commit to user
L
(
*
$
8
*
1
$
/
'
(
7
6
,
6
6
$
5
(
7
8
3
0
2
&
*
1
,
7
1
(
0
(
/
3
0
,
*
1
,
1
5
$
(
/
&
$
/
/
7
2
,
0 5
3
2
9
(
6
7
8
'
(
1
7
6
¶
9
2
&
$
%
8
/
$
5
<
1
2
,
7
,
6
,
8
4
&
$
$Q$FLWRQ5HVHDUFKDWWKH6HYHQWK*UDGH 6R I 031HJHUL-DWHQ.DUDQJDQ\DULQ F
L P H G D F
$ <HD U
\ E G H J Q D U U
$
1 , ' , 6 5 8
0
;
7+(6,6
W H U D 0 V D O H E H 6 I R \ WO X F D ) Q R LW D F X G ( G Q D J Q L Q L D U 7 U H K F D H 7 R W G H WW L P E X 6
V D \ WL V U H Y L Q
8 3DU LWDO)XO LIOOPHQ WR I5HTXLUHPHQ WIRUWKH8QGHUJUDGXDWH'HJUHH Q
R LW D F X G ( I
R
7
1
(
0
7
5
$
3
(
'
+
6
,
/
*
1
(
<
7
/
8
&
$
)
1
2
,
7
$
&
8
'
(
'
1
$
*
1
,
1
,
$
5
7
5
(
+
&
$
(
7
<
7
,
6
5
(
9
,
1
8
7
(
5
$
0
6
$
/
(
%
(
6
$
7
5
$
.
$
5
8
6
commit to user
LL
commit to user
LY
6
7
1
$
7
/
8
6
1
2
&
(
+
7
)
2
/
$
9
2
5
3
3
$
(
+
7
G H Q L P D [ H H E R W G H Y R U S S D Q H H E V D K V L V H K W V L K
7 E\ WKH %RDUG RI 7KHVL V
\ WL V U H Y L Q 8 W H U D 0 V D O H E H 6 \ WO X F D ) Q R LW D F X G ( G Q D J Q L Q L D U 7 U H K F D H 7 I R V U H Q L P D [ (
D WU D N D U X
6
6XUDND WUDWK0DUFK
&RQVXWODQ W ,&RQVX WODQW,,
' K 3 G ( 0 K L V J Q L Q LW Q D V K F R 5 L Z H ' D U
' 'UV$+DQGRNR3XGMREURWR
3 ,
1 1 ,3
commit to user
Y
6
5
(
1
,
0
$
;
(
(
+
7
)
2
/
$
9
2
5
3
3
$
(
+
7
G U D R E H K W \ E G H Q L P D [ H Q H H E V D K V L V H K W V L K
7 RIH[DPLQHU VR I7HDFKH U7UDLQLQJ G H W S H F F D Q H H E V D K G Q D D WU D N D U X 6 \ WL V U H Y L Q 8 W H U D 0 V D O H E H 6 \ WO X F D ) Q R LW D F X G ( G Q D
I R W Q H P OO LI O X I O D LW U D S D V
D UHTXULHPHQW VIR UWKH8QGHUJUDGXDWH'HJUHHR I(QJLOVK
Q R LW D F X G
(
\ D
' 7XHVGD\ H
W D
' WK$SUOL
V U H Q L P D [ ( I R G U D R
% 6LJQDWXUHV
&KDULPDQ
V U
' 0DUWRQR0$
3 ,
1
6HFUHWDU\
6 6 LW D Z D \ W V LO X 6 \ I H
+
3 ,
1 ««««««««««
([DPLQH U ,
' K 3 G ( 0 K L V J Q L Q LW Q D V K F R 5 L Z H ' D U
'
3 ,
1 ««««««««««
([DPLQHU,,
R W R U E R M G X 3 R N R G Q D + $ V U
'
3 ,
1 ««««««««««
\ WO X F D ) Q R LW D F X G ( G Q D J Q L Q L D U 7 U H K F D H
7
\ WL V U H Y L Q 8 W H U D 0 V D O H E H
6
Q D H ' H K
7
G 3 0 K D OO X W D \ D G L + Q R T U X ) U ' I R U
3
3 ,
commit to userY L
2
2
77
77
2
2
0
0
¯
7
K
H
S
R
Z
H
U
R
I
S
R
V
L
W
L
Y
H
W
K
L
Q
N
L
Q
J
L
V
G
L
U
H
F
W
O
\
F
R
Q
Q
H
F
W
H
G
W
R
W
K
H
\
W
L
O
L
E
D
H
W
D
Q
L
P
L
O
H
U
R
O
R
U
W
Q
R
F
H
Y
R
P
H
U
R
W
V
W
K
J
X
R
K
W
H
Y
L
W
D
J
H
Q
°
a
Q
L
G
L
'
a
commit to userY LL
1
2
,
7
$
&
,
'
(
'
R
W
G
H
W
D
F
L
G
H
G
V
L
V
L
V
H
K
W
V
L
K
7
¾
0
\
E
OH
R
Y
H
G
S
D
U
H
Q
W
V
0
U
+
$
P
L
Q
X
G
L
Q
0
U
V
H
K
W
U
R
I
K
D
]
L
]
$
M
+
L
U
Q
H
Y
H
U
H
Q
G
L
Q
J
O
R
Y
H
W
U
R
S
S
X
V
H
F
Q
H
LW
D
S
¾
0
\
O
R
Y
H
O
\
V
L
V
W
H
U
V
1
R
U
6
L
D
K
6
WL
L
6
X
K
U
D
L
U
WL
I
D
6
U
X
1
G
Q
D
D
L
E
O
R
4
D
Z
O
D
6
K
D
L
U
D
G
D
6
K
D
\
V
Q
D
L
G
U
D
+
Q
L
G
K
D
0
V
U
H
K
W
R
U
E
\
O
H
Y
R
O
\
P
G
Q
D
Q
L
K
LO
V
X
0
Q
L
G
X
O
D
+
Q
L
G
X
U
K
D
\
6
G
Q
D
V
Z
H
K
S
H
Q
H
W
X
F
\
P
G
Q
D
L
T
I
L
5
G
D
P
P
D
K
X
0
,
K
D
P
N
L
+
V
H
F
H
L
Q
O
K
D
P
+
D
LM
U
6
D
O
V
D
$
L
V
\
D
K
J
Q
L
U
R
O
R
F
U
R
I
D
Q
LW
D
)
G
Q
D
D
O
K
$
D
N
LW
$
D
O
\
D
1
V
\
D
G
\
P
¾
0
\
E
H
V
W
I
U
L
H
Q
G
V
Z
K
R
D
O
Z
D
\
V
E
H
Z
K
H
U
H
Y
H
U
D
Q
G
P
H
K
W
G
H
G
H
H
Q
,
U
H
Y
H
Q
H
K
Z
commit to userY LLL
7
1
(
0
(
*
'
(
/
:
2
1
.
