The International Seminar on Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences: Infectious Diseases,
Biochemistry & Structural Biology, MCLS 2015
Anti-tuberculosis activity of chloroform and methanol extracts of
Michelia champaca L. stem bark against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
MDR
Ni Putu Ariantari
a*, Ni Putu Eka Widayanti
a, Ida Bagus Nyoman Putra Dwija
baDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Jalan Kampus Bukit-Jimbaran. Badung, Bali 80364,
Indonesia
bDepartment of Microbiology,Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University,Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia
Abstract
Michelia champaca L. stem bark, Magnoliaceae, was traditionally used to treat cough based on Ayurveda. This research was conducted to evaluate the anti-tuberculosis activity of chloroform and methanol extract of M. champaca against Mycobacterium tuberculosis MDR. Extraction was conducted by successive extraction with n-hexane, chloroform and methanol. Anti-tuberculosis activity test was done by using proportion method with Lowenstein Jensen medium and extract concentration of 1; 10 and 100 mg/mL, then incubated in 5% CO2 incubator at 37⁰C for six weeks. Bacterial colonies were observed from 3rdto 6thweek. Anti-tuberculosis activity was determined by inhibition of extract against M. Anti-tuberculosis,which was calculated by comparing amount of colonies of treatment group to control. TLC Densitometry of extracts showed that terpenoids and flavonoids were detected in chloroform and methanol extracts. Extracts used in this study were active as anti-tuberculosis with the inhibition against M. tuberculosis MDR above 90% at extract concentration of 10 and 100 mg/mL.
Keywords: Michelia champaca L.; terpenoid; flavonoid; anti-tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis MDR; extracts
1. Introduction
The incidence of tuberculosis has been significantly increasing in the last decade around the world. In 2012, there are 730.000 cases with a mortality rate of 27%12. Increasing cases of tuberculosis caused by various factors, such as treatment failure, drop out of treatment, improper treatment, patients with HIV infection, and poor drug absorption that resulted in the appearance of resistance of Mycobacerium tuberculosis to current anti-tuberculosis drugs. In Indonesia, tuberculosis still become health problem, both in terms of mortality, diagnosis and treatment. According to the WHO Global Report 2012, Indonesia was ranked ninth out of 27 countries with the highest burden of multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis in the world11. MDR tuberculosis is estimated at 1.9% of all new cases and 12% of the cases of tuberculosis with re-treatment12. The problem of drug resistance is pushing the need for appropriate strategies in controlling MDR tuberculosis.
Exploring the potential of plants used in traditional medicine is one of important strategy that has been conducting.
Michelia champaca which is commonly known as Cempaka Kuning. is traditionally used as cough remedy. The
traditional usage of this plant is commonly as infusion. Several pharmacological activities of this plant has been reported. Ariantari et al. (2013), has been reported for the antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 of n-hexane, chloroform and methanol extract of M. champaca stembark. Methanol extract of leaves, seeds, stem and root barks, stem and root heartwoods of M. champaca is also reported for its pharmacological activity as antimicrobial6. Flowers extract of M. champaca revealed antidiabetic activity in alloxan induced diabetes model5, antiinflamatory
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activity1and wound healing activity in Wistar rats9. In present study we investigate the anti-tuberculosis activity of chloroform and metahanol extract of M. champaca stembark against M. tuberculosis MDR.
2. Methods 2.1. Plant material
Stembark was collected in September 2012, from Pupuan Tabanan Bali-Indonesia. Plant specimen has been identify at Kebun Raya Eka Karya, Bedugul, Tabanan-Indonesia.
2.2. Bacteria
M. tuberculosis MDR was derived from Clinical Microbiology Department, Sanglah General Hospital. Denpasar.
Bali-Indonesia. 2.3. Procedures
Extraction
Coarsely dried M. champaca stembark powdered (1 kg) was extracted with n-hexane (10 L) to remove resins and fatty acid. Residu then extracted successively with chloroform (10 L) and methanol (10 L) to obtain chloroform extract (13.33 g) and methanol extract (25.83 g).
