Komunikasi Tulisan
Bahan Kuliah IF3820 Socio-Informatika dan Profesionalisme
Tujuan Komunikasi Tertulis
• Komunikasi tertulis bertujuan untuk menyampaikan: 1. Ide atau gagasan kepada pihak lain
2. Hasil pelaksanaan kegiatan (praktikum, tugas, pekerjaan, dll)
• Komunikasi tulisan ada bermacam-macam: 1. Karya sastra: puisi, cerpen, novel
2. Essay: tulisan opini di media massa
3. Tulisan akademik: laporan TA, tesis, disertasi, paper, jurnal 4. Laporan bisnis
Tahapan Membuat Tulisan
1. Mencari informasi 2. Menulis draft
3. Menyunting (edit) dan merevisi
• Menurut para ahli, mencari informasi meliputi 40% dari pekerjaan menulis
• Menulis draft hanya merupakan 20% dari pekerjaan menulis
1. Mencari informasi
• Agar tulisan didukung oleh fakta (jadi bukan
berdasarkan intuisi), maka penulis perlu mencari sebanyak mungkin informasi yang dibutuhkan.
• Informasi yang dibutuhkan adalah:
- Referensi (buku, paper, jurnal, tesis, disertasi, media massa, dll)
- Pengetahuan dari pakar
2. Menulis draft
• Draft adalah semacam sketsa kasar dari apa yang akan ditulis.
• Lebih mudah menulis draft awal daripada tulsian yang suda jadi
• Drfat akan disempurnakan pada tahap berikutnya
• Untuk menulis draft, lakukan:
- brainstorming, keluarkan semua ide yang ada setelah membaca referensi
- mulai tulisan pada bagian mana saja, tidak harus berurut
- jangan dulu mengkritik diri sendiri, yang penting tulisan tersebut jadi garis besarnya.
- gunakan gaya sendiri dalam menjelaskan
3. Menyunting dan merevisi
• Menyunting bertujuan untuk memperhalus tulisan, membuat tulisan lebih detil dan berisi.
• Merevisi bertujuan untuk memperbaiki hal-[hal yang kurang tepat, perbaikan ejaan, perbaikan typo, dan memperbaiki cara penyampaian
Tulisan Akademik (Academic
writing)
• Menulis adalah kemampuan yang dibutuhkan dalam semua konteks kehidupan.
• Contoh: menulis surel, menulis di buku harian, menulis laporan
• Tulisan akademik berbeda dengan tulisan personal lainnya. Perbedaan itu adalah, di dalam tulisan
akademik:
1. Terdapat struktur seperti bagian awal, tengah, dan bagian akhir.
2. Selalu ada teori yang menjadi landasan dasar dalam berargumen
3. Cara mengutip (citation) publikasi dari penulis lainnya
Mengutip dan Mereferensi
• Dalam membuat tulisan akademik kita membutuhkan sumber informasi yang
dijadikan referensi.
• Sumber informasi dapat berbentuk: buku, artikel di jurnal atau prosiding, laporan yang dipublikasikan.
• This kind of information is useful in that it provides evidence, which may be in the form of –
theoretical ideas, critical evaluations, research fndings, and scholarly opinions
Sumber informasi tersebut dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua kategori:
1. Kategori Primer
Primary sources relate to publicly available data, like historical documents (e.g. a transcript of oral history, interview data),
raw data from an experiment, or demographic records.
2. Kategori sekunder
• Salah satu ftur di dalam tulisan akademik adalah menggunakan literatur untuk mendukung ide kita.
• Hal ini mensyaratkan kita untuk membaca secara mendalam agar dapat menemukan sisi berbeda perdebatan dalam bidang yang sedang diteliti.
• Kita perlu untuk menunjukkan bukti eksplorasi literatur dengan
memasukkan penulis literatur dalam tulisan kita dan menyebutkan pandangan mereka.
• Teknik mengacu pada penulis dalam tulisan akademik sering
• Di dalam akademik, disiplin ilmu yang berbeda mempunyai konvensi sendiri untuk menulis kutipan dari penulis literatur.
• Salah satu konvensi yang paling umum adalah cara mengacu yang dikemukakan oleh American Psychologic Association (APA).
