CAPACITOR
Capacitor which in the electronic circuit is denoted by the letter C is a tool that can save energy/electric charge in the electric field, by collecting an internal imbalance of electric charge. Capacitors discovered by Michael Faraday (1791-1867). Unit called the farad capacitor (F). One farad = 9 x 1011 cm 2, which means the chip surface area.
The structure of a capacitor made of 2 pieces of metal plates separated by a dielectric material. Dielectric materials are commonly known as air vacuum, ceramic, glass and others. If both ends of the metal plate was given voltage, the positive charges will accumulate on one leg (electrode) metal and at the same time the negative charges accumulated on the metal edges of one another. The positive charge can not flow toward the negative pole and the opposite end of the negative charge can not be heading back up the positive pole, because the dielectric material separated by a non-conductive. Electric charge is stored for no conduction at the ends of the legs. In the wild, this phenomenon occurs when the capacitor charge accumulation-positive and negative charges in the clouds.
1. Capacitance
Capacitance is defined as the ability of a capacitor to hold charge of the electron. Coulombs in the 18th calculate that 1 coulomb = 6.25 x 1018 electrons. Then Michael Faraday made postulate that a capacitor will have a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage 1 volt can load as many as 1 electron charge coulombs. With the formula can be written:
Q
=
C
⋅
V
(electron charge is capacitance times voltage) Description: Q = electron charge in C (coulombs)
C = the capacitance in F (farad) V = the voltage in V (volts)
area of metal plate (A), distance (t) between the second metal plate (dielectric thickness) and a constant (k) dielectric material. With the formula can be written as follows:
(
)
⋅
×
=
−t
A
k
C
8
.
85
10
12(the capacitance is bracket eight times ten the power minus twelve times bracket constant times area of metal plat divided by distance)
Identified condenser has two legs and two poles of positive and negative and has a liquid electrolyte and generally tubular.
While most of the other types of capacity value is lower, doesn’t have a positive or negative pole on his legs, mostly flat round brown, red, green and others such as tablets or shirt button that is often called a capacitor.
2. Form and Type Capacitor
Based on the usefulness condenser is divided into:
a. Condenser fixed (fixed capacity value can not be changed) b. Electrolytic Capacitor (Condenser electrolit = Elco) c. Variable condenser (capacity value can be changed
In a large capacitor, the capacitance is generally written with sheer numbers. Complete with a maximum voltage value and polarity. For example, the capacitor capacitance elco clearly written for 100µF25v which means that the capacitor/ condenser has a capacitance value of 100 µF with a permissible maximum working voltage of 25 volts.
Capacitors are small physical size is usually only read 2 (two) or 3 (three) numbers only. If there are only two numbers, its unit is pF (pico farads) . For example, a capacitor that reads two digits 47, then the capacitance is 47 pF capacitor. If there are 3 digits, the first and second digits indicate the nominal value, while the 3rd digit is multiplier. Multipliers in accordance with nominal rates, respectively 1 = 10, 2 = 100, 3 = 1.000, 4 = 10,000, 5 = 100,000 and so on.
Example:
3. Series Capacitors
The series of capacitors in series will result in smaller total capacitance value. Below are examples of capacitors arranged in series.
In a series of capacitors arranged in series applies the formula:
The series of capacitors in parallel will result in larger capacitance value replacement. Below are examples of capacitors arranged in parallel.
In parallel capacitor circuit applies the formula:
4. Capacitor Function
The function of the use of capacitors in a circuit:
a. As the coupling between a single series with another series (in PS = PowerSupply) b. As a filter in the series of PS
c. the generator frequency in the antenna circuit d. To conserve power at the neon lights
e. Eliminate bounce (jump the fire) when installed on the switch 5. Type Kapasitor Capacitors
simple can be divided into 3 parts, namely electrostatic capacitors, electrolytic and electrochemical.
a. Electrostatic Capacitor
Electrostatic capacitors are a group of capacitors that are made with a dielectric material of ceramic, film and mica. Ceramic and mica is a popular material and cheap to make small capacitance capacitors. Quantities available from pF to several µF, which is usually for a series of applications relating to high frequency. Groups including film dielectric materials are materials such as polyester (polyethylene terephthalate, or known as Mylar), polystyrene, polyprophylene, polycarbonate, metalized paper and others.
