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Ornamentation Structure of Flower Pollen on Entomophyli Pollination
Ni Putu Adriani Astiti
[email protected]
Biology department , Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science . Udayana University.
Abstract
Research has been carried pollen from many plant species, with the aim to find out from the wall of pollen morphology in the interest pollination carried by insects (entomophyli) .Material taken from plants belonging to Monoicotyledoneae and Dicotyledoneae. Preparation was done by acetolysis method and observation using light microscopy.
From the results showed that the pollen in flowers polination carried by insects
(entomophyli) generally have a flat surface, a bit rough with the noise - kind of ornamentation. Ornamentation in the form of spine or sculpture with a different type for each species.
Key word: Pollen, Entomophyli, ornamentation
Introduction
Flowering is one aspect of plant life. Shape and color of the beautiful flowers, a neat header regular interest, and the smell of fragrant flowers that invite insects to come looking for honey .Fruit and seed crops depend on pollination results. Insects can cause pollen move from one flower to another flower. When the pollen is already carried by the fall on the stigma, it happens pollination. Once the importance of the role of insects in pollination, it is interesting to note in particular flower pollen morphological structure, as in; pollen pollination plays an important role especially in the event of conception.
The beauty of colors, flower shapes, as well as a special smell and produce honey or nectar to attract different types of insects, so the animals - these animals often visit flowers and pollinating accidentally (Arnet and Braungart, 1970)
2 Pollen produced by terrestrial plants is the privilege of development resistance of exterior walls. The outer wall is eksin that contain wax or some kind of dammar. This helps the wax layer scattering. Pollination interest carried by insects, the pollen surface ornamentation spine and there are carved images to assist in the scattering (Kapp, 1969).
Materials and Methods
The samples taken were from the group Monocotyledoneae and Dicotyledoneae, respectively - each five species. The group of monocotyledoneae is Lilium longiflorum , Gladiolus sp, Amaryllis sp, sp Arachnis and Vanda sp, and the group of dicotyledoneae
is Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Crotalaria sp, Sesbania grandiflora Pers, Hibiscus rosasinensis and Nymphaea sp. Preparation was done by acetolysis method (Soerodikoesoemo, 1983).
Pollen taken from anthers collected in a test tube (vial), which is already filled with glacial acetic acid, then left for 24 hours. Then transferred into a centrifuge tube, and centrifugation performed. The liquid was removed and replaced with glacial acetic acid with concentrated sulfuric acid with the ratio 9: 1. Heating in a water bath from room temperature to boiling. After boiling heating was stopped and settling for 15 minutes. Subsequently conducted centrifuge, then the liquid was removed and replaced with distilled water. Observation with light microscope, was still dark when bleaching is carried out using glacial acetic acid 2 cc of sodium Chlorates 2-3 drops 2-3 , drops of HCl, and then centrifugation. Furthermore, the liquid removed and the sediments were washed with distilled water 2-3 times, with each laundering conducted centrifuge again. Last distilled water was replaced with glycerin jelly that has been heated and mixed with safranin dyes. Further observation with light microscope.
For the identification carried out:
- Mesurement of polar axis, and Equatorial. - Determining of index P / E
- Determine the type of pollen (by Erdtman, 1952). - View pollen ornamentation on the walls.
3 From 10 species observed were obtained the following results:
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• Tabel 1. Average Polar axis (P) and Equatorial (E) and the index
• P / E of flowers with pollination by entomophyli.