• Ada dua cara mengutip:
1. Di dalam badan kalimat: nama keluarga (surname atau family name) diikuti dengan tahun literatur tersebut dipublikasikan di dalam tanda kurung.
Tips mengutip penulis literatur
• There is no rule concerning which citation method – whether citing authors in the body of a sentence or in brackets – is best.
• Either method is fne. However, it is always useful for the reader to provide variety when citing authors in
To avoid relying on the same verbs when introducing authors into your sentence, as in the case of “McDonald (1992) says…” or
“Anderson (2003) states…”, a list of verbs is provided to add variety to your sentence embedded citations.
• describes
• examines; explains; explores; echoes
• feels; felt that
• points out; points to
• If there are two or more authors with the same
• If there are two or more publications written by the
same author in the same year, then add the letter “a” immediately after the year of the f rst publication
mentioned in the text, and add the letter “b” after the second, and so on. Ensure the same detail is ref ected in your Reference List.
Example
McMillan (1992a) illustrates cross-cultural awareness in organisations, while
• When stating the same author twice in a single paragraph, the
year only needs mentioning the frst time in the paragraph (unless it could be confused with another reference, such as in the case of publications written by the same author in the same year).
Example
The notion of anger has been debated for centuries (Wilkinson, 1976). Indeed, Wilkinson points out that….
• For works with no identifable date, include n.d. in brackets.
Example
• When citing a publication written by three to fve authors, for
the frst text citation, include all names. On subsequent
citations, state the frst author followed by “et al.”, which is a Latin abbreviation for “et als”, meaning “and others”.
Example
In the body of a sentence
According to Slater et al. (1978, p. 120), it is important to establish the grounds of the argument.
In brackets
• For works of six or more authors, for all citations, including the frst, include the frst author’s surname followed by “et al.”
• In the case of secondary citations, that is when a source you are using cites someone else’s work – which is the work you want to include, but you do not have access to the original document – it is important to acknowledge both the original source and the
source you have access to. When documenting both sources in brackets, use “as cited in” before the secondary source.
Example
Riechter’s (1984, as cited in Smith, 2003) study highlights how
Meletakkan Gagasan Penulis di dalam Kalimat Kita
• It is important to be able to explain the ideas of authors in your own words because this shows you understand the concepts and opinions.
Summarising
• Summarising involves selecting out some key features and then using those to create a shortened version of the author’s prose.
• Examples
“Children spend a very large proportion of their daily lives in school. They go there to learn, not only in a narrow academic sense, but in the widest possible interpretation of the word – about themselves, about being a person within a group of others, about the community in which they live, and about the world around them. Schools provide the setting in which such learning takes place.”
Leyden, S. (1985). Helping the child of exceptional ability. London: Croom Helm, page 38. Summaries
Author citation in the body of the sentence
As Leyden (1985) points out, schools are places for children to learn about life, themselves, other people, as well as academic information.
Author citation in brackets
Paraphrasing
• Paraphrasing means to restate information using diferent words. Unlike summarising though,
paraphrasing focuses less on shortening and
condensing the information. Paraphrasing aims to
rewrite the information by drawing on diferent words and phrases.
• Before you begin to paraphrase, it is REALLY
IMPORTANT to build-up your OWN IDEA of the
Examples
“Children spend a very large proportion of their daily lives in school. They go there to learn, not only in a narrow academic sense, but in the widest possible interpretation of the word – about themselves, about being a person within a group of others, about the community in which they live, and about the world around them. Schools provide the setting in which such learning takes place.”
Leyden, S. (1985). Helping the child of exceptional ability. London: Croom Helm, page 38.
Paraphrasing
Author citation in the body of the sentence
As Leyden (1985) points out, schools are places where children spend a signifcant amount of time. Beyond merely going to school to learn academic information, Leyden argues that
learning occurs within a far wider context as children also learn about who they are, by being in groups, their local community, as well as the wider world which surrounds them. Hence, schools ofer the settings to facilitate children’s learning about a great many things.
Author citation in brackets
Schools are places where children spend a signif cant amount of time (Leyden, 1985). Beyond merely going to school to learn academic information, learning occurs within a far wider
Copying and Changing a Few Words – Not Paraphrasing
• As already highlighted, it is vital that you create enough distinction between your paraphrased version and the author’s version.