TLC Densitometry of extract was done using Silica gel GF254as stationary phase and chloroform:methanol (95.0:5.0) as
mobile phase. Ammonia and 10% sulfuric acid was used as spray reagent. Anti-tuberculosis Activity Assay
Anti-tuberculosis activity assay was done by using proportion method refer to method previously reported by Gupta et al. (2010). Addition of extracts into Lowenstein-Jensen medium to get serial concentration of extract of 1, 10, and 100 mg/mL. Control received 1% of dimethylsulfoxide. M. tuberculosis MDR inoculated on this medium. then incubated in 5% CO2incubator, 37⁰C for 6 weeks. Colonies growth as colony forming unit (cfu) was observed three
times a week starting from 3rduntil 6thweek. Anti-tuberculosis activity of extract was determined from percentage of inhibition of extract against M. tuberculosis growth, which was calculated by comparing colonies growth in treatment group to control.
3. Results and Discussion
Chromatogram profile of M. champaca stembark extract showed the presence of flavonoids (rf 0.78) and terpenoids both in chloroform dan methanol extracts. Ammonia is used to detect the presence of the flavonoids and 10% sulphuric acid is used to detect the presence of terpenoids. Spot with rf 0.78 both in chloroform and methanol extract showed yellow fluorescent under 366 nm UV light and color changes to yellow orange after sprayed with ammonia indicated the presence of flavonoid. Refer to Markham (1988), the possibility of this flavonoid could be a flavonol 3-OH-free with/without free 5-OH or a dihidroflavonol. This spot has different color intensity in chloroform and methanol extracts. Chloroform extract showed more intensive color spot than methanol extract. The AUC value of this yellow spot (rf 0.78) in chloroform extract (62.97%) also higher than spot in methanol extract (60.11%). According to Markham (1988), flavonoid spectrum consists of two maxima in the range of 240-285 nm (Band II) and 300-550 nm (Band I). Spectrum of spot rf 0.78 of chloroform extract revealed maxima wavelength of 277 nm (Band II) and the shoulder peak wavelength of 324 nm (Band I). Compared to UV spectrum of flavonoid class proposed by Markham (1988), UV spectrum of spot rf 0.78 of chloroform and methanol extract are similar to dihydroflavonol. Terpenoids form a pink to purple spot after being sprayed with 10% sulphuric acid. Spot with rf 0.90 both in chloroform and methanol extract are belonged to terpenoids.
The result of anti-tuberculosis activity of these extract was showed in Table 1.
Table 1. Anti-tuberculosis activity of chloroform and methanol extract of M. champaca No. observation Inhibition of extract against M. tuberculosis MDR (%)
Concentration of chloroform extract
2 34.62 100 100 19.23 100 100
3 37.25 100 100 43.14 100 100
4thweek 4 37.14 100 100 38.57 100 100
5 41.38 97.70 100 37.93 100 100
6 41.75 98.06 100 33.01 100 100
5thweek 7 42.74 97.44 100 23.93 100 100
8 42.50 96.67 100 22.50 100 100
9 42.40 96.00 100 17.60 100 100
6thweek 10 41.73 95.28 100 18.11 100 100
11 42.42 92.42 100 19.70 100 100
12 39.85 91.73 100 18.05 100 100
Inhibition of both chloroform and methanol extracts of M. champaca with concentration of 1 mg/mL against M.
tuberculosis MDR was under 90%. The increasing concentration of extracts (10 and 100 mg/mL) give higher inhibition
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and potential as new agent for anti-tuberculosis. Flavonoids and terpenoids might be contributed for its activity.
Several studies also reported anti-tuberculosis activity of flavonoids and terpenoids. Sesquiterpene lactone partenolida and costunolida from Magnolia grandiflora and Magnolia virginiana (Magnoliaceae) was reported to have anti-tuberculosis activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC of 16 and 32 µg/mL3. Dihidroflavonol, laburnetin, isolated from Ficus chlamydocarpa and Ficus cordata exhibited anti-tuberculosis activity with MIC values of 4.88 µg/mL7. Flavanones isolated from Chromolaena odorata also revealed anti-tuberculosis activity with MIC values of 174.8 μM10.
4. Conclusions
Chloroform dan methanol extracts of M. champaca stembark is active as anti-tuberculosis. Further research are needed to isolate active phytochemical constituents as anti-tuberculosis from chloroform and methanol extracts of M.
champaca stembark.
5. Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Grant for Competition Research from Directorate General of Higher Education, The Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia.
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