Mylar, MSM, MKT are some examples of the trademark name for the capacitor with a dielectric material film. Generally this group of capacitors is the non-polar. b. Electrolytic Capacitors
Electrolytic capacitor group consisting of the capacitors dielectric materials are metal-oxide layer. Generally capacitor including this group is a polar capacitor with the + and - in the body. Why are these capacitors can have a polarity, is due to the manufacturing process uses electrolysis to form the positive pole and negative pole anode cathode.
It has long been known for some metals such as tantalum, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, niobium, zirconium and zinc surface can be oxidized to form metal-oxide layer (oxide film). Oxidation layer is formed through a process of electrolysis, as in the process of gold plating. Metal electrode is dipped into the electrolyte solution (sodium borate) and given a positive voltage (anode) and the solution given electrolit negative voltage (cathode). Oxygen in electrolyte solution apart and oxidize the surface of the metal plate. For example, if used Aluminum, it will form a layer of aluminum-oxide (Al2O3) on its surface.
c. Electrochemical Capacitors
One other type of capacitor is an electrochemical capacitor. Including this type is a battery of capacitors and batteries. In fact, battery and capacitor batteries is very good, because it has a large capacitance and leakage current (leakage current) is very small. This type of capacitors of this type are also still in development to get a large capacitance, but small and light, for example for the application of electric cars and cellular phones.
Example:
1. A parallel plate air capacitor has area A (0.004 m2) and the distance between the plates are loaded up to its potential d (0.001 m) 600 V. Find :
a. Capacity of the capacitor b. Charge on each plate Arrangement: • Known: A= 0.04 m2 d = 0.001 m V = 600 V • Question: a. Co = ...? b. Q = ...? Answer: F d A Co o 12 12 12 10 354 40 10 85 . 8 001 . 0 04 . 0 10 85 . 8 a. − − − ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ Σ = C V C Q O 12 12 -10 2124 600 10 354 b. − ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ =
Bacaan 7
KAPASITOR
Kapasitor (Kondensator) yang dalam rangkaian elektronika dilambangkan dengan huruf C adalah suatu alat yang dapat menyimpan energi/muatan listrik di dalam medan listrik, dengan cara mengumpulkan ketidakseimbangan internal dari muatan listrik. Kapasitor ditemukan oleh Michael Faraday (1791-1867). Satuan kapasitor disebut Farad (F). Satu Farad = 9 x 1011 cm2 yang artinya luas permukaan kepingan tersebut.
Struktur sebuah kapasitor terbuat dari 2 buah plat metal yang dipisahkan oleh suatu bahan dielektrik. Bahan-bahan dielektrik yang umum dikenal misalnya udara vakum, keramik, gelas dan lain-lain. Jika kedua ujung plat metal diberi tegangan listrik, maka muatan-muatan positif akan mengumpul pada salah satu kaki (elektroda) metalnya dan pada saat yang sama muatan-muatan negatif terkumpul pada ujung metal yang satu lagi. Muatan positif tidak dapat mengalir menuju ujung kutub negatif dan sebaliknya muatan negatif tidak bisa menuju ke ujung kutub positif, karena terpisah oleh bahan dielektrik yang non-konduktif. Muatan elektrik ini tersimpan selama tidak ada konduksi pada ujung-ujung kakinya. Di alam bebas, phenomena kapasitor ini terjadi pada saat terkumpulnya muatan-muatan positif dan negatif di awan.
1. Kapasitansi
Kapasitansi didefinisikan sebagai kemampuan dari suatu kapasitor untuk dapat menampung muatan elektron. Coulombs pada abad 18 menghitung bahwa 1 coulomb = 6.25 x 1018 elektron. Kemudian Michael Faraday membuat postulat bahwa sebuah kapasitor akan memiliki kapasitansi sebesar 1 farad jika dengan tegangan 1 volt dapat memuat muatan elektron sebanyak 1 coulombs. Dengan rumus dapat ditulis :
V
C
Q
=
⋅
C = nilai kapasitansi dalam F (farad) V = besar tegangan dalam V (volt)
Dalam praktek pembuatan kapasitor, kapasitansi dihitung dengan mengetahui luas area plat metal (A), jarak (t) antara kedua plat metal (tebal dielektrik) dan konstanta (k) bahan dielektrik. Dengan rumus dapat di tulis sebagai berikut :