&
$
V L K U R I \ W K J L P O $ H K W G R * R W N Q D K W G Q D H V L D U 3 Q L P D O D ¶O L E E D UL K D OO LO X G P D K O $ H O
E VVLQJPHVRWKDW ,FDQDFFRPSLOVKWKHZ LULWQJR IWKL VWKHVLV,QWKL VRFFDVLRQ ,
J Q L Z R OO R I H K W R W Q R LW D L F H U S S D G Q D H G X WL W D U J W V H S H H G \ P V V H U S [ H R W H N LO G O X R
Z
3URI)XUTRQ+LGD\DWXOODK03GDVWKH'HDQR I7HDFKH U7UDLQLQJDQG(GXFDLWRQ Y
L Q 8 W H U D 0 V D O H E H 6 I R \ WO X F D
) HUVWL\ZKRDSSURYHGWKLVWKHVL V
'UV6XSDUQR03GDV WKH+HDGRIWKH/WLHUDU\DQG/DQJXDJH'HSD WUPHQWDQG $
0 R Q R WU D 0 V U
' DVWKH+HDGR I(QJLOVK(GXFD LWRQ'HSD WUPHQWZKRJDYHPH V
L V H K W H K W H WL U Z R W Q R L V V L P U H
S
'HZL5RFKVDQLWQLQJVLK0(G3K'D VWKHIULVWFRQVXWODQWDQG'UV$+DQGRNR R
W R U E R M G X
3 DVWKHVHFRQGFRQVXWODQWZKRKDYHSDLWHQOW\J QLYH PHWKHULJXLGDQFH V L K W I R Q R LW H O S P R F H K W R W S X J Q L Q Q L J H E P R U I H P LW G Q D W Q H P H J D U X R F Q H H F L Y G D
J Q LW LU Z V L V H K
W
6UL 'MRNR:LGRGR6+ 0 + D VWKH+HDGPDVWHU R I60 3 1HJHUL -DWHQ U
D \ Q D J Q D U D
. ZKRJDYHPHSHUPLVVLRQWRFRQGXFWDUHVHDUFKDWWKHVFKRRO
)DLWPDK63GDV WKHFROODERUDLWYH(QJLOVK WHDFKH UDQGWKHVWXGHQW VR I9 ,,$ IR 0
6 31HJHUL-DWHQ.DUDQJDQ\DUIRUWKHL UNLQGQHVV
0\EHORYHGIDPOL\DQGI LUHQ VG ZKRDOZD\VVXSSR WUV P H
V L K W W D K W H S R K , U H Y H Z R + W F H I U H S J Q L H E P R U I U D I V L V L V H K W V L K W W D K W H ] LO D H U ,
K V LO J Q ( J Q L K F D H W I R W Q H P H Y R U S P L H K W R W Q R LW X E LU W Q R F H G L Y R U S Q D F V L V H K
W
D WU D N D U X
6 0DUFK U H WL U Z H K
7
'
commit to user
[ L
7
1
(
7
1
2
&
)
2
(
/
%
$
7
(
/ 7 , 7 ) 2 ( * $
3 L 7
& $ 5 7 6 %
$ ««««««««««««««««««««««««« LL
/ $ 9 2 5 3 3 $ ) 2 ( * $
3 YL
( ( 5 * $ ) 2 ( * $
3 0(17««««««««««««««««««« Y 2
7 7 2 0 ) 2 ( * $
3 «««««««««««««««««««««« YL (
6 ( 5 3 ) 2 ( * $
3 17$7,21«««««««««««««««««« LY L '
( / : 2 1 . &
$ *(0(17«««««««««««««««««««« LLY L
7 1 ( 7 1 2 & ) 2 ( / % $
7 [L
« « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « 6 1 2 , 7 $ , 9 ( 5 % % $ ) 2 7 6 ,
/ LL[
« « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « 6 ( / % $ 7 ) 2 7 6 ,
/ [ LLL
« « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « 6 ( 5 8 * , ) ) 2 7 6 ,
/ [Y
« « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « 6 ( & , ' 1 ( 3 3 $ ) 2 7 6 ,
/ Y[ L
, 5 ( 7 3 $ +
& ,1752'8&7,21
$ 7KH%DFNJURXQGR IWKH5HVHDUFK
% 3UREOHP V6WDWHPHQW V
& 7KH2EMHFLWYH VRIWKH5HVHDUFK
' 7KH%HQHIWL VRIWKH5HVHDUFK ,,
5 ( 7 3 $ +
& 5(9,(:217+(5(/$7('/,7(5$785(
$9RFDEXODU\
'H LIQLLWRQR I9RFDEXODU\
9RFDEXODU\$FTXLVLLWRQ
7\SHVR I9RFDEXODU\
%&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ&$//
'H LIQLLWRQR I&$//
commit to user[
0HWKRGRORJ\R I&$//
7\SH VR I&$//3URJUDPPH V
7\SH VR I6R WIZDUH
8VH VR I&$//LQ/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJ
&5HOHYDQW6WXGLH V8VLQJ&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH J
Q L Q U D H
/ &$//LQ/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJ
+HOSLQJ&KOLGUHQ/HDUQ9RFDEXODU\GX LUQJ&RPSXWH U Q
L G D H 5 O D U 2 G H W V L V V
$ JE\*UHJRU\$LVW«««
3HQJHPEDQJDQ&RPSXWH U$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ
P D O D G / / $ &
3HPEHODMDUDQ.RVDNDWD.HOD V D
V J Q D % D UW X 3 '
6 'HSRNE\,FKZDQ6X\XGLHWDO
«««««««««««««««««««
'7HDFKLQJ(QJLOVK9RFDEXODU\8VLQJ&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG J
Q L Q U D H / H J D X J Q D
/ ««««««««««««««
7HDFKLQJ(QJLOVK9RFDEXODU\8VLQJ$%&.LG*HQLXV
7HDFKLQJ(QJLOVK9RFDEXODU\8VLQJ&RPSXWH LU]HG « « « « « « « « « « V X U X D V H K 7 G Q D \ U D Q R LW F L
' «
7HDFKLQJ(QJLOVK9RFDEXODU\8VLQJ&ODVVURRP:RUG « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « V H P D
*
(5DLWRQDOH
)$FLWRQ+\SRWKHVLV $
+
& 37(5 ,,, 5(6($5&+0(7+2'2/2*<
$&RQWH[WRIWKH5HVHDUFK
% 0HWKRGRIWKH5HVHDUFK
:K\$FLWRQ5HVHDUFK
'H LIQLLWRQR I$FLWRQ5HVHDUFK
3URFHGXUHR I$FLWRQ5HVHDUFK
&7HFKQLTXHR I&ROOHFLWQJ' DWD
commit to user
L [
, 5 ( 7 3 $ +
& 9 5(6($5&+),1',1*6$1'',6&866,21
$6 WLXDLWRQ3 LURUWR HW K 5HVHDUFK«««««««««« H
U 3
E2 VHUYDLWRQ««««««««««««««« Q
,
WHUYLHZ«««««««««««««««««« H
U 3
7HVW««««««««««««««««««
% 5HVHDUFK,PSOHPHQWDLWRQ«««««««««««« &\FOH««««««««««««««««««
D3ODQQLQJ«««««««««««««««««
E$FLWRQ««««««««««««««««««
F2EVHUYDLWRQ««««««««««««««««
G 5H OIHFLWRQ«««««««««««««««« &\FOH«««««««««««««««««««
D5HYLVHG3ODQ«««««««««««««««
E$FLWRQ««««««««««««««««««
F2EVHUYDLWRQ««««««««««««««««
G5H OIHFLWRQ««««««««««««««««
&)LQGLQJ V«««««««««««««««««««
''LVFXVVLRQ««««««««««««««««««
5 ( 7 3 $ +
& 9&21&/86,21,03/,&$7,21$1'68**(67,21««
$&RQFOXVLRQ««««««««««««««««««
% ,PSOLFDLWRQ«««««««««««««««««« J
X 6
& JHVLWRQ«««««««««««««««««« <
+ 3 $ 5 * 2 , / % ,
% «««««««««««««««««««««««
commit to user
[ LL
1
2
,
7
$
,
9
(
5
%
%
$
)
2
7
6
,
/
6
&$// &RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ
8 6 8QWLHG6WDWHV
8 . 8QWLHG.LQJGRP
6/$ 6HFRQG/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLLWRQ
/ 6HFRQG/DQJXDJH
7 / 7DUJHW/DQJXDJH
( 63 (QJLOVKIR U6SHFL LIF3XUSRVHV
& $, &RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG,QVUWXFLWRQ
( /7 (QJLOVK/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJ
&&0 &RQVWDQW&RPSDUDLWYH0HWKRG
& ' 520 &RPSDFW'LVF5HDG2QO\0HPRU\
& ,' &RPSDFW'LVF,QWHUDFLWYH
'9' 'LJWLDO9LGHR'LVF
commit to user[ LLL
(
/
%
$
7
)
2
7
6
,
/
6
7DEOH6WLXDLWRQEHIRUH5HVHDUFK«««««««««««««
7DEOH7KH0HDQ6FRUH IR 9RFDEXODU\3UH7 HVW«««««««
7DEOH6XPPDU\R I3UREOHP VRQ3URQXQFLDLWRQ ««««««««
7DEOH7KH6XPPDU\R I2YHUDOO3URFHV VRIWKH5HVHDUFK««««
7DEOH6XPPDU\R I5HVHDUFK,PSOHPHQWDLWRQ «« «««««««
7DEOH7KH6XPPDU\R I5HVHDUFK)LQGLQJVLQ&\FOH«««««
7DEOH/LVWR I$FLWYLLWH V8VLQJ&$//«««««««««««
7DEOH 7KH ,QGLFDWRU V R I WKH 3UREOHP V DQG 6ROXLWRQ V WKDW DUH
H Y R U S P , R W G H V R S S X
6 ««««««««««««««««««««
7DEOH6WXGHQWV ¶:RUNLQJRQ$FLWYWL\ «« «««««««««
7DEOH6WXGHQWV ¶:RUNLQJRQ$FLWYWL\6DPSOH«««««« «
