T F R C: R N, A I, D C Imtiyaz Yusuf C M C D C I:
E PITI E J
Choirul Mahfud
P, L I: R O M
Ahmad Najib Burhani
ﻲﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﺔﻳﻮﻬﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋو سﻮﻘﻄﻟا
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟا نﺎﺘﻧﺎﻤﻴﻟﺎﻛ ساﻮﻓﺎﻛ ﻮﻟوأ
:ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧوﺪﻧإ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻳﺮﻜﻟا نآﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﻓوﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻓ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ
نﻮﻋﺎﻤﻟا ةرﻮﺳ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻣ
(١٩٦٢-١٨٨٧) ﻢﻴﻠﺤﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ جﺎﺤﻟا ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻜﻟ
ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ
٢٠١٨ ،٣ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﻣﺎﳋﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍﺎﻧﺎﲪﺭ .ﺃ ﺞﻧﺎﺟﺎﺟ
STUDIA ISLAMIKA
Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies Vol. 25, no. 3, 2018 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Azyumardi Azra MANAGING EDITOR Oman Fathurahman EDITORS Saiful Mujani Jamhari Didin Syafruddin Jajat Burhanudin Fuad Jabali Ali Munhanif Saiful Umam Ismatu Ropi Dadi Darmadi Jajang Jahroni Din Wahid Euis NurlaelawatiINTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD
M. Quraish Shihab (Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta, INDONESIA) M.C. Ricklefs (Australian National University, AUSTRALIA)
Martin van Bruinessen (Utrecht University, NETHERLANDS) John R. Bowen (Washington University, USA)
M. Kamal Hasan (International Islamic University, MALAYSIA) Virginia M. Hooker (Australian National University, AUSTRALIA) Edwin P. Wieringa (Universität zu Köln, GERMANY)
Robert W. Hefner (Boston University, USA)
Rémy Madinier (Centre national de la recherche scienti que (CNRS), FRANCE) R. Michael Feener (National University of Singapore, SINGAPORE)
Michael F. Laffan (Princeton University, USA)
Minako Sakai (e University of New South Wales, AUSTRALIA) Annabel Teh Gallop (e British Library, UK)
Syafaatun Almirzanah (Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University of Yogyakarta, INDONESIA)
ASSISTANT TO THE EDITORS
Testriono
Muhammad Nida' Fadlan Abdullah Maulani
ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR
Benjamin J. Freeman Daniel Peterson Batool Moussa
ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR
Ahmadi Usman
COVER DESIGNER
Editorial Office:
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Islamic studies in general, and is intended to communicate original researches and current issues on the subject. is journal warmly welcomes contributions from scholars of related disciplines. All submitted papers are subject to double-blind review process.
STUDIA ISLAMIKA has been accredited by e Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia as an academic journal (Decree No. 32a/E/KPT/2017).
STUDIA ISLAMIKA has become a CrossRef Member since year 2014. erefore, all articles published by STUDIA ISLAMIKA will have unique Digital Object Identi er (DOI) number.
Articles
433 Ahmad Najib Burhani
Pluralism, Liberalism and Islamism: Religious Outlook of Muhammadiyah
471 Choirul Mahfud
Chinese Muslim Community Development in Contemporary Indonesia:
Experiences of PITI in East Java
503 Imtiyaz Yusuf
ree Faces of the Rohingya Crisis:
Religious Nationalism, Asian Islamophobia, and Delegitimizing Citizenship
543 Ibrahim
Al-Ṭuqūs wa ‘alāqatuhā bi huwīyat
muslimī Ulu Kapuas, Kalimantan al-Gharbīyah
589 Jajang A. Rohmana
Tafsīr lantropīyat al-Qur’ān al-Karīm fī Indonesia: Musāhamat Tafsīr Sūrat al-Mā‘ūn
639 Azyumardi Azra
Kesalehan dan Politik: Islam Indonesia
Document
651 Rangga Eka Saputra
Life of Muslims in Germany,
Tafsīr lantropīyat al-Qur’ān al-Karīm fī Indonesia: Musāhamat Tafsīr Sūrat al-Mā‘ūn
li Kiai al-Ḥāj ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm (1887-1962)
Abstract: is article discusses the Quranic exegesis concerning social care that
is used as a base-praxis for philanthropy and social gatherings in the colonial period. e object of this study is Tafsier Soerat Al-Ma’oen (1930) written by K.H. Abdulchalim. is Sundanese-language work is actually developed as the result of Abdulchalim’s reading on the Quranic exegesis of Juz ‘Amma was written by Muhammad Abduh. Abdulchalim tried to interpret this surah and made it as the basis of the his philanthropic activities through the establishment of social institutions rather than carrying out casitas activities which he considered momentary and consumtive. His social activities were based on the teachings of philanthropy contained in the al-Mā‘ūn surah, such as philanthropic orientation from individual to collective, attachment between praying and the ful lment of weak people’ right, criticism of the Muslim backwardness, and colonial occupation over his homeland. is study con rms that the Abdulchalim’s interpretation cannot be separated from the social situation as a nation that was being colonized faced with Dutch colonial policy and competition with Chinese traders. His exegesis becomes another example from the in uence of Islamic renewal thrived in Cairo toward Southeast Asian Muslim activists, especially in the pre-independence period.
