to chase someone. In the novel, the policemen try to haunt a man considered as a robber. We also can look at one of the episode of the story when Mulheisen with his two men desire to catch the murder.
“You two go upstairs, pay attention to your left,” Mulheisen whispered. “I’ll back up your right guys.” (1978: 205).
normally used by all of the country. This scenario is undoubtedly presented by Jon A Jackson because of his close association with crime world.
In Jon A. Jackson’sThe Blind Pig, the readers are also served with police terms. The conversation below gives the description about that.
“In the trunk of the squad car was a wooden box known as the coffin. It contained two Remington 12-gauge automatic shotguns, with ammunition: double-ought magnum loads, each containing nine pellets of approximately .33 calibers. Also in the coffin were two SN Speediheat gas grenades, or “soup cans,” for indoor work, plus gas masks.” (1978: 8). There are many terms written by the author that the readers should be questioned. There are ‘Remington 12-gauge automatic shotguns’, ‘double-ought magnum loads’, ‘nine pellets of approximately .33 calibers’, and so on. The words are really sacred to thought. But, it is not be effected by the author.
Next, the writer shows the readers a clear description of interrogating someone. In chapter thirteen of the story, the main character, detective “Fang” Mulheisen, has interrogated a man suspected as a murderer. Mulheisen asks many things that related to the murder. But it is not just asking questions. The detective tries to fame the suspected with some fake questions in order to get the final answer. That is the first key in interrogating someone. Conversations below are the examples when Mulheisen has an interrogation with Vanni in his company.
“Okay, four,” Mulheisen went on, still ticking on his fingers, “your secretary is seen in a blind pig with the members of a gang now being sought for a spectacular gun hijacking which, incidentally, included the brutal murder of eight men and considerable danger to the public when a train was deliberately derailed.” Vanni looked surprised at this statement. “I’m glad to see you’re paying attention,” Mulheisen said (1978: 137-138).
Slowly, Mulheisen begins to find a clue behind his interrogation. Mulheisen cleverly try to push Vanni with some shock statements.
“Now. Five, the secretary disappears. Six, perhaps coincidentally, one of your most trusted associates disappears at the same time. Both of these disappearances roughly coincide with the time of hijacking.” “Sergeant, I....” Vanni started to interrupt. “No, one minute”....Mulheisen held up his hand....“I’m not through yet.” (1978: 138).
The interrogation comes to an end when Vanni says the fact what actually happens. More, Jackson briefly gives the second key how to interrogate a person. It is not to give a space for a person to waste time. Through this statement, Jackson is so confident in describing the process of interrogation. It seems that Jackson is really familiar with that kind of things.
b. Seen through the Setting.
“Oh, it’s no big thing. Sometimes some of the guys come over, or someone calls and say there’s a game… And sometimes, like we go to a blind pig or something, and there’s always a game there.” (1978: 40).
“Which blind pig?” Mulheisen asked…. “Any blind pig! What difference does it make?” (1978: 40).
If we check to the first statement, we can find word “game” here. In writer’s view, it is not simply about a game like poker game and any else. Game here also means those espionages do their job in giving police information about any crime found in the city.
The author Jon A Jackson also gives us a vision on court situation. In chapter nine of the work, the readers are served with the situation of a process of a judgment. Once again, the author simply gives the essential point how a court goes on. The author does not miss one or two things on it. Let’s check to the statements below.
“Would you say that this was a typical act, if you will, of a criminal who seeks to evade the law?”… “Objection,” Epstein said… “Sustained,” said Judge Brownlow (1978: 87).
2. Crime as an Advantage.
Mostly people should be puzzled with the word “advantage” here. Why could a crime be so benefit for us? Maybe just a few of people think like that, especially criminals. By doing a crime, they could get what they want in many ways illegally. It is a common situation in our daily life, criminals do crime. But, how about if some good men such as police officers think that crime is an advantage? This kind of view is clearly presented by the author in The Blind Pig. In supporting his second idea, the author by confidence also portrays it through the characters and setting of the story.
a. Seen through the Characters.