7DEOH6WXGHQW V:RUNLQJRQ$FLWYWL\7KH9ROXQWHHUV«««
7DEOH7KH5HVXO WR I3RVW7HVW«««««««««««« «
7DEOH7KH6XPPDU\R I5HVHDUFK)LQGLQJVLQ&\FOH«««« «
7DEOH6WXGHQWV ¶3HUIRUPDQFHRQ:RUG6HDUFK*DPH «« «««
7DEOH6WXGHQWV ¶3HUIRUPDQFHRQ6FUDPEOHG:RUG V*DPH «« «
7DEOH6WXGHQWV ¶3HUIRUPDQFHRQ6FUDPEOHG:RUG V*DPH«««««
7DEOH7KH5HVXO WR I3RVW7HVW «««««««««««««
commit to user[ LY
W V R
3 7HVW««««««««««««««««««««««««
7DEOH7KH&RPSD LUVRQR I$YHUDJH6FRUHR I(DFK9RFDEXODU\
W V R 3 Q L W F H S V
$ 7HVWDQG3RVW7HVW«««««««««««««
7DEOH 6XPPDU\R I$OO5HVHDUFK)LQGLQJV «« «««««««
7DEOH6XPPDU\R I5HVHDUFK)LQGLQJV««««««««««
7DEOH7KH,PSURYHPHQWRIWKH6WXGHQWV ¶$FKLHYHPHQW«««««««
7DEOH7KH6DPSOHR I6WXGHQWV ¶$FKLHYHPHQ W««««««««
commit to user
ǀ dž
Y [
(
5
8
*
,
)
)
2
7
6
,
/
6
)LJXUH7KH5HODLWRQVKLSR I9RFDEXODU\&DWHJR LUH VZWLK6NLOOV « «
)LJXUH7KH,QWHUIDFHR I$%&.LG*HQLX V0HQX««««««««
)LJXUH&DPELUGJH/HDUQHU¶ V'LFLWRQDU\« ««««««««««
)LJXUH%LLOQJXDO'LFLWRQDU\««««««««««««««««
)LJXUH7KH6DJH(QJLOVK'LFLWRQDU\DQG7KHVDXUXV«««««««
)LJXUH&ODVVURRP:RUG*DPHV«««««««««««««««
)LJXUH6WHS VR I$FLWRQ5HVHDUFK««««««««««««««
)LJXUH*UDSKLF$QDO\VL VRQWKH4XHVLWRQQDULH«««««««««
)LJXUH:RUG6HDUFK*DPH««««««««««««««««
)LJXUH6FUDPEOH:RUG*DPH«««««««««««««« « «
)LJXUH&URVVZRUG3X]]OH*DPH«««««««««««««««
commit to user[YL
6
(
&
,
'
1
(
3
3
$
)
2
7
6
,
/
5HVHDUFK6FKHGXOH«««««««««««««««««««
3UH5HVHDUFK2EVHUYDLWRQ«««««««««««««««««
)LHOG1RWHV«««««««««««««««««««««««
/HPED U3HQJDPDWDQ-DODQQ\D.HJLDWDQ«««««««««
7UDQVF LUSWRI,QWHUYLHZ««««««««««««««««««
7KH'LDU\R I$FLWRQ5HVHDUFK«««««««««««««« ««
/HVVRQ3ODQ« «««««««««««««««««««««
/LVWR I6WXGHQWV ¶1DPHV««««««««««««««««««
5HVXOWRIWKH6WXG\««««««««««««««««««««
3KRWRJUDSK«««««««««««««««««««««««
6WXGHQWV ¶:RUNVKHHW«««««««««««««««««««
6OLDEX V6031HJHUL-DWHQ««««««««««««««««
/HJDLO]DLWRQ«««««««««««««««««««««««
commit to user
Q H G
L WIL\ WKHPHDQLQJR IVRPHZRUGV PRUHRYHUPRVWRIWKHPGLGQRWHYHQNQRZ V
R K W I R V V D O F H K
W H(QJLOVKZRUGV SD WU VR IVSHHFK 6RPHRI WKHPDOVRPLVVSHOOH G
H P R
V ZRUGVZKHQ WKH\ZHUHDVNHG WRZUWLH WKHL UDQVZHU WRVRPH WDVN VRQWKHZKWLH
G U D R
E GD Q %HVLGH V WKHVWXGHQW VIRXQG LWGIL LIFXWO WRUHFDOO WKHZRUGV WKH\KDYH G
H Q U D H O \ G D H UO
D FRQVHTXHQ OW\WKH\FRXOGQRWFRPSOHWHWKHWDVNJLYHQE\WKHULWHDFKH U O
O H Z
U L H K W \ E G H W F H I I D Q H H E H Y D K W K J L P Q R LW L V L X T F D \ U D O X E D F R Y Z R O ¶ V W Q H G X W V H K 7
V V D O F K V LO J Q ( H K W Q L H G X WL WW
D ,QWKHFODVV WKHVWXGHQW VXVXDOO\PDGHQRLVH WKH V
W Q H G X W
V WHQGHGWREHSDVVLYHZKHQWKH\ZHUHDVNHGWRGRVRPHWDVN VE\WKHULWHDFKHU W
KH\GLGQRW WDNHQRWHRI WKH LPSR WUDQW WKLQJ VEHLQJ WDXJKWE\ WKHUL WHDFKHU U
H K F D H W UL H K W R W Q R LW Q H WW D \ D S \ OO X I W R Q G L G \ H K
W ¶ VH[SODQDLWRQ LQVWHDG WKH\ZHUH
J Q L R G I R \ V X
E QRQDFDGHPLF WKLQJ VZWLK WKHL UI LUHQGVVXFKD VFKDWLWQJUHVLWQJ WKHL U
V OL F Q H S U L H K W G Q X R U D J Q L \ D O S G Q D V N V H G U L H K W Q R S X G D H
K
H V R S R U S U H WL U Z H K W V P H O E R U S H K W H Y O R V R
7 GLPSOHPHQLWQJ&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG J
Q L Q U D H / H J D X J Q D
/ &$//&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ DZ VFKRVHQ WR J Q L Q U D H O \ R M Q H R W W R Q P H H V V W Q H G X W V K F L K Z Q L Q R LW D X WL V V V D O F W Q H U U X F H K W R W G Q R S V H
U $ V
W X U R 7 \ E G H Q R LW Q H
P &RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJKD VDORWR I
R W V H J D W Q D Y G
D EXOLGVWXGHQWV ¶PRLWYDLWRQDQGDWWWLXGHV WRZDUG WHDFKLQJDQG OHDUQLQJ
V V H F R U
S 6RPHRIWKHDGYDQWDJH VDUHDVIROORZV
&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJSURYLGHVVUWRQJPRLWYDLWRQIRUOHDUQLQJ
6RPH&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJIHDWXUH V LONHDQLPDLWRQVRXQGV H
W Q L G Q D H W D Y LW R P V R H G L Y G Q D F L K S D U
J UHVWOHDUQHUVDQG
&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJFDQLPSURYHOHDUQHU¶ VDWWWLXGHWRZDUG V
K V LO J Q
(
\ U D O X E D F R Y K WL Z J Q LO D H G V P H O E R U S H K W H Y O R V R W W X R \ D Z G R R J D Q H K W V L / / $ &
D H G J Q L K W H Q R U R ) H Y R E D G H Q R LW Q H P Q H H E J Q L Y D K Q R LW D X WL V V V D O F G Q D Q R LW L V L X T F
D LOQJ
commit to user & V &
commit to user
% 3UREOHP6WDWHPHQWV
7KHZUWLHUIRUPXODWHVWKHSUREOHPRIWKHUHVHDUFKLQWRWKHIROORZLQJV
'RH VDQGWRZKDWH[WHQWWKHLPSOHPHQWDLWRQ IR &RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH J
Q L Q U D H
/ LPSURYHWKHVWXGHQWV ¶YRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLLWRQ"
:KDW LVWKHVWLXDLWRQZKHQ&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ VL LPSOHPHQWHG P
R R U V V D O F H K W Q
L "
K F U D H V H 5 H K W I R V H Y LW F H M E 2
&
M E R H K
7 HFLWYH VRIWKHUHVHDUFKDUH
7RGHVF LUEHZKHWKH UDQGWRZKDWH[WHQW&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ Q
R LW L V L X T F D \ U D O X E D F R Y ¶ V W Q H G X W V H K W H Y R U S P
L
7RLGHQWIL\WKHV WLXDLWRQ LQ WKH(QJLOVKFODVVZKHQ&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH J
Q L Q U D H
/ VL DSSLOHG
I H Q H %
' WLVRIWKH5HVHDUFK
H K W U R I O D L F LI H Q H E H E O OL Z K F U D H V H U H K W I R W O X V H U H K W W D K W G H W F H S [ H V L W ,
W Q H P WU D S H ' Q R LW D F X G ( K V LO J Q ( H K W V D O O H Z V D U H K F U D H V H U H K W U H K F D H W H K W V W Q H G X W V
V W Q H G X W
V
%HQHIWLIRUWKHVWXGHQWV K
7 URXJKOHDUQLQJYRFDEXODU\LQ&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ U
H WW H E \ U D O X E D F R Y K V LO J Q ( H UL X T F D Q D F V W Q H G X W
V %HVLGH VWKH\DOVR OHDUQKRZ WRZRUN
P D U J R U S U H W X S P R F D K WL
Z
%HQHIWLIRUWKHWHDFKHU
H K
7 LPSOHPHQWDLWRQR I&RPSXWH U$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ RW WHDFK L
J R V O D O OL Z \ U D O X E D F R Y K V LO J Q
( YHDQHZUHIHUHQFH IRUWKHWHDFKH UDERXWKRZWRWHDFK U
R I K V LO J Q
( EHJLQQHUV
commit to user
%HQHIWLIRUWKHUHVHDUFKHU
