2. REVIEWOF RELATED LTERATURES
2.1 Language
Sukartiko (2007:35) says that “Bahasa adalah kata-kata dan
pengucapannya, bentuk yang dipergunakan disuatu atau banyak negar, metode
atau cara pengungkapan” it means that language is words and their speech,
form of this prevalent in one or more countries, method or style of expression.
Language is the purposes of communication for social co-operation.
Siahaan (2008:43) says that language is a unique human inheritance that plays
the very important role in human’s life, such as thinking, communicating ideas,
and negotiating with the other.
Language is the way. The languages show the similarities in their
principle. All languages have this complex, many-layered structure. If someone
wants to talk about tenses, they may not escape from grammar because tenses
are a part of structure.
2.2 Grammar
Grammar provides us with a theory how language works. It helps us to
understand how the words used into sentences, to express an observations,
opinions, and feelings. A grammar should arrange the fact of language in
logical order. In grammar a tenses is a distinctive form or phrase of a verb.
Kathryn (1998:24) says that grammar is a technical description of
language. Grammar is the structure and content of language. It varies
Grammar of a language may be understood to be a full description of the
form and meaning of the sentence from language, variously delimited parts of
such a description.
The writer of this writing will talk about the understanding of the tenses
that English language. In English, tenses are the most important elements in
the language. Briefly tenses interpreted as a form of the verb that changed
depending on the time and the incident.
2.3 Tenses
Rhomdony (2008:124) says that tenses are a sentence pattern or sentence
structure (change the title) that is based on the time, when an action, event, or
condition lasts.
Hotben and Lim (2007:428) say that tenses are the form of the verb that is
based on time and an action at the past, present and future. A sentence is a
group of words that make sense to the reader or hearer, contains both subject
and predicate (verb) that are expressed clearly or implied.
Manurung (2007:27) says that simple sentence includes only one act of
predication. Tenses show the time of the action or state of being expressed by
a verb (predicate). For examples:
Worked Work Will Work
English have three kinds of tenses:
1) Present Tense is the show of the current time.
Examples: - Children like sweet.
- I go.
2) Past Tense is the past shows.
Examples: - She found a purse.
- I went.
3) Future Tense is showed of the future.
Examples: - I shall come.
- You will leave today.
Not only that, Romdony (2008:131) says that English language has
sixteen different tenses. The difference of sixteen tenses can be seen in these
following tenses.
1) Present Tense
Simple Present Tense is the tense for a description, and statement of
general truth. Usually, simple present tense used to show an event, and an
action.
In English, simple present tense used to express a variety of meanings and
used to express habitual action.
Example: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Simple present tense is often used with adverbs of frequency, such as:
always, never, often, sometimes, usually, and every week.
Example: My father always read newspaper in the morning.
Simple present tense which to show habit.
2) Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense is the express an action when definite
arrangements have been made. This tense tell us that an action starts before in
progress during and continue after next time of action.
This tense used to state activity or event which is happening when
another activity or event occurred.
Example: My mother is cooking in the kitchen when I take a bath.
To sate an activity which happen right now.
Example: I am studying English
3) Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense is formed with the present tense of have + past
participle. The activity in the present perfect tense began in the past.
Present Perfect Tense used for past actions whose time is not definite.
Example: I have written a paper but I don’t understand about it.
4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense is the formed by the present perfect of
the verb. This tense is the focus of the statement.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense used to state an event which has been
started in the past and still continuing of the moment.
Example: I have been studying English for three hours.
5) Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense is an express when a definite point of time in the past
example: yesterday, last night, this morning, yesterday afternoon, last week,
last month, last year, a week ago, and two month ago.
Simple past tense used for actions complete in the past a definite time. It’s
for a past action when the time is given.
Example: I went with you yesterday morning.
This tense used a past habit with adverb of frequency.
Example: She never spoke with the tourist.
6) Past Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense is formed by the past tense of the verb to be +
present participle. Usually the activity or the action of a statement in the past
progressive takes place in the certain time.
This tense used to state an event in progress at one point in the past.
Example: they were swimming at that time.
To state an event that begins before the given time.
Example: at 7.00 o’clock I was going to school.
7) Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense is to express an action, event and activity which have
been completed before other actions in definite time in the past. Past perfect
tense used to state an event activity or action which is completed in the past
before another event occurred.
Example: I had sung before they come.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense is to express an action definitely in the
past, and was still continuing at the past moment. Past perfect continuous
tense used to state an event, activity, and action which are still in a
continuous progress in the past time.
Example: You had been studying for three hours.
9) Future Tense
Future Tense is the express an action that will take place or a certain
condition will exist in the future. This tense usually using will or shall. Where
American people use the form will but shall form is usually used by English
people.
Future tense used to state an event, activity that will happen in the future.
Example: Ega will go to the zoo with her boyfriend next month.
To state an event and terms in conditional clause.
Example: She will run if he kisses her.
10) Future Continuous Tense
Future Continuous Tense is the express an action which will be going on
at a time in the future. This tense used as an ordinary continuous tense, it is
normally with a point in time and express an action. This tense used to
express future without intention
Example: You will be helping him tomorrow.
11) Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense is used to express a certain action that is
an event and an action which begin in the past and will be completed at some
time.
Example: by the end of the week, he shall be rich.
12) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express an action that started
in the past and finally continues in the future. The action is expressed as a
continuous action or event.
Example: By the end of the month they will have been climbing mountains
for three months.
13) Past Future Tense
Past Future Tense describes the activity that be taken in the future when
they were walking in the past time. Past Future Tense has the time of
expression, such as: yesterday, last night, this morning, yesterday afternoon,
last week, last month, and last year. Past Future Tense used to express an
action and event which would take in the past time.
14) Past Future Continuous Tense
Past Future Continuous Tense is a verb form from used to express an
action in the future when the event in the past. This tense is the contrast of the
future tense. Usually, past future continuous tense has the time expressions,
for example: yesterday, last night, this morning, yesterday afternoon, last
15) Past Future Perfect Tense
Past Future Perfect Tense is a verb form in the past. This tense used to
express an action in the third type of conditional in the past form. This tense
used to tell the action that be happened in the past.
16) Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense used to express an action and
event in the past form before action in the future. Future Perfect Continuous
Tense used the time expression, for example: for one hour tomorrow, this
week, and for two hours by the end.
In English, the present form the pattern. Typical English verbs have
four or five different forms: drink, drinks, drank, drunk, drinking. It is very
unusual verb. It has eight different forms, like that am, are, is, was, were, be,
been, and being. Besides that, we can know to learn a certain structure
through exercise that concentrate on meaningless manipulation of language
and will be successful communication.
2.4 Scheme of Sixteen Tenses:
According to Romdony (2008:126) tenses have sixteen scheme.
They are:
Simple Simple 1. Simple Present
Continuous 2. Present Continuous
PRESENT
Continuous 4. Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Simple 5. Simple Past
Continuous 6. Past Continuous
PAST
Perfect Simple 7. Past Perfect
Continuous 8. Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Simple 9. Simple Future
Continuous 10. Future Continuous
PRESENT
Perfect Simple 11. Future Perfect
Continuous 12. Future Perfect Continuous
Simple Simple 13. Simple Past Future
Continuous 14. Past Future Continuous
PRESENT
Perfect Simple 15. Past Future Perfect