In the first analysis of this part, we will discuss how crime could be described as an advantage according to the author.
“The police do not mind the blind pigs. Why should they? For the working cop on patrol it is a source of income....” (1978: 64).
From the conversation above, the readers are clearly shown that crime things are fine. The blind pig itself is a kind of an illegal place. It is a night pub that usually used by criminal with their operate. That’s why it is believed as a source of income. This reason is also applied by the author for his expectations as a novel writer.
“....for the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Bureau it is a gold mine.” (1978: 64).
The statement above also gives the readers another perspective by the author that crime thing is not always disadvantage. Sometimes, it could be a benefit for us. The word ‘it’ here refers to crime. The conversation directly tells that crime in Jackson’s view is a fine thing. It is not totally annoyance for him as a writer. Although many people consider a crime as a bad thing, Jon A Jackson always has a different thought. It is strongly shown on his work.
b. Seen through the Setting.
From the sub title above, we little bit know what it is about. In this part, the writer also tries to search many setting of places that related to the previous topic. Jackson him self directly gives picture of Detroit that basically become a main setting in his “The Blind Pig”.
In the novel contains many places that give us portrayal why it is become advantages. We start from Detroit itself. We already know that Detroit is evil city. Means that many criminal behaviors revealed in this city. In another case, it is fully benefit to the police. Detroit gives them a fine prospect in their works.
3. Crime as a “Wife”
The last idea given by Jon A. Jackson related to his view about crime world is crime as a “wife”. The existence of wife here is as a pair for our life. A married couple could not be separated each other except a dead. So, the writer wants to say that in The Blind Pig, a crime is just supposed as a valuable thing. Once again, the writer explains it from the description of characters and setting in the story. Indeed, the writer observes the thesis for the third analysis here through the existence of characters’ conversation.
“I got a couple dozen murders on my back, Mul, no lie. Your boys did this, anyway. What are you doing these days?”... “Mutt and Jeff,” Mulheisen replied, referring to a long string of armed robbery that had plagued the 9th Precinct for months. “Mutt and Jeff! You shouldn’t be doing crap like that, Mul!” (1978: 12).
According to the author in the first paragraph of the third idea, sometimes we cannot discharge from crime. Crime here already becomes our partner. Where we go, crime also follows with us. In the previous conversation, we can see that the main character, detective “Fang” Mulheisen, had a big case on him. He could not discharge from his case, because it had became his duty to take care of it. Or, in other words we can describe is that crime has been united in our life. That is actually the reason that Jackson want to share with the readers.
“Seems like I have been born in this bad situation for a long time.” Mulheisen said.
“What?” Service asked.
In another statement below, Jon A. Jackson also gives his perspective concern to the meaning of “wife”. Different from the first conversation, Jackson directly gives description about crime as “wife”.
“Maki’s third wife was divorcing. Maki was “married” to Mutt and Jeff, whose supermarket armed robberies stretched back nearly three years....” (1978: 48).
We can see that crime cannot be separated from our life. It indicates that crime is more powerful than our “true wife”. One of the characters named Maki is described as a widower. He is preferred to choose job than wife. It can be assumed that Maki just “married” with crime.
The last perspective given by the author is visualized through the conversation below.
“...sometimes you can predict when and where the criminal will hit next.”... “One: almost every robbery is Friday night, just at closing time; two: both robbers carry large automatic pistols, probably .45s; three: nobody has ever been hurt; four: the robbers speak very little, but give explicit instructions; five: they don’t swear or shout; six: every time they come to separate check-outs at about the same time, with more or less the same items in their grocery carts.” (1978: 49).
As stated in the conversation, we could see that if someone is already “married”, he or she can predict what will happen next. It seems that we have a tight and close relationship with those things. That is the author Jon A Jackson eager to portray to the readers. If we have that kind of feeling, we could know everything about the things in detail.
“Hey Mul, do you think what I think?” Stanos asked.