R W D H G L V L K W R Q U R U H K W H K Z U H N F H K F D V D V L \ G X W V V L K W U H K F U D H V H U H K W U R )
K J X R U K W Q R LW L V L X T F D \ U D O X E D F R Y ¶ V W Q H G X W V H Y R U S P
L WKHLPSOHPHQWDLWRQ &RPSXWH U G
H W V L V V
$ /DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJZRUN%HVLGHVKHFDQH[SH LUHQFHWKHUHDOFODVVURRP I
R Q R LW D X WL
V EHJLQQHUV
%HQHIWLIR U(QJLOVK(GXFDLWRQ'HSD WUPHQWVWXGHQW V
D K W R E H E Q D F K F U D H V H U V L K W V W Q H G X W V W Q H P WU D S H ' Q R LW D F X G ( K V LO J Q ( O O D U R )
H F Q H U H I H U D G Q D H F Q D G L X
commit to user
, , 5 ( 7 3 $ +
&
( 5 8 7 $ 5 ( 7 , / ' ( 7 $ / ( 5 1 2 : ( , 9 (
5
\ U D O X E D F R 9 Q R H U X W D U H WL O G H W D O H U V H G L Y R U S U H WL U Z H K W U H W S D K F V L K W Q
, &RPSXWH U
J Q L Q U D H / H J D X J Q D / G H W V L V V
$ DQGWKHL ULPSOHPHQWDLWRQLQWKHFODVVURRPEDVHGRQ V
H F U X R V H P R
V
$9RFDEXODU\
'H LIQL LWRQR I9RFDEXODU\
H U H K
7 DUHVRPHGHLIQL LWRQ VR IYRFDEXODU\SURSRVHGE\LOQJXLVWH[SH WUV+DWFK
Q Z R U % G Q
D VWDWHWKDWYRFDEXODU\L VD LOVWR UVHWRIZRUGVIR UDSDULWFXOD U H V X W K J L P H J D X J Q D O D I R V U H N D H S V O D X G L Y L G Q L W D K W V G U R Z I R W H V U R W V LO D U R H J D X J Q D O
G V L K W R W V X K
7 H LIQLLWRQYRFDEXODU\ VL DVH LUH VR IZRUG VXVHGE\LQGLYLGXDOVSHDNHU VR I O D F LW H E D K S O D V L G H Y O R Y Q L P H W V \ V \ O Q R H K W W V LO D V L \ U D O X E D F R Y H F Q L 6 H J D X J Q D O Q L D WU H F
V H LU D Q R LW F L G Q L U H G U
R
\ U D Q R LW F L ' H J D WL U H + Q D F LU H P $ H K W G Q D K U H K W R H K W Q
2 GH LIQH VYRFDEXODU\D V
³WKHVXPRIZRUG VXVHGE\XQGHUVWRRGE\R UDWWKHFRPPDQGRIDSDULWFXOD USHUVRQ
S X R U J U
R 3LNXOVNL 7HPSOHWRQ ´%DVHGRQ WKL VGH LIQLLWRQYRFDEXODU\ L V H K W \ E G R R W V U H G Q X H U D V G U R Z H K W W D K W Q D K W H U R P W X E G H V X V G U R Z H K W \ O H U H P W R Q
X Q R V U H
S VLQJDODQJXDJH3LNXOVNLDQG7HPSOHWRQHODERUDWHWKHZRUG V³XVHG´DQG W
D K W \ D V \ H K 7 Q R LW L Q LI H G V L K W Q L ´ G R R W V U H G Q X
³ YRFDEXODU\L VXVHGZKHQZHVSHDNDQG
H WL U
Z DQGL VXQGHUVWR RGZKHQZHLOVWHQWRVSHHFKDQGZKHQZHUHDG U
H WL U Z H K
7 DGRSWVWKHODWWH UGHILQLLWRQ²WKDWYRFDEXODU\LVWKHVXPR IZRUG V V
W Q H G X W V \ E G R R W V U H G Q X G Q D \ E G H V X H U D W D K
W
9RFDEXODU\$FTXLVL LWRQ
D 'H LIQLLWRQR I$FTXLVLLWRQ
P U H W H K W V W Q H G X W V Q D L V H Q R G Q , I R H X J Q R W U H K W R P H K W W R Q V L K V LO J Q ( V $
Q R LW L V L X T F
D LQWKLVVWXG\UHIHUVWRWKHRQHR IVHFRQGODQJXDJH$ V(OLO VGH LIQH VVHFRQG U L H K W Q D K W U H K W R H J D X J Q D O D Q U D H O H O S R H S K F L K Z Q L \ D Z H K W V L Q R LW L V L X T F D H J D X J Q D O
P R R U V V D O F D I R H G L V W X R U R H G L V Q L H X J Q R W U H K W R
R W J Q L G U R F F
$ 6DYLOOHDQG7URLNH6HFRQG/DQJXDJH$FTXLVL LWRQ 6/$ UHIHU VERWKWRWKHVWXG\RILQGLYLGXDOVDQGJURXS VZKRDUHOHDUQLQJDODQJXDJH
W V UL I UL H K W J Q L Q U D H O R W W Q H X T H V E X
V RQHD V\RXQJFKOLGUHQDQGWRWKHSURFHV VRIOHDUQLQJ H
K 7 H J D X J Q D O W D K
W DGGLLWRQDOODQJXDJHL VFDOOHGDVHFRQGODQJXDJH/HYHQ J
X R K
W KLWPD\DFWXDOO\EHWKHWK ULGIRX WUKR UWHQWKWREHDFTXULHG,WL VDOVR \
O Q R P P R
F FDOOHGDWDUJHW ODQJXDJH7/ZKLFKUHIHUV WRDQ\ ODQJXDJH WKDW LV WKH P
L
D R UJRDORIOHDUQLQJ
E 7KH6FRSHR I6HFRQG/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLLWRQ
H N L R U 7 G Q D H OO L Y D
6 DV \WKDWWKHVFRSHR I6/$LQFOXGH VWKHVH
H H U K W J Q L Z R OO R
I
,QIRUPDO//HDUQLQJ
, WWDNH VSODFHLQQDWXUDLOVLWFFRQWH[WV)RUH[DPSOHLWKDSSHQ VZKHQDFKOLG I
R H V U X R F H K W Q L K V LO J Q ( ´ S X V N F L S ³ G Q D 6 8 H K W R W W K J X R U E V L Q D S D P R U
I SOD\LQJDQG
R K F V J Q L G Q H WW
D ROZWLK QDLWYH (QJLOVKVSHDNLQJ FKOLGUHQZWLKRXW DQ\ VSHFLDLO]HG Q
D O D P H W D X * W O X G D Q D Q H K Z U R Q R LW F X UW V Q L H J D X J Q D
O LPPLJUDQWLQ&DQDGDOHDUQ V H
Y LW D Q K WL Z J Q LW F D U H W Q L I R W O X V H U D V D K V LO J Q
( (QJLOVKVSHDNHU VR UZWLKFRZRUNHU V O
G Q R F H V D V D K V LO J Q ( N D H S V R K
Z DQJXDJH
)RUPDO//HDUQLQJ W
, WDNH VSODFH LQFODVVURRPV³)RUPDO OHDUQLQJ´RFFXU VZKHQDKLJKVFKRRO G
Q D O J Q ( Q L W Q H G X W
V WDNH VDFODVV LQ)UHQFKZKHQDQXQGHUJUDGXDWHVWXGHQW LQ5XVVLD D
V H N D
W FRXUVHLQ$UDELFR UZKHQDQDWWRUQH\LQ&RORPELDWDNH VDQLJKWFODV VLQ
K V LO J Q
(
/OHDUQLQJWKDWLQYROYH VDPL[WXUHRIWKHVHVHW LWQJ VDQGFLUFXPVWDQFH V Q H K Z H F D O S V H N D W J Q L Q U D H O O D P U R I Q L G Q D O D P U R I I R Q R LW D Q L E P R F
$ DVWXGHQW
J Q LM L H % U R L H S L D 7 Q L V H V V D O F H J D X J Q D O H V H Q L K & V H N D W $ 6 8 H K W P R U
I ZKOLHDOVRXVLQJ
L K
& QHVHRXWVLGHR IFODV VIRUVRFLDO LQWHUDFLWRQDQGGDOL\ LOYLQJH[SH LUHQFHVR UZKHQ O
H D U V , Q L D L S R L K W ( P R U I W Q D U J L P P L WO X G D Q
D OHDUQ V+HEUHZERWKIURPDWWHQGLQJVSHFLDO J
Q LW F D U H W Q L P R U I G Q D V H V V D O
I D \ O G Q R F H
6 WH UDSH LURGR IQHJOHFWIROORZLQJWKHVXFFHV VRIWKH$XGLRLOQJXDO G
R K W H
0 DQG&RPPXQLFDLWYH/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJWKHUHKDYHEHHQWHDFKLQJSURJUDP V H H V W D K W V Z H L Y P R U I J Q L P P H W V \ U D O X E D F R Y R W H F Q D WU R S P L H U R P G Q D H U R P J Q L Q J L V V D
L [ H O G H ] LO D F LW D P P D U J µ V D H J D X J Q D
O V ¶QRW O¶H[LFDLO]HGJUDPPDU¶/HZLVLQ3XMRO W O X F LI IL G W V R P H K W I R H Q R V L \ U D O X E D F R Y W D K W N Q L K W V H Y O H V P H K W V U H Q U D H O \ O G UL K 7
G H Y L H F U H S V L K F L K Z D H U D Q D V L \ U D O X E D F R 9 H J D X J Q D O Q J L H U R I D Q L U H W V D P R W V W Q H Q R S P R F
Q R G Q D H O N F D W R W W O X F LI IL G J Q L H E V
D HZKLFKOHDUQHU VTXWLHR WIHQWKLQNWKDWWKH\DUH H K W J Q LU X G H F D O S H N D W Q D F W D K W V V H F R U S D V L V G U R Z J Q L Q U D H O H U R P U H K WU X ) W X R E D H U X V Q X