No Spesies Average P axis
Average E axis
Indeks P/E
1 Gladiolus sp 77.42 + 1,580 64. 15 + 0.865 1.21 + 1.008
2 Amaryllis sp 87.53+1.413 74.89 + 0.865 1.17 + 0.006
3 Lilium longiflorum 108. 07 +0.865 91.01 + 0.865 1.19 + 0.002
4 Vanda sp 33.18 + 1.58 30.336 + 0.707 1.10 + 0.026
5 Arachnis sp 26.68 + 0.00 26.68 + 0.00 1.00 + 0.000
6 Caesalpinia pulcherrima 71.73 + 1.801 68.89 + 0.865 1.04 + 0.013 7 Crotalaria sp 23.38 + 1.322 19.28 + 1.322 1.21 + 0.016
8 Sesbania grandiflora Pers 30.97 + 1.413 27.49 + 1.413 1.13 + 0.007
9 Nymphaea sp 35.71 + 1.413 31.92 + 1.713 1.12 + 0.017
10 Hibiscus rosasinensis 82.40 + 1.517 82.40 + 1.400 1.00 + 0.000
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Nymphaea sp Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Gladiolus sp
Arachnis sp
Lilium longiflorum
Amarrylis sp
Crotalaria sp Hibiscus rosasinensis
Sesbania grandiflora
Arachnis sp
Vanda sp
4 Tabel 2. Pollen description of species
No
Species
Pollen Description
1 Gladiolus sp Kolpus a rather long and coiled, type subprolata,
rough surface is full of warts (verucate)
2 Amarillis sp Kolpus lengthwise on a polar axis, ellipse, type
subprolata, ornamentation in the form of a small spine and short on the surface
3 Lilium longiflorum Kolpus lengthwise on a polar axis, ellipse, type
subprolata, ornamentation in the form of a small spine - small and short on the surface
4 Vanda sp Kolpus polar axis elongates, tpe prolata sferoidal,
rough surface is full of warts (verucate)
5 Arachnis sp rounded shape, oblate type sferoidal - prolata
sferoidal, ornamentation is not clear
6 Caesalpinia pulcherrima Having a third aperture and three porous, rough
surface with warts (verucate), type prolata sferoidal.
7 Crotalaria sp Surface uneven, notched with three kolpus, type
subprolata
8 Sesbania grandiflora Pers rough surface is full of warts (verucate), has three
kolpus, type prolata sferoidal
9 Nymphaea sp uneven surfaces, kolpus rather long, sferoidal
prolata type, ornamentation is not clear
10 Hibiscus rosasinensis ornamentation in the form of a long spine on the
surface (echinate), oblate type sferoidal - prolata sferoidal.
In general, pollen of flowers pollination carried by insects (entomophyli) has an uneven surface,
a bit rough, with exquisite ornamentation such as spines, warts and the presence of sculptures -
sculpture such as nets. Type of individual - each a different species, although included in the
same family, such as Crotalaria sp, Sesbania grandiflora Pers and Caesalpinia pulcherima,
although all three are included in each type of the Leguminosae family is different because each
5 the family Orchidaceae, also different types . But Gladiolus sp, sp and Lilium longiflorum
Amaryllis sp, all three including the order Liliales (Pudjoarianto and Budi Rahayu, 1977)
have the same type of pollen that is subprolata. Accordingly Index P / E is to determine the type
of pollen from each - each species.
Conclusion
Pollen on flower pollination done by insects (entomophyli) has the structure:
1. Uneven surfaces. Slightly rough surface with ornamentation in the form of spine, the curve ,
warts and sculpture in the form of a net.
2. Type of each type differs depending on the index P / E .
Reference
Arnet, R.H. and D.C. Braungart. 1970. An Introduction to Plant Biology. Third Edition. C.V.
Mosby Company. Saint Louis. Toppan Company, LTD. Tokyo, Japan. p : 223 – 224.
Bhojwani, S.S. and S.P. Bhatnagar. 1974. The Embryology of Angiosperms. Third Revised
Edition. Vikas Publishing Hous, P.V.T, LTD. pp : 44 - 47, 95 – 96.
Erdtman, G. 1952. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy. Angiosperm ( An Introduction to
Palynology I ). The Chronica Botanica CO. Walrtham, Mass, U.S.A.
Kapp, R.O. 1969. How to Know. Pollen and Spores. WM.C. Brown Company
Publishers.Dubuque. Iowa.
Pudjoarianto, A . dan S. Budi Rahayu. 1977. Diktat Sistematik Tumbuhan III. Jilid I. Seksi
Sistematik Tumbuh – Tumbuhan. Fakultas Biologi, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.
Soerodikoesoemo, W. 1983. Petunjuk Praktikum Mikroteknik Tumbuhan. Lab. Embriologi dan
Mikroteknik Tumbuhan. Fakultas biologi, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta
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