Abstrak: Artikel ini mendiskusikan penafsiran Alquran tentang kepedulian
sosial yang dijadikan basis praksis lantropi dan perkumpulan sosial pada era kolonial. Objek kajiannya adalah Tafsier Soerat Al-Ma’oen (1930) karya K.H. Abdulchalim. Karangan berbahasa Sunda ini kiranya merupakan pengembangan dari hasil bacaan Abdulchalim atas tafsir Juz ‘Amma karya Muhammad ‘Abduh. Abdulchalim berusaha menafsirkan surat tersebut dan menjadikannya sebagai dasar akti tas lantropi yang dijalaninya melalui pendirian lembaga sosial dibanding melakukan kegiatan karitas yang bersifat sesaat dan konsumtif. Akti tas sosialnya itu didasarkan pada ajaran lantropi yang terkandung dalam surah al-Mā‘ūn, seperti orientasi lantropi dari individu ke kolektif, keterikatan salat dengan pemenuhan hak-hak yang lemah, kritik terhadap ketertinggalan kaum Muslim, dan kekuasaan kolonial atas tanah airnya. Kajian ini menegaskan bahwa penafsiran Abdulchalim tidak bisa dilepaskan dari situasi sosial bangsa jajahan berhadapan dengan kebijakan kolonial Belanda dan persaingan dengan pedagang Cina. Tafsirnya menjadi contoh lain dari pengaruh pembaharuan di Kairo terhadap akti s Muslim Asia Tenggara terutama pada era pra-kemerdekaan Indonesia.
Kata kunci: Tafsir Alquran, Filantropi, Kaum Miskin, Perkumpulan.
ﺕﺬﲣﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺰﻛﺮﺗ :ﺺﺨﻠﻣ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣﻭ .ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍﺮﺼﻌﻟﺍﰲﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍﺕﺎﺳﺭﺎﻤﻤﻠﻟﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻮﻫﻭ .ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻜﻟ (١٩٣٠) ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻮﻫ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ .ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺦﻴﺸﻠﻟ ﻢﻋ ﺀﺰﺟ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟ ﺍﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﻞﺜﳝ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻸﻟ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺎﻫﺬﲣﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻝﻭﺎﺣ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻈﺤﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻒﺼﺘﺗ ﺔﻳﲑﺧ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﺄﺑ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻻﺪﺑ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻟﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻤﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻪﺘﻄﺸﻧﺄﻓ .ﺔﻴﻛﻼﻬﺘﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﲑﻓﻮﺘﺑ ﺓﻼﺼﻟﺍ ﻂﺑﺭﻭ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﰲﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻟﺍ :ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻤﻓ .ﻢﻬﻨﻃﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻄﻠﺳﻭ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻒﻠﲣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻔﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻪﻠﺼﻓ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺪﻛﺃ ،ﻱﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻄﳋﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ﻊﻣ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻣﺃﻭ ﻱﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﻞﺘﺤﳌﺍ ﺐﻌﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺘﻟ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺎﺟﺫﻮﳕ ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺢﺒﺻﺃ .ﲔﻴﻨﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ .ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﻣ ﺮﺼﻋ ﰲ ﺔﺻﺎﺧﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺳﺁ ﻕﺮﺷ ﺏﻮﻨﺟ .ﻊﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻔﻌﻀﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ،ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ،ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ :ﺔﻴﺣﺎﺘﻔﳌا تﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟا
:ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧوﺪﻧإ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻳﺮﻜﻟا نآﺮﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﻓوﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻓ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ
نﻮﻋﺎﻤﻟا ةرﻮﺳ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻣ
(١٨٨٧-١٩٦٢) ﻢﻴﻠﺤﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ جﺎﺤﻟا ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻜﻟ
ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻜﻟ ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺰﻛﺮﻳ ﺮﺼﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﰲ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﲢﻭ ١(١٨٨٧-١٩٦٢) ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻄﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻮﻫ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ .ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