Example
“Capital represents human creations that are used in the production of goods and services. We often distinguish between human capital and physical capital. Human capital consists of the knowledge and skills people develop (through education and formal or on-the-job training) that enhance their ability to produce, such as the taxi driver’s knowledge of the city’s streets or the surgeon’s knowledge of the human body. Physical capital consists of buildings, machinery, tools, and other manufactured items that are used to produce goods and services. Physical capital includes the driver’s cab, the surgeon’s scalpel, the ten-ton press used to print Newsweek, and the building where your economics class meets.”
McEachern, W.A. (1991). Economics: A contemporary introduction (2nd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: South-Western, page 3.
Copying and changing a few words – Unacceptable paraphrasing
Capital signifes human products that are utilised in the creation of goods and services (McEachern, 1991). Human capital comprises knowledge and skills that people develop (through education and
onthe-job training) to enhance their capacity to produce. In contrast, physical capital comprises buildings, machinery, tools, and other manufactured items that are utilised to produce goods and services
(McEachern). The paraphrased version has only substituted individual words, as follows: represents = signifes ; creations = products ; production = creation
Acceptable Paraphrasing
Capital is an economic concept referring to the things humans make, which are then used “in the production of goods and services” (McEachern, 1991, p. 3). This broad concept can be divided into human as well as physical capital, as
McEachern illsutrates. Indeed, human capital focuses on the products pertaining to individuals’ skills and expertise, which function to improve individuals’
production capacity. This type of capital can be gained through some form of
education and/or training. In contrast, physical capital involves the kinds of tools and equipment, including buildings that are central to providing goods and
Membuat Petikan (quotation)
• In addition to using authors’ ideas in your writing by putting their ideas into your own words, via summarizing and
paraphrasing, you can also embed authors’ ideas using quotations.
• A quotation is an exact copy of the words that someone else has written or said. These words are placed within quotation marks “ ”, which are also referred to as speech marks.
• In addition to documenting the author’s surname and year of publication, as with all citations of others’ work in accordance with APA referencing, you also need to include the page
Tips membuat petikan
1. Type the exact wording, spelling, and punctuation of the original source, including American spelling.
2. If there are errors in the original, put the Latin word ‘sic’ after the errors in square brackets to indicate that this was how the words appeared in their original location
Example
Braum (1999, p. 125) argues that “there is no way to determines [sic] moral laws.”
3. For publications without page numbers, such as online documents
(excluding those accessed through Acrobat Reader where page numbers are often specif ed as they appear on the printed page), use paragraph numbers, indicated by “para.”
Example
4. If you need to add words into a quotation for clarif cation, place the additional words in square brackets.
Example
“The PBRF [Performance Based Research Fund] ensures that tertiary
institutions are able to deliver robust research portfolios within a team of professional, and internationally reputed, researchers” (Smith, 2004, p. 501).
5. If you need to remove details from a quotation, replace the words
removed with three dots, referred to as ellipses. This is a useful tool to include when you want to incorporate a quotation into your sentence, but some of it is irrelevant or too detailed for your assignment.
Example
6. For quotations of 40 or more words, indent the whole quotation (by about 5 spaces) as a block of text, and remove the
quotation marks.
Example
In respect of social behaviour, there are interesting American fndings that computer game play can promote high levels of family involvement, reviving patterns of family togetherness in
leisure that, for many, seemed to have diminished or died out with the advent of television. (Durkin, 1995, p. 71)For block quotes, the bracketed
7. For secondary quotations, or quotations that are cited in
another source, providing that the original is not available, both sources must be mentioned. When documenting both sources in brackets, use “as cited in” before the secondary source.
Example
In the body of the sentence
Smith (2003, p. 111), in reporting a study conducted by Reichter (1984, p. 99), highlights how “commercialisation leads to four major outcomes.”
In brackets
Riechter’s (1984, p. 99, as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 111) study
Menulis Daftar Pustaka
• Having referred to sources by author in the body of your assignment, you will also need to provide a detailed list of these sources at the end of your assignment.