The previous conversation again gives us brief fact that if we already “married” with a thing, we should know everything about it. The writer invites the readers to look at the author. In writing the novel, Jon A. Jackson always focuses on many details for his work. That’s why Jackson knows everything related to the crime.
B. The Message of the Novel
Literature as a work of art is closely related to the society. According to Wellek and Waren, literature is a social creation which represents life or social reality (1956: 94-95). Further, they explain that literary work can play its role as document, which records social realities that artistically portrayed by the author (1956: 102). It means that when the work of literature is made, the author is influenced by the social environment and historical events around him. The authors create works of art with some purposes or intentions, or in other words these literary works have role in bringing some missions or messages that the author wants to convey to the readers.
By giving his own sense on The Blind Pig, Jackson shows us the concept or idea of his view on crime world. The writer analyzes it through the existence of characters and setting of the story. In this novel, the writer finds that the character, mostly detective “Fang” Mulheisen, gives us a clear idea about criminal situation. We can see all of the evidence from the discussion of previous chapter.
Each chapter of the analysis gives us a brief description about Jon A. Jackson’s view. His existence in the story is completely support the author’s idea about crime world. If we look at the characters’ acts and speech, they are entirely based on Jackson’s knowledge about crime. The settings in the novel also provide an interest to the readers. The settings also give a main effect to the plot of the story. Through the author’s examination, the settings are created more attention-grabbing. Once again, the writer indicates that the author has strong influence in writing the settings of the novel. For the author, the existence of settings furthermore becomes his portrayal about his background of life.
In the previous chapter, we have known what basically the concept or idea can be seen from The Blind Pig desired by the author. The writer divides it into three ideas. Based on these three ideas, the novel directly represent Jackson’s experience of life especially his view on crime world. He learns that crime has a plus in his life relating to his work.
“advantages” in life. Once again, the analysis is divided into two parts of discussion. Same like the previous part, discussion about crime as advantages also divided into two sections, from character and settings. More than that, the last idea that the writer tries to convey is crime as a “wife”. The writer shows how crime has become general in our life.
After analyzing all elements in the story, especially the title and the analysis, the writer finally come with his final message. Although the writer has one major message revealed, he tries to divide it into several ideas of messages. Like in the previous explanation, these thoughts are not stand by itself. Each of them has significant to the others. For detail, the writer develops the messages also into three parts. Indeed, those three “small” messages are figured from each parts of the analysis.
For the first founding message, the writer tries to conclude by observing the first data of the analysis. The writer could found many things related to found the first message. By seeing the first data about “Crime as Friend”, the writer has to observe again the data relating to the message appeared. In his thesis, the writer has to see what exactly Jackson wants to show. As the writer had said in the previous chapter, the description about “Crime as Friend” may have a message conveyed in it.
evidence is support by some of quotations of the characters on The Blind Pig. Especially Mulheisen, the main character in the work shows us related to the previous discussion above.
“Don’t worry Vanni, I could be a bad guy some day,” Mulheisen said….”All people have it.” (1978:40).
“Shits,” Mulheisen grumbled. “Why this case is so rough”
“What happened to you Mul,” Stanos uttered. “Maybe you need to kill any?” (1978: 141).
In this statement, it is clearly enough what the main character talk about. Although Mulheisen as a main protagonist character here, he also gives us a lesson that human also has a bad side in it. Although not in every moment, crime can be appeared when we are stuck in a hard situation.
Next part of the discussion, the writer aims to give explanation about the second message. By considering to the second analysis, “Crime as Advantage”, the writer has found what point Jackson wants to share through his novel. From the sentence of “Crime as Advantage” we already know what exactly it means. Jon A Jackson through his novel wants to show that crime could be good thing. We can learn something on it. That is exactly the writer tries to guess. The point is a crime can give a moral lesson for us that crime not totally loss for us.
For details, the writer again offers some evidences that supporting the second message. Some facts are obtained from many statements came out in novel.
“I am thinking of something Mul,” Stanos said. “What?” Mulheisen asked, puzzled.