W D K W Q H WW R J U R I H E W R Q G O X R K V W , G R R K WO X G D O LW Q X G R R K G OL K F P R U I J Q L G Q D S [ H H IL O H O R K Z
H N D P Q D F O H Y H O O D F L [ H O H K W W D V U R U U
H FRPPXQLFDLWRQH[UWHPHO\FRPSLOFDWHGR UHYHQ
H O E L V V R S P
L
7\SH VR I9RFDEXODU\ D G H W Q H V H U S Q H H E V D K H U H K W WU D S V X R L Y H U S H K W Q
, GH LIQLLWRQR IYRFDEXODU\
³ V L \ U D O X E D F R Y W D K W \ U D Q R LW F L ' H J D WL U H + Q D F LU H P $ H K W Q L G H W D W
V WKHVXPRIZRUG VXVHG
\ E G R R W V U H G Q X \
E R UDW WKHFRPPDQGRIDSDULWFXOD USHUVRQR UJURXS3LNXOVNL
´ Q R W H O S P H
7 9RFDEXODU\ L V XVHG ZKHQ ZH VSHDN DQG ZUWLH DQG L V
G R R W V U H G Q
X ZKHQZH LOVWHQWRVSHHFKDQGZKHQZHUHDG)URPWKL VGH LIQLLWRQ
Q R W H O S P H 7 G Q D L N V O X N L
3 FDWHJR LU]HYRFDEXODU\LQWRWKHIROORZLQJV
D ([SUHVVLYH9RFDEXODU\ZKLFKL V XVHGWRUHIH UWRERWK VLQFH WKHVHDUHWKH
V H Y O H V U X R V V H U S [ H R W H V X H Z V H LU D O X E D F R
Y
E 5HFHSLWYH 9RFDEXODU\ ZKLFK L V XVHG WR UHIH U WR LOVWHQLQJ DQG UHDGLQJ
V H LU D O X E D F R
Y
F 0HDQLQJR U2UDO9RFDEXODU\ZKLFKUHIHUV WR WKHFRPELQDLWRQR I LOVWHQLQJDQG V
H LU D O X E D F R Y J Q L N D H S
V
G /WLHUDWH9RFDEXODU\ZKLFKUHIHUVWRWKHFRPELQDLWRQR IRXUUHDGLQJDQGZ LULWQJ
V H LU D O X E D F R
Y
H U X J L
O X N L 3 P R U I Q H N D
7 VNL 7HPSOHWRQ
H U X J L
) 7KH5HODLWRQVKLSRI9RFDEXODU\&DWHJRULH VZ WLK6NLOOV
U H K W
2 LOQJXLVW VFRPPRQO\GILIHUHQLWDWHYRFDEXODU\LQWR WZRDFLWYHDQG H K W V L \ U D O X E D F R Y H Y LW F D W D K W V Q L D O S [ H U H P U D + \ U D O X E D F R Y H Y L V V D S
W D K W \ U D O X E D F R
Y WKHVWXGHQW VKDYHEHHQ WDXJKWRU OHDUQWDQGZKLFK WKH\DUHH[SHFWHG H ] L Q J R F H U V W Q H G X W V H K W K F L K Z V G U R Z H K W V L \ U D O X E D F R Y H Y L V V D S H OL K : H V X R W H O E D H E R W
H F X G R U S R W H O E D H E W R Q \ O E D E R U S O OL Z \ H K W K F L K Z W X E W H H P \ H K W Q H K
Z ,QRWKH UZRUGV
U D O X E D F R Y H Y LW F
D \L VSURGXFLWYHOHDUQLQJUHIHU LUQJWRVSHDNLQJDQGZ LU LWQJZKOLH
J Q L Q H W V LO G Q D J Q L G D H U R W J Q LU U H I H U J Q L Q U D H O H Y LW S H F H U V L \ U D O X E D F R Y H Y L V V D
S
H S \ W \ U D O X E D F R Y I R V Q R LW F Q LW V L G H K W K WL Z H Q LO Q L V L
W, VVXJJHVWHGE\+D\FUDIW
$FLWYHYRFDEXODU\D VKHGHLIQHVL VWKHZRUG VZKLFKWKHVWXGHQW VFDQ J Q LW LU Z G Q D J Q L N D H S V Q L \ O H Y LW F X UW V Q R F H V X G Q D \ OW F H U U R F H F Q X R Q R U S G Q D W V U H G Q X
Q H K Z G Q D W V U H G Q X G Q D H ] L Q J R F H U V W Q H G X W V K F L K Z H V R K W V L \ U D O X E D F R Y H Y L V V D S H OL K :
K W V U H Q U D H O H K W K F L K Z W X E W [ H W Q R F Q L U X F F R \ H K
W HPVHOYH VFDQQRWSURGXFHFRUUHFOW\
\ E V P U H W W Q H U H I IL G J Q L V X G H OO D F H U D V H LU R J H W D F H V H K
7 *DULQ VDQG5HGPDQG7KH\FDOO
V D H Q R H Y L V V D S H K W \ U D O X E D F R Y H Y LW F X G R U S V D \ U D O X E D F R Y H Y LW F
& I & &
Q & & & I & & & & & I &
8VH VR I&$//LQ(QJLOVK/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJ I
R H V X H K W W D K W V W V H J J X V W X U R 7 J Q X U P D
% &$//FDQEHGLYLGHGD V
V Z R OO R
I
D'UOLODQG3UDFLWFH
K WL Z V H P LW J Q L Y D V U R I O R R W D V D G H Z H L Y H U D V U H W X S P R F / / $ & I R H V X V L K W Q ,
J Q L Q Q L S U H G Q X O D S L F Q LU S O D F LW H U R H K W H K 7 N F D E G H H I H W D L G H P P
L 'UOLODQG3UDFLWFHDUH
R L G X D H K W G Q D \ U R H K W J Q L Q U D H O O D U R L Y D K H E H K
W QLO JXDODSSURDFK7KHPDLQDLPR IGUOLO R W U H Q U D H O V V H V V D R W G Q D H J G H O Z R Q N G Q X R U J N F D E W Q H W Q R F H K W Z H L Y H U R W V L H F LW F D U S G Q D
F W H J Q L Q H W V LO J Q L G D H U V D K F X V V OO L N V H J D X J Q D O H W D U D S H V U H W V D
P
V S H W V H H U K W I R W V L V Q R F H F LW F D U S G Q D O OL U
'
3URYLGLQJVLWPXOXV
5HFHLYLQJDFLWYHUHVSRQVHIURPWKHOHDUQHUDQG
*LYLQJLPPHGLDWHIHHGEDFN I R V H S \ W O D U H Y H V H U D H U H K
7 'UOLODQG3UDFLWFHDFLWYLLWH VR UH[HUFLVHVVXFKD V Q R LW D F LI LW Q H G L WU D S H F L R K F H O S LW O X P Q R LW H O S P R F H F Q H W Q H V J Q L K F W D P H W D L F R V V D G H UL D S
H X
UW IDOVHDQGVKRUWDQVZH UTXHVLWRQV OO
H
: GHVLJQHG'UOLODQG3UDFLWFHSURJUDP VFDQUHFRUGWKHOHDUQHU¶ VSURJUHV V
H P R 6 H V L F U H [ H K F D H Q R G Q H S V W Q H G X W V D H P LW H K W G Q D V H U R F V G Q
D SURJUDP VDGGLWPLQJ
J Q L F LW F D U S H OL K Z G H H S V UL H K W O R UW Q R F R W V U H Q U D H O H K W S O H K R W V H U X W D H
I ' ULOODQG3UDFLWFH
/ / $
& SURJUDP V LQ WKH HD OU\ \HDU V IRFX V RQ SUDFLWFLQJ ODQJXDJH VNL OO V DQG V E U H Y U D O X J H U UL V D K F X V U D P P D U J \ U D O X E D F R Y H F Q D W V Q L U R I \ O H W D U D S H V V W Q H Q R S P R F
Q R LW D O V Q D UW G Q D J Q L G D H U V H O F LW U D G Q D H V Q H W W V D
S
E&RPSXWHUD V7XWRU K W I R H O R U H K
7 HFRPSXWH UD VDWXWRULVWRSUHVHQWWRWKHOHDUQHUVWKHFRQWHQWR I V H LW L Y LW F D J Q L Q U D H O J Q L G X O F Q L V H G LO V U R Q R LW D P L Q D R H G L Y F L K S D U J W [ H W V D Q R V V H O H K W
H F LW F D U S G Q D OO LU
G 7KHFRPSXWH UVHUYH VD VDPHDQ VIR UGHLOYH LUQJLQVUWXFLWRQDO
V O D LU H W D
I ,QWHUQHW$SSLOFDLWRQ H E Q D F V U H W X S P R
& FRQQHFWHG WR WKH LQWHUQHWDQGFDQ LQFRUSRUDWH LQWHUDFLWYH Q
R LW D P L Q D G Q D R H G L Y R L G X D V F L K S D U J W [ H W D L G H P LW O X
P ,WFDQEHVDLGWKDWWKH
U J H Y L V R O S [
H RZWKRIWKHLQWHUQHWKD VJLYHQQHZOILHWRLQWHUDFLWYHPHGLDDQG&$//
&5HOHYDQ W6WXGLH V8VLQJ&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJLQ/DQJXDJH J
Q L K F D H
7
J Q L V X I R W LI H Q H E H K
7 &RPSXWH U$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJLQODQJXDJH S
H P R V \ E G H I R R U S Q H H E G D K J Q L K F D H
W UHYLRXVVWXGLHV7KHIROORZLQJ VDUHW ZRRIWKHP
+HOSLQJ&KOLGUHQ/HDUQ9RFDEXODU\GXULQJ&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG2UDO J
Q L G D H
5 E\*UHJRU\$LVW