1. APA follows an author-date style for listing references at the end of your assignment. This involves placing the authors surname f rst, followed by initials. With two or more authors, an ampersand, &, is required
before the last author. The publication date appears in brackets, with a full stop after it.
2. When there are more than six authors, list the f rst six followed by et al. for the remaining authors.
Example
Bligh, T., Johnson, P., Quok, S. K., Smart, G., Masters, Y., Tressler, U., et al. (1999).
3. If there is no individual author, but an organisation has created the document, include the organisation as the author.
Example
Ministry of Consumer Afairs. (1999). Pyramid schemes.
Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
4. When no author information is available, place the publication title in the author position, followed by year of publication,
location, and publisher’s name. Retain formatting of the title, including italics.
Example
Signifcance of the Human Rights Act 1993. (2000). Wellington, New Zealand: Human Rights Commission.
6. When referencing chapters in edited books, include the authors of the chapter, year of book publication, and title of the
chapter.
• List the names of the editors in the order of f rst initial followed by last name, and place the abbreviation (Ed.) or (Eds.) after the editor or editors’ names.
• Italicise (or underline) the book title only.
• Include the page numbers of the chapter in brackets after the
7. When referencing journal articles, italicise or underline the journal title and its volume number.
• Capitalise all main words in the journal title.
• Put the issue or part number in brackets, immediately after the
volume number.
8. Newspaper Articles (author and no author)
Brown, K. (1998, March 15). Health Ministry at loggerheads with
Pharmac. The Herald, p. 2.
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure.
(1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
9. Conference Proceedings
Bowker, N., & Tuf n, K. (2002). Users with disabilities’ social and economic development through online access.
In M. Boumedine (Ed.), Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Information and Knowledge Sharing (pp.
Referensi
Teknik Penulisan Makalah
Ilmiah Bidang Informatika
Oleh: Rinaldi Munir
43 Workshop Penulisan Publikasi Ilmiah
Struktur Makalah Ilmiah
• Antara satu jurnal/prosiding dengan jurnal/prosiding lainnya mungkin berbeda nama-nama strukturnya.
• Misalnya, di jurnal A bagian Introduction diberi nama Background, Conclusion diberi nama Summary.
• Related works dapat dimasukkan ke dalam bagian
Introduction atau ditulis dalam bagian Literature Study setelah Introduction.
• Teori atau konsep-konsep yang fundamental (studi literatur)
Title
• Judul (title) adalah bagian yang terpenting dalam sebuah
makalah, sangat menentukan ketertarikan seseorang untuk membacanya, misalnya apakah sesuai dengan topik risetnya.
• Merupakan pintu utama untuk masuk ke dalam sebuah makalah. Jika orang tertarik dengan judul, maka ia akan membaca abstrak, selanjutnya akan membaca Introduction, dst.
• Judul seharusnya dibuat sedemikian rupa sehingga mudah untuk
• Judul sebaiknya bersifat:
• attractive : menarik minat orang untuk membaca makalah lebih jauh
• efective: sesingkat mungkin, tidak mengandung singkatan kecuali akronim yang sudah umum.
• informative: memberikan informasi yang menjelaskan atau menerangkan bagi peneliti lain yang mencari topik riset yang sejenis
• Sebuah judul sebaiknya megandung frasa yang mudah diindeks dan ditemukan oleh mesin pencari
Contoh:
- Security Analysis of Selective Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaos and CBC-like Mode
- Secured Video Streaming Development on Smartphones with Android Platform
- Arithmetic Coding Modifcation to Compress SMS
• Gunakan frasa yang menggambarkan distinctive feature dari makalah
tersebut, dan membedakannya dengan makalah lain yang sejenis Contoh:
- Vehicle Detection and Tracking Based on Corner and Lines Adjacent Detection Features
- Road Detection System based on RGB Histogram Filterization and Boundary Classifer
- Full-Text Search on Data with Access Control using Generalized Sufx Tree
- Scenes Categorization based on Appears Objects Probability
- A New String Matching Algorithm Based on Logical Indexing
- IntelligEnSia based Electricity Consumption Prediction Analytics using Regression Method
- Dynamic Path Planning for Mobile Robots with Cellular Learning Automata
- Image Description using Radial Associated Laguerre Moments
Author and Afliation
• Yang dimaksud dengan penulis makalah adalah orang yang:
- memiliki kontribusi dalam penelitian yang menghasilkan makalah tersebut - berkontribusi dalam membimbing, me-review, membuat draft makalah,
dan merevisi makalah
• Tidak termasuk dalam kategori penulis adalah orang yang membetulkan
grammar, ejaan, membantu mengetikkan makalah, dsb.