From the conversation above, shows that a friend of Mulheisen, Joe Stanos thinks about the benefit in expanding blind pig business. Although it is an illegal pub in the city (especially in Detroit), some people just think different. They know that blind pig also can give interests for these people. In detail, blind pig itself gives some fresh information to the police about crime. So, we can say that crime strikes back crime.
“No doubt that blind pig gives much crucial information,” Mulheisen said. “It brings us a breath.” (1978: 90).
The statements above also give us further information related to the topic of this part. A word “breath” refers to the advantage. In other word, it is a breath of income. So, logically we can use crime as our good ability as Jon A. Jackson notes down in his novel through some conversation of main character.
The last message revealed in this thesis is considering to the last part of the analysis. The third topic, “Crime as Wife”, has been the attractive one. The writer uses the word “wife” here; indeed just give a brief explanation what exactly means. Besides analyzing the topic, the writer also has to find out the message noticed in the novel. Basically, a wife is described as a person that would be our partner or colleague for ever in life. Indeed, it is quite strange to hear it. But, by studying some quotations spotted in the novel may bring us to a clear clarification. “Seems like I have been born in this bad situation for a long time.” Mulheisen said.
“What?” Service asked.
“Yeah, I feel just get hitched with this kind of stuff;” Mulheisen shrugged. “It comes and over, and over again.” (1978: 120).
author through the characters want to give a lesson for us. Certainly, this lesson reasonably relates to the third founding message.
“How is yourwifetoday Mul,” “Clear enough?” Stanos asked.
“Well, it comes to an end,” “No doubt of it, I have been chasing this case from I was a kid.” Mulheisen shouted. (1978: 209).
If we looking to the previous dialogue here, Mulheisen’s friend, Joe Stanos, asks about his wife. Certainly, is it not about Mulheisen truly wife, considering he is unmarried yet. So, the author through the conversation between Mulheisen and Stanos gives us brief evidence about this discussion. In the earlier chapter, we also have been notified when the author clearly gives proof on Maki’s description.
“Maki was “married” to Mutt and Jeff, whose supermarket armed robberies stretched back nearly three years….” (1978: 48).
In the previous chapter, the writer has explored facts that relate to the third study. For now, the writer tries to assume what last message conveyed in Jackson’s The Blind Pig. By observing all of the facts appeared in the novel, the writer successfully finds what exactly the author tries to say through his novel. This third idea of message may give us lesson about crime. Like an importance of being wife, we live crime forever. Crime is totally buried in our life and becomes our weakness. Human is not lived with his own ideal. Each should have one bad side in his existence.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
In the last chapter of the thesis, the writer come to the conclusion of the problems formulations. From the novel, we can get a lot of experiences and knowledge about human characters, human experiences, human interactions, and human struggles to keep their own principles. Jon A. Jackson’sThe Blind Pigalso presents a significant message for every aspect of our life, so that by reading the novel, the writer will enrich his own experience although all of them are so odd.
In this thesis, the use of new criticism approach is very appropriate for the thesis. The writer besides analyzes the intrinsic element of the story also reveal the historical background of the author. From the approach, the writer finds that Jackson’s experiences of life supports him in writing the novel. Because his talents to make a literature work, he can create and modify the novel with his own desire. The method that the writer used is desk research where the supporting data are collected from books. Some other information is collected from the internet.
We know that the thesis is talking about the biographical study on Jon A. Jackson based on his second series of mysterious novelThe Blind Pig. Therefore in this analysis the writer tries to find the message of the story based on the author’s experiences of life. To answer the problem about the idea appeared in novel, the writer has explained about it by showing the existence of characters and the settings. From that, the writer knows that the Jon A. Jackson wants to tell us
his ideas related to his background of life especially his view on crime world. His three ideas that can be seen in the novel are: a crime can be a friend of us; crime has an advantage in our life; and crime cannot be separated from our life. We need to understand it deeply in order to get the author’s message through his novel.