R W G R K W H P H X T L Q X D J Q L V X O OL N V H O E D V Q H S V L G Q L Q D V H V V H U G G D Q R LW D WU H V V L G V L K 7
W Q H Q R S P R F O D F LW LU F D K F D H
W KHOSLQJFKOLGUHQOHDUQWRUHDGE\XVLQJ&RPSXWH U$VVLVWHG
\ U D O X E D F R Y Q U D H O Q H U G OL K F S O H K R W J Q L G D H U O D U
R / LVW DQGWHDPEXOLGRQ3URMHFW K F H H S V F LW D P R W X D V W S D G D W D K W P D U J R U S U H W X S P R F D U R W X 7 J Q L G D H 5 V ¶ 1 ( 7 6 , /
R W Q R LW L Q J R F H
U LOVWHQ WRFKOLGUHQUHDGDORXGDQGKHOSVWKHP OHDUQ WRUHDG7R OHDUQD G
U R
Z IURPUHDGLQJZWLKWKH5HDGLQJ7XWRUVWXGHQW VPXVWHQFRXQWH UWKHZRUGDQG Q
L G U R Z H K W I R J Q L Q D H P H K W Q U D H
O FRQWH[W7 H\K PRGL LIHG WKH5HDGLQJ7XWR UIULVW WR Q
U D H O P H K W S O H K R W Q H K W G Q D V G U R Z Z H Q U H W Q X R F Q H V W Q H G X W V S O H
K WKHPHDQLQJ VR IQHZ
V G U R
Z 7KH\WKHQFRPSDUHGWKH5HDGLQJ7XWRUWRFODVVURRPLQVUWXFLWRQDQGWRKXPDQ G
H W V L V V
D RUDOUHDGLQJ7KHUHVXWO 6HFRQG JUDGHU VGLGDERXWWKHVDPH RQZRUG H
H U K W O O D Q L Q R L V Q H K H U S P R
F FRQGLLWRQV+RZHYHUWKULGJUDGHU VZKRUHDGZWLKWKH V
L K W Q L G H E LU F V H G V D G H LI L G R P U R W X 7 J Q L G D H 5
GLVVH WUDLWRQSHUIRUPHGEHWWHUWKDQ V
Q L D J Q R L V Q H K H U S P R F G U R Z Q R O R UW Q R F P R R U V V D O F D Q L V U H G D U J G UL K W U H K W
R ±DQGHYHQ
H Q R G D H U R K Z V U H G D U J G UL K W U H K W R K WL Z \ O E D U D S P R
F QR RQHZWLKKXPDQWXWRU V
3HQJHPEDQJDQ&RPSXWH U$V LV WVHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ&$// GDODP W H L G X \ X 6 Q D Z K F , \ E N R S H ' D V J Q D % D U W X 3 ' 6 V D O H . D W D N D V R . Q D U D M D O H E P H 3
O
D
W V UL I R W K V LO J Q ( K F D H W R W G R K W H P Z H Q J Q L S R O H Y H G W D G H P L D V D Z K F U D H V H U V L K 7
J Q L V X \ E O R R K F V \ U D W Q H P H O ( I R V W Q H G X W V H G D U
W D K Z R W J Q L G Q LI W D G Q D V W H E D K S O D K V LO J Q ( J Q L F Q X R Q R U S Q R V W Q H G X W V H K W J Q L Q L D UW W D
W Q H W [
H &RPSXWH U$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJL VHIIHFLWYHWRWHDFK(QJLOVKYRFDEXODU\
N R S H ' D V J Q D % D UW X 3 ' 6 I R V W Q H G X W V H G D U J W V UL I H K W R
W 7KHUHVXOWVKRZ VWKDWWKH
W R Q G L G R K Z H V R K W Q D K W U H WW H E P U R I U H S U H W X S P R F J Q L V X \ U D O X E D F R Y Q U D H O R K Z V W Q H G X W
V
'7HDFKLQJ(QJLOVK9RFDEXODU\8VLQJ&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ
7HDFKLQJ(QJLOVK9RFDEXODU\8VLQJ$%&.LG*HQLXV V
L V X L Q H * G L . & %
$ N LG VR WIZDUHGHYHORSHGE\3+$6(, ,3W\/WG,WFDQ W
S O H
K HDFK$OSKDEHW1XPEHU V&RXQLWQJ5HDGLQJDQG6SHOLOQJXVLQJVRXQGSLFWXUH V R W X D J Q L K F W D Z \ E Q U D H O Q H U G OL K F J Q X R \ G R K W H P Q R LW L Q J R F H U H K W J Q L V 8 V S LO F R H G L Y G Q D
V Q R V V H O J Q LW D W R
U 7RGGOHUVOHDUQWRXVHWKHNH\ERDUG&KOLGUHQSURJUHV VWRW\SHWKH
J Q LO O H S 6 G Q D V G U R Z K V D O ) J Q L G D H U \ U R W 6 V H G X O F Q , W H E D K S O
D
D $%&.LG*HQLX V0HQX
V X Q H P U X R I V H G L Y R U S V X L Q H * G L . & %
$ VHH)LJXUH WKDWFDQEHXVHG WR
H U D \ H K 7 \ U D O X E D F R Y Q U D H O V W Q H G X W V S O H
K $EF:RUGV5HDGLQJDQG6SHOLOQJ
H U X J L
) 7KH,QWHUIDFHR I$%&.LG*HQLX V0HQX
$EF
G Q D V W H E D K S O D Q U D H O V W Q H G X W V S O H K W D K W V X Q H P E X V I R V Q L D W Q R F X Q H P V L K 7
R W \ D Z H K W R V O D W X E V U H E P X Q G Q D V W H E D K S O D I R W V LO H G L Y R U S \ O Q R W R Q R G \ H K 7 U H E P X Q
D K S O D J Q LU L X T F $ P H K W OO H S
\ OW F H U U R F O O H S V W Q H G X W V I L W X % G U D H K H E O OL Z G Q X R V ´ 2 2 ³ Q D G Q D U H WW H O R W Q L H J Q D K F W R Q
H E O OL Z ´ ' 2 2 * ³ G Q D ´ * ³ R W Q L H J Q D K F O OL Z N V LU H W V D H K
W KHDUG
7HDFKLQJ(QJLOVK9RFDEXODU\8VLQJ&RPSXWHUL]HG'LFLWRQDU\DQG V
X U X D V H K
7
V H LU D Q R LW F L G G H ] LU H W X S P R F R Z W K F U D H V H U H K W Q L V X L Q H * G L . & % $ V H G L V H
% D
V X U X D V H K
W DQGZRUGJDPH VJHQHUDWRUZHUHDOVRX LWLO]HG7KHGLFLWRQDLUH VXVHGZHUH R
G Q , R W K V LO J Q ( G Q D \ U D Q R LW F L G K V LO J Q ( O D X J Q LO R Q R 0 H J G LU E P D
& QHVLDQDQGYLFHYHUVD
V X U X D V H K 7 K V LO J Q ( H J D 6 H K 7 V D Z G H V X V X U X D V H K W H K W H OL K Z \ U D Q R LW F L ' O D X J Q LO L %
G H V X R V O D H U H Z V H P D J G U R Z H W D H U F R W P D U J R U S D V H P D * G U R : P R R U V V D O
& 7KHXVHR I
H K
W IRXUL VGHVF LUEHGEHORZ
D&DPE LUGJH'LFLWRQDU\
Z \ U D Q R LW F L G H J G LU E P D
& D VXLWLO]HG WR WHDFK(QJLOVKZRUG VSURQXQFLDLWRQ WR V G U R Z H K W K F L K Z \ E P R U I V Q R WW X E G Q X R V H U D H U H K W \ U D Q R LW F L G H K W Q L K WL : V W Q H G X W V H K W
V L \ U D Q R LW F L G H K W I R H F D I U H W Q L H K 7 H O \ W V 6 8 G Q D H O \ W V . 8 Q L K W R E G H F Q X R Q R U S H U D
H U X J L ) \ E Q Z R K
V
H U X J L
E %LLOQJXDO'LFLWRQDU\
G Q D J Q L Q D H P ¶ V G U R Z G Q LI V W Q H G X W V S O H K R W G H ] LO LW X V D Z \ U D Q R LW F L G O D X J Q LO L %
Q R LW D O V Q D
UW %\XVLQJWKL VGLFLWRQDU\VWXGHQW VFDQPRUHHDVOL\ LIQGWKH(QJ LOVKZRUG V W
\ E W V X M D V U H Y H F L Y G Q D V Q D L V H Q R G Q , H K W U R
I \SLQJWKHZRUGV7KH\GRQRWQHHGWRRSHQ
\ U D Q R LW F L G G H W Q LU S J Q L V X Q H K Z H N LO Q X H J D S \ E H J D
S 7KHLQWHUIDFHRIWKHGLFLWRQDU\L V
H U X J L ) \ E Q Z R K
V
H U X J L
) %LLOQJXDO'LFLWRQDU\
F7KH6DJH(QJLOVK7KHVDXUXV
V S O H K R W G H V X V D Z V X U X D V H K 7 K V LO J Q ( H J D 6 H K
7 WXGHQW V LIQG ZRUGV ¶
H U X J L ) \ E Q Z R K V V L V X U X D V H K W H K W I R H F D I U H W Q L H K 7 V P \ Q R W Q D G Q D V P \ Q R Q \
V
H U X J L
) 7KH6DJH(QJLOVK'LFLWRQDU\DQG7KHVDXUXV
7HDFKLQJ(QJLOVK9RFDEXODU\8VLQJ&ODVVURRP:RUG*DPHV H
K 7 V H P D J G U R Z H W D H U F R W G H V X V D Z P D U J R U S V L K
7 JDPH VSURYLGHGDUH:RUG
H U X J L ) G U R : H O E P D U F 6 G Q D G U R Z V V R U & K F U D H