• Jika penulis lebih dari satu orang, maka urutan penulis sesuai dengan urutan kontributor dari yang paling utama hingga kontributor utama
• Di dalam bagian ini juga dituliskan afliasi (institusi
Abstract
• Setelah membaca judul, maka abstrak adalah bagian selanjutnya yang
menentukan bagi pembaca apakah tertarik membaca makalah atau dilewatkan saja.
• Abstrak berisi ringkasan makalah yang lebih lengkap daripada judul, panjangnya max 200 kata dan ditulis dalam satu paragraph saja.
• Abstrak berisi:
- pendahuluan (opsional)
- apa masalah yang dikerjakan (wajib ada) - metode yang digunakan (wajib ada)
Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam menulis abstrak: • Kalimat-kalimat di dalam abstrak harus kalimat baru, bukan hasil
copy-paste dari isi makalah.
• Kalimat-kalimat di dalam abstrak mengandung frasa penting
untuk memudahkan diindeks dan ditemukan oleh mesin pencari.
• Jangan memasukkan referensi di dalam abstrak
• Jangan memasukkan persamaan atau simbol-simbol rumus di dalam abstrak
• Penutup bisa berisi kesimpulan, kelebihan dan kekurangan solusi yang kita hasilkan, atau implikasi yang timbl datri penelitian kita
Abstract—EzStego is a steganography algorithm to embed the
secret message in the GIF images. The message is embedded into indices of sorted color palette of the images. EzStego is a
sequential embedding type of stego-algorithm. There is no key required for embedding, so anyone that know the algorithm can extract the message. For improving security, a modifed EzStego algorithm is proposed. Bits of the message are embedded
randomly in the image. Locations of embedding is generated from a random permutation which need an initial value as stego key.
Before embedding, the message is encrypted with random bit which is generated by a chaos map. Based on experiments, the modifed EzStego is more secure than the original EzStego,
because anyone who has no information on the key can not extract the message from the stego-images.
Keywords—EzStego, GIF images, chaos, random, secure.
pendahuluan masalah
metode
*) Sumber: Mikrajuddin Abdullah, Tuntunan Praktis Menulis Makalah untuk Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional, ITB
*) Sumber: Mikrajuddin Abdullah, Tuntunan Praktis Menulis Makalah untuk Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional, ITB
*) Sumber: Mikrajuddin Abdullah, Tuntunan Praktis Menulis Makalah untuk Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional, ITB
Introduction
• Bagian ini berisi pengantar untuk memahami masalah yang akan diselesaikan.
• Dimulai dari hal-hal yang umum dan diakhiri dengan hal yang khusus berkaitan dengan topik riset yang dikerjakan.
• Secara umum, struktur Intruduction berisi bagian-bagian berikut:
1. Konteks dan area penelitian secara umum
Uraikan di sini latar belakang permasalahan, berisi hal-hal yang menimbulkan
munculnya masalah penelitian yang dibahas,
2. Perkenalkan topik masalah yang diteliti
3. Apa yang sudah dilakukan orang lain tentang topik masalah tersebut?
Jelaskan apa yang sudah dikerjakan oleh peneliti-peneliti lain sebelumnya terkait topik masalah tersebut, mereka pakai metode/pendekatan apa, kalau perlu jelaskan juga kelebihan dan kekurangannya sehingga terdapat peluang masalah yang masih ada untuk diselesaikan.
4. Pendekatan penyelesaian masalah yang anda gunakan
Jelaskan secara garis besar pendekatan penyelesaian masalah yang anda gunakan, berdasarkan asumsi/hipotesis yang anda nyatakan.
5. Sistematika pembahasan
Contoh konteks dan area penelitian secara umum
Besides of cryptography, information security can be done using steganography. Steganography means hidden writing. Steganography is the art and science of hiding message in the communication by embedding the secret message into a cover media (usually digital data such as image, video, or audio). Goal of steganography is hiding existence of message in the cover. By using steganography, transmission of secret information can be done securely, so that the presence of the information can’t be known from the third party.