In this study, the writer learns that the literary works cannot be separated from the author who makes it. Much or less, an author always uses his own experience in writing his works. In understanding this novel, the writer finally gets a positive message on it. In order to get more specific, the writer through his thesis divides the messages into three basic ideas. These ideas essentially appeared in Jon A. Jackson’s The Blind Pig. Although Jackson may have a lot lessons for us learn, the writer just assume for these three messages.
Same like in the earlier chapter of analysis, the message here also related to the problem formulations. In the first part, the writer uses the analysis of “Crime as Friend” as his basic idea in finding the first message. It says that crime is so familiar to us. We can deny that each person has their own crime.
And for the second message revealed in this story, the writer assumes that crime also could give us advantages in life. Considering the second analysis, the writer find the message as well as before. Besides analyzing “Crime as Advantages”, the author also gives evidences in his novel. We at least could learn something from it in order to get more experience in life.
“wife” here considers that crime is lived inside for a long time. It cannot be separated from us. It just has been our weakness in life.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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SUMMARY
Jon A. Jakson’s The Blind Pig is totally a mystery fiction. This novel actually is Jackson’s second series. Many of his novel uses the same character named detective “Fang” Mulheisen. Mulheisen is known as a smart police in his district.
This crime mystery story starts when two patrolmen Marshal and Stanos, wheels in a dark valley off Kercheval Avenue, Detroit. The situation is quite saved at that time until an incident appears close from their place. There is a thief in a one house of the citizens. Accidentally, they have murdered the thief. In a few hours, some help go to the incident. Here, the main character is appeared. Detective Fang Mulheisen as a senior in his district gets a close investigation with Marshal and Stanos. They also say that the thief also brings many varieties of guns in his car. This situation surely is uncertain to any one at there, especially for the main character, Mulheisen. From now, Mulheisen takes control of the chase. During the investigation with his boys, Vanni as the owner of house comes to the place. Directly, Mulheisen also gives some questions related to the incident. Vanni answers that he does not know the thief. But, Mulheisen feels weird to Vanni. Vanni here is known as a chief of trucking company. For this time, Mulheisen lets Vanni go. He still needs more evidences to his weirdness.
Day by day, Mulheisen tries to find clues for the case. He always looks after some brand new information. So, Mulheisen wheels to blind pig. Blind pig is known as an illegal pub in Detroit district. For the police, it is a source of income.
Some espionages work for police in giving some crime information. In one day, Mulheisen gets a clear hint from one of his informants. This informant says that about three days ago, there are some niggers in a pub get drunk and talk about Vanni. After that, they just break down one of the jukebox machines. Then, Mulheisen hurried goes to Vanni’s work station. Here, he meets Vanni’s Secretary named Mandy. Because Vanni does not go to work at that time, Mulheisen turns to investigate Mandy for further information. Here, Mulheisen does not get a light from it. So, after a few minutes Mulheisen gets back to his department.
Until one day, Mulheisen goes back to Vanni’s office and offers some questions. Rapidly Vanni is interrogated by Mulheisen. In a few minutes, it makes Vanni rough until Mulheisen give one ambushing question about the nigger. Clearly, Vanni looks like in a mess when Mulheisen gives that question. Mulheisen starts to believe with his suspicious to Vanni. But, Mulheisen still needs more strong evidence. Again, Mulheisen just lets go Vanni for a moment. The next day, Mulheisen is visited by Mandy, a secretary of Vanni. She says that she has heard Vanni talk about guns in a phone. Hurriedly, Mulheisen wheels down to Vanni;s house. When he arrives, Mulheisen just finds that Vanni is not being home at that time. This make Mulheisen totally distrusts to Vanni. Then, he asks Mandy just be careful and to go home.
in an empty area. In fact, Mandy has been caught closely to the area. After Mulheisen has beat up the niggers, he and team look for Mandy. In a few minutes, they have found Mandy in a room. Then, Mulheisen goes back to the niggers and investigates them. From their information, Mulheisen finally knows where Vanni hides.