6 VKRZ VKRZ LWZD VXVHGWRFUHDWH
V H P D J H K W I R H Q
R
H U X J L
V V D O F K V LO J Q
( )URP WKH H[SODQDLWRQ DERYH WKH UHVHDUFKH U DVVXPHG WKDW XVLQJ G
H W V L V V $ U H W X S P R
& /DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJLQWKL VFDVH$%&.LG*HQLX VL VDEOHWRVROYH V
W Q H G X W
V ¶SUREOHPVLQDFTXL LUQJYRFDEXODU\
) $F LWRQ+\SRWKHVLV V
H LU R H K W Q R G H V D
% XQGH OU\LQJ9RFDEXODU\&RPSXWH U$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH J
Q L Q U D H
/ VXSSR WUHGE\WZRSUHYLRX VVWXGLH VRQXVLQJ&$// LQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJD V
H V X R W Z R K W X R E D Q R LW D Q D O S [ H H K W V D O O H
Z $%&.LG*HQLXVFRPSXWH LU]HGGLFLWRQD LUH V OO
H Z V D V X U X D V H K W G Q
D D VZRUGJDPH VJHQHUDWRUWRWHDFK(QJLOVKYRFDEXODU\WKH
J Q LW D W V V L V H K W R S \ K H K W V H V R S R U S U H K F U D H V H
U WKDW &RPSXWH U $VVLVWHG /DQJXDJH J
Q L Q U D H
/ FDQLPSURYHWKHVHYHQWKJUDGHVWXGHQWV ¶YRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLLWRQR I603 U
D \ Q D J Q D U D . Q H W D L U H J H
commit to user
, , , 5 ( 7 3 $ +
&
< * 2 / 2 ' 2 + 7 ( 0 + & 5 $ ( 6 (
5
$&RQWH[WRIWKH5HVHDUFK
7KL VDFLWRQUHVHDUFKZ DVFDU LUHGRXWDW6031HJHUL-DWHQ.DUDQJDQ\DU,W
G H W D F R O V
L LQ'XNXK-DWHQ.HFDPDWDQ-DWHQ.DEXSDWHQ.DUDQJDQ\D U,WV ORFDLWRQL Q
O -I R H J G H H K
W /DZX-DWHQ.DUDQJDQ\DUPDNH V WLHDV\WRUHDFK7KHVWXGHQWV ¶ J Q L Q U D H O G Q D J Q L K F D H W W F X G Q R F R W K J X R Q H H I D V G Q D W H L X T V L W Q H P Q R UL Y Q H J Q L Q U D H O
I R V W V L V Q R F O R R K F V H K 7 V V H F R U
S FODVVH VVHYHQWK WRQLQWKJUDGHVHDFKR IZKLFK W
V I R U H E P X Q H K 7 V W Q H G X W V \ O H W D P L [ R U S S D I R V W V L V Q R
F XGHQW VLQHDFKJUDGHL V
G H LU D
Y 6031HJHUL-DWHQ.DUDQJDQ\DU XVH V.763.X LUNXOXP7LQJNDW6DWXDQ V H V V H F R U S O D Q R LW F X UW V Q , J Q L Q U D H O G Q D J Q L K F D H W I R V L V D E H K W V D P X O X F LU U X F Q D N L G L G Q H 3
[ L V Q L H Q R G H U
D GD\VIURP0RQGD\XSWR6DWXUGD\IURPDPWR SP
K F U D H V H U H K
7 Z DV FRQGXFWHGD W &ODV V9,,$ 7KL VFODV VFRQVLVW VR I V
V D O F V L K 7 V W Q H G X W
V Z DV FKRVHQEHFDXVH WKHVWXGHQW VRI WKL VFODV VZHUHVWOLOPRVOW\
K V LO J Q ( J Q L Q U D H O Q L G H W V H U H W Q L Q
X 7KHUHVHDUFKZD VFDU LUHGRXW LQW KH DFDGHPLF\HD U
%0HWKRGRIWKH5HVHDUFK
:K\$F LWRQ5HVHDUFK H V X U H WL U Z H K W \ G X W V H K W J Q LW F X G Q R F Q
, G DFLWRQ UHVHDUFK PHWKRG 7KH U
H K F U D H V H
U SUHIHUUHGFRQGXFLWQJDQDFLWRQUHVHDUFK WRDQ\RWKH UNLQG VRIUHVHDUFK LQ
Q L V V D O F H K W I R U H K F D H W H K W \ E G Q X R I P H O E R U S H K W R W G U D J H
U ZKLFKKHG LGWKHVWXG\7KH
D K U H K F U D H V H
U GIRXQGWKDWDQLPSURYHPHQWLQWKHVWXGHQWV ¶YRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLLWRQZ VD
R G R W W D K Z Q H K 7 G H G H H
Q ZDV WR LIQG WKHVROXLWRQIRU WKLV7KDWVROX LWRQVKRXOGEH Q
H G X W V H K W W D K W R V V V H F R U S J Q L Q U D H O G Q D J Q L K F D H W H K W Q L G H LO S S
D W VFDQDFTXULH(QJLOVK
U H WW H E \ U D O X E D F R
Y 7KHUHIRUHWKHW\SHR IUHVHDUFKWKDWEHVWDQVZHU VWKHTXHVLWRQL V
K F U D H V H 5 Q R LW F
$
commit to user
3ODQQLQJ
S R O H Y H G U H K F U D H V H U H K W S H W V V L K W Q
, H G DSODQR IFUWLLFDOO\ LQIRUPHGDFLWRQ WR W
D K Z H Y R U S P
L K DG DUOHDG\EHHQKDSSHQLQJ7KHUHVHDUFKHUPDG H OHVVRQSODQ VDERXW H
U D S H U S U H K F U D H V H U H K W V H G L V H % F L S R W Q L D WU H
F G WKH VWXGHQWV ¶ LOVWWHDFKLQJDLGV W
Q H P H Y R U S P L \ U D O X E D F R Y H K W Z R Q N R W V W V H W G Q D W H H K V Q R LW D Y U H V E
R
$FWL QJ
W Q H P H O S P L U H K F U D H V H U H K W S H W V V L K W Q
, H G WKHWHFKQLTXHLQWKHFODV VDQGDW H
LU U D F H F Q
R GRXWWKHOHVVRQSODQ7KHWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJSURFHVVH VR ILPSOHPHQLWQJ U
H W X S P R
& $VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ VZ D GRQHLQWKLVVWHS
2EVHUYLQJ
H Y U H V E R U H K F U D H V H U H K
7 G KW HHIIHFW VRI WKHF LULWFDOO\ LQIRUPHGDFLWRQ LQ WKH H
Y U H V E R U H K F U D H V H U H K 7 V U X F F R W L K F L K Z Q L W [ H W Q R
F GKRZ WKHSURFHV VRI WKH WHDFKLQJ
J Q L Q U D H
O U DQ7KH UHVHDUFKH UDOVRPRQWLRUH G DQGZUR WH WKH UHVSRQVH VRI WKHSXSOLV LQ F
U D H V H U H K W S H W V V L K W Q , V V D O F H K
W KH UZ DV KHOSHGE\WKHWHDFKHU7KHWHDFKH UQRWHG H W R Q R V O D U H K F U D H V H U H K 7 V V H F R U S J Q L Q U D H O J Q L K F D H W H K W Q L J Q L Q H S S D K V W Q H Y
H G K VL
V Q R LW S H F U H
S DQG WKRXJKWGHDLOQJZWLKF LULWFDOHYHQW VRULVVXH VRFFXU LQWKHFODVVURRP
H
+ PDGHUH OIHFLWRQ VDQGLQWHUSUHWDLWRQR IK LVWHDFKLQJLQKL VQRWH
5H OIHFLWQJ
F L J H W D UW V Q L V H X V V L G Q D V P H O E R U S V H V V H F R U S I R H V Q H V H N D P R W V N H H V Q R LW F H OI H 5
J Q L Q U D H O J Q L K F D H W H K W J Q LU X G G H Y O R V Q X V H LW O X F LI IL G H P R V V G Q LI U H K F U D H V H U H K W I, Q R LW F D
H U H K W V H U D S H U S U H K F U D H V H U H K W V V H F R U
S SODQQLQJVWHS V,QWKLV UHVHDUFKWKHUHVHDUFKH U F
H OI H
U W HG RQWKHVHHIIHFW VD VWKHEDVL VIR UIX WUKH USODQQLQJVXEVHTXHQWF LULWFDOO\ H LU W R V O D U H K F U D H V H U H K 7 V H J D W V I R Q R L V V H F F X V D K J X R U K W Q R R V G Q D Q R LW F D G H P U R I Q
L G WR
S H W V V X R L Y H U S H K W I R Q R L V X O F Q R F H K W H W D O X P U R
I V7KHUHVXO WR IREVHUYDLWRQZ DV WKHQ
G H ] \ O D Q
D
F 'RLQJ(YDOXDLWRQ
¶ V W Q H G X W V H K W I R W Q H P H Y R U S P L Q D V L H U H K W W R Q U R U H K W H K Z H U X V H N D P R 7
U H K F D H W H K W Q R LW L V L X T F D \ U D O X E D F R
Y JDYHWKHVWXGHQW VWHVW$WIH UJLYLQJWKHWHVWWKH H
] \ O D Q D U H WL U
commit to user
H U R F V H K W I R Q D H P H K W U H WI
$ KDGEHHQIRXQGWKH WHDFKH UIRXQGVXSSRULWQJGDWDZKLFK Q D K W Q R LW L V L X T F D \ U D O X E D F R Y ¶ V W Q H G X W V H K W I R W Q H P H Y R U S P L Q D V L H U H K W U H K W H K Z V Z R K V