Contoh memperkenalkan topik masalah yang diteliti
One of popular steganography technique in spatial domain is the least significant bit (LSB) embedding. In this technique, bits of the message are embedded into LSB of pixel values. However, majority of based-LSB algorithms use images in bitmap (BMP) format. In the bitmap format, pixel values represent graylevel of the pixel. The message is embedded directly by replace LSB of pixel values with bits of the message.
Contoh apa yang sudah dilakukan orang lain tentang topik masalah tersebut (1)
One of the most popular steganography algorithm for GIF images has been proposed by Machado (2002). Her algorithm is called EzStego. In order to minimize color degradation, the palette is sorted so that the difference between two adjacent color is minimized. EzStego embeds message into the LSB of indices (pixel values) pointing to the sorted palette. Besides of EzStego, there is another steganographic algorithm for GIF images, i.e. S-Tool. S-Tool was developed by Andy Brown. S-Tool encrypt the message before embedding with various encryption algorithm such as DES and IDEA (Johnson, 1998).
The disadvantage of EzStego is there is no key required in embedding process, so anyone who know that the stego-image is made using EzStego
Penelitian tentang pengenalan wajah (face recognition) sudah banyak dilakukan oleh para ilmuwan. Wildan dkk (1998) telah mengembangkan metode pengenalan wajah dengan jaringan syaraf tiruan, namun tingkat keberhasilan pengenalan wajah hanya sekitar 65%. Metode yang lebih advanced adalah menggunakan kombinasi jaringan syaraf tiruan dan otomata (Peter, 2002). Metode ini dapat meningkatkan tingkat pengenalan wajah, namun waktu komputasinya relatif lama. Oleh karena itu diperlukan sebuah metode yang tingkat keberhasilan yang tinggi namun waktu kompuatsinya cepat.
Contoh Pendekatan penyelesaian masalah yang anda gunakan
Contoh sistematika pembahasan
Related Works/Literature Study
• Studi literatur dapat berisi:
- Konsep/teori yang fundamental yang terkait dengan penelitian
- Review (ulasan singkat) beberapa penelitian terkait (related works), termasuk kelebihan dan
kekurangannya.
• Dengan memaparkan related works, kita menempatkan posisi penelitian kita diantara penelitian yang sudah
ada. Dengan demikian terlihat state of the art
Methods
• Bagian ini menjelaskan metode yang kita usulkan dalam menyelesaikan masalah penelitian (proposed method).
• Dapat menggunakan bagan/diagram untuk menjelaskan metode yang kita usulkan.
• Jika perlu menuliskan algoritma, maka algoritma ditulisa dlaam notasi pseudo-code atau dalam bentuk uraian
Results and Discussion
• Bagian ini memaparkan hasil-hasil eksperimen.
• Dijelaskan juga data uji yang digunakan di dalam eksperimen
• Hasil-hasil eksperimen dapat ditampilkan dalam bentuk gambar, grafk, dan tabel
• Diskusi hasil-hasil eksperimen dapat digabung pada bagian ini atau ditulis dalam bagian terpisah sesudah
• Penting untuk memilih tipe grafk:
1. Grafk batang untuk memperlihatkan perbandingan 2. Grafk garis untuk memperlihatkan kecenderungan (trend)
Conclusion
• Bagian ini merangkum simpulan dari hasil-hasil penelitian, yetrmasuk kelebihan dan kekurangan.
• Juga memasukkan saran penelitian selanjutnya (future
Acknowledgment
• Bagian ini opsional, memaparkan: 1. Sponsor penelitian
2. Ucapan terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak yang membantu penelitian (namun bukan anggota
References
• Semua referensi yang dirujuk di dalam makalah dituliskan pada bagian ini.
Daftar Pustaka
1. Mikrajuddin Abdullah, Tuntunan Praktis Menulis Makalah untuk Jurnal Ilmiah Internasional, ITB.
2. Dwi Hendratmo Widyantoro, Penulisan Makalah Ilmiah, STEI-ITB