Q Z R Q N Q H H E V D K W L V D W R Q U R H U R I H
E WKDW WKHPHDQR IVFRUH VR ISUHYLRX VYRFDEXODU\
Z R O OO LW V V D Z Q R LW L V L X T F
D
H K W Q L H U D W U D J J D 7 F 0 G Q D V L P P H . \ E K F U D H V H U Q R LW F D Q L V S H W V H K W \ OO D X V L 9
D M G D P WU D UL : H U X J L ) Q L Q Z R K V V D V O H G R
P
H U X J L
) 6WHS VRI$FLWRQ5HVHDUFK
&7HFKQLTXHVR I&ROOHF LWQJ'DWD W
D K W D W D G I R V H S \ W R Z W H U D H U H K
7 KDGEHHQFROOHFWHGGX LUQJWKHUHVHDUFK
K F U D H V H U H K W I R D W D G H Y LW D WL W Q D X T H K 7 D W D G H Y LW D WL O D X T G Q D H Y LW D WL W Q D X
T Z HUH FROOHFWHG
D W D G H Y LW D WL O D X T H K W H OL K Z W V H W W V R S G Q D W V H W H U S V W V H W \
E Z HHU FROOHFWHGXVLQJVRPH
H K 7 V L V \ O D Q D W Q H P X F R G G Q D Q R LW D Y U H V E R Z H L Y U H W Q L \ O H P D Q V H X T L Q K F H W
K F U D H V H U H K W I R Q R LW D W Q H P H O S P
L Z DVUHFRUGHGLQSKRWRJUDSKVWRSURYLGHPRUHDFFXUDWH
1 $ /
3
' ( 6 , 9 (
5
1 $ /
3
$ & 7
5 ( 6 % 2
5 ( ) / ( & 7
9 5 ( 6 % 2
$ & 7
9 5 ( 6 % 2
commit to user
U H K F U D H V H U H K W V D \ U R H K W H K W R W V H J Q D K F H K W G Q D \ OO D X W Q H Y H V H LI L G LO R V \ U R H K W H K W
U D S P R
F H VPRUH LQFLGHQW VDUHIHZHU0RUHSURPLQHQOW\ WKHUHVHDUFKH UZ OLOEHJLQ WR R W H U D V \ D Z H K 7 V W S H F Q R F O H Y H O U H K J L K I R W H V D K WL Z \ U R H K W H K W WL P LO H G R W V \ D Z G Q LI
Q R V LU D S P R F W Q D W V Q R F H N D P R W H X Q LW Q R F U H K F U D H V H U H K W V D H U R P \ U R H K W H K W H ] LO D U H Q H J
7 WL W V Q L D J
D KHQXPEH UR IFDWHJR LUH VZOLOEHUHGXFHG1HZFDWHJR LUH VDUHR WIHQPDGH P H K W U R I H G R F G Q D N F D E R J R W G H G H H Q W R Q V L \ OO D X V X W L G Q D J Q L G R F K J X R U K W \ D Z IO D K
\ U R J H W D F H K W I R V H LW U H S R U S H K W H W D U X W D V R W K J X R Q H H G R F R W V G H H Q \ O Q R U H K F U D H V H U H K 7
F U D H V H U H K W Q H K
7 KH UFDQHYDOXDWHWKHFDWHJR LUH VDQGHPHUJHQWWKHRU\E\PRYLQJRQWR V
S X R U J Q R V LU D S P R F Z H
Q
: LULWQJWKHWKHRU\
D V L N U R Z H P D U I F LW \ O D Q D V ¶ U H K F U D H V H U H K W W D K W G H F Q L Y Q R F J Q L H E U H WI $
S R O H Y H G V L W D K W \ U R H K W D V L \ U R H K W H Y LW Q D W V E X V \ U R H K W H Y LW Q D W V E X V F LW D P H W V \
V HGIR UD
D Q L G H K F X R F V L W L G Q D V V X D UW 6 G Q D \ H Q U D % U H V D O * \ UL X T Q L I R D H U D F LI L F H S V
H K W K V LO E X S Q D F U H K F U D H V H U H K W H V X G O X R F G O H LI H P D V H K W P R U I H P R F V U H K W R W D K W P U R I
O D W H H \ ' \ OW Q H G LI Q R F V WO X V H
U
H U H K W D W D G H Y LW D WL W Q D X T J Q L ] \ O D Q D Q
, VHDUFKH U XVHG GHVF LUSLWYH VWDLWVLWF W
, H X T L Q K F H
W Z DVGRQHE\GHVF LUELQJWKHWHVWVUHVXWOV7KHUHVXWO VR ISUHWHVWDQGSRVW W
V H
W ZHUHDQDO\]HGWRVKRZWKHDFKLHYHPHQWGDWD7KL VDQDO\VLVWR LIQGRXWPHDQ VZ DV W
R Q U R U H K W H K Z H Y R U S R W G H V
X LPSOHPHQ LWQJ&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXH/HDUQLQJFDQ ¶
V W Q H G X W V H Y R U S P
L YRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLLWRQ
V Z R OO R I V D G H W D W V V L D O X P U R I H K
7 D QG
K F L K Z Q
L
[ LVWKHVWXGHQWV¶VFRUHR ISUHWHVW
LVWKHVWXGHQWV ¶DYHUDJHVFRUHR ISUHWHVW
\ LVWKHVWXGHQWV¶VFRUHR ISRVWWHVW
LVWKHVWXGHQWV ¶DYHUDJHVFRUHR ISRVWWHVW Q LVWKHQXPEH URIWKHVWXGHQWV
commit to user
9 , 5 ( 7 3 $ +
&
1 2 , 6 6 8 & 6 , ' ' 1 $ 6 * 1 , ' 1 , ) + & 5 $ ( 6 (
5
K F U D H V H U Q R LW F D H Y LW D U R E D OO R F H K W I R W O X V H U H K W V W Q H V H U S U H W S D K F V L K 7
G H W F X G Q R
F D W WKHVHYHQWKJUDGHVWXGHQW VR I6031HJHUL-DWHQ.DUDQJDQ\DU LQ U
D H \ F L P H G D F
D 7KHUHVHDUFKLQYHVLWJDWHGWKHLPSURYHPHQWR IVWXGHQWV ¶ Q
R LW L V L X T F D \ U D O X E D F R
Y WKURXJK&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ&$//,Q H
V R S R U S U H K F U D H V H U H K W K F U D H V H U V L K
W GWZRUHVHDUFKTXHVLWRQ VUHJDUGLQJ :KHWKH U W
Q H W [ H W D K Z R W G Q
D &$//LPSURYH VWKHVWXGHQWV ¶YRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLLWRQ :KDW
Q H K Z V Q H S S D
K &$//L VLPSOHPHQWHGLQWKH(QJLOVKFODVV7KH LIQGLQJ VR IWKH V
J Q L G D H K E X V J Q L Z R OO R I H K W Q L G H V V X F V L G G Q D G H E LU F V H G H U D K F U D H V H
U UHVHDUFK LIQGLQJ V
V J Q L G Q LI H K W I R Q R L V V X F V L G G Q
D
$6WLXD LWRQ3ULRUWRWKH5HVHDUFK U
S U H K F U D H V H U H K W W U D S V L K W Q
, HVHQWVWKHVWLXDLWRQEHIRUHWKHUHVHDUFKKDGEHHQ
G H W F X G Q R
F ,WZD VJDLQHG WKURXJKSUHREVHUYDLWRQLQWHUYLHZDQGSUHWHVW7KH UHVXOW H
U S H K W I
R UHVHDUFKL VVXPPD LU]HGLQWRWKHIROORZLQJWDEOHDQGZLOOODWH UEHGHVF LUEHG O
L D W H G Q
L
H O E D
7 6WLXDLWRQEHIRUH5HVHDUFK V
U R W D F L G Q , ¶ V W Q H G X W 6 H K
7 'HVFULSLWRQV
$ 9RFDEXODU\$FTXLLVLWRQ
7KHVWXGHQWVRWIHQPLVVSHOO(QJLOVKZRUGV 7 KHVWXGHQWVPRVOW\VSHOOHG³FKLNHQ´IRU³FKLFNHQ´ F
³ KHVVH´IRU³FKHHVH´³SHQ´ UI ³ QR S ´D
7KHVWXGHQWVRWIHQPLVSURQRXQFH(QJLOVK V
G U R
Z S7UKRHQVRWXXQGFHHQGWVYPDDNVHIPLV:WDNKHHQVLWQKHS\URKQDRGXWQRFLVQDJ\>YMX@VRIRXUQG>XV@7WKKHH\\
G L D V X
7KHVWXGHQWVLIQGLWGILLIFXWOWRUHFDOOWKH G H Q U D H O \ G D H UO D H Y D K \ H K W V G U R
Z 0ZRRUVGWVVWWKXHG\HQKWDVGFRDXUOOHGDGQ\ROWHDUHUQPHHGPZEHKHUQZWHKOHO\WKKHDGPWHRDQXLVQHJWKRHI U H K F D H W UL H K W \ E Q H Y L J V H V L F U H [ H H P R V J Q L R G Q L V G U R
Z
7KHVWXGHQWVLIQGLWGILLIFXWOWRLGHQWIL\WKH V
G U R Z K V LO J Q ( I R J Q L Q D H
P G:HWKHHUQPLXQVLHQGJWLKQHVPHHQDWHQQLQFJHVRVIFWXHGWUHDQLQWZVRRUWIGHQVPDGHPLVWDNHVLQ
7KHVWXGHQWVLIQGLWGILLIFXWOWRLGHQWIL\WKH V
V D O
F RI(QJLOVKZRUGVSDWUVRIVSHHFK 0QRRXVQVWVWYXHGUHEQVWDVFGRMHXFOGLWYQHRVWRGLUDIIHGUYHHQUELWDVWHZKLFKZRUGVEHORQJWR
% 6WLXDLWRQVLQWKH(QJLOVK&ODVV
7KHVWXGHQWVXVXDOO\PDNHQRLVHLQWKH V
V D O
F R7FKFHXUVUWHXGGHQWVLVVXHGVRPHMRNHVWKDWXQQHFHVVDU\ODXJKWHU
7KHVWXGHQWVGRQRWIXOO\SD\DWWHQLWRQWR
Q R V V H O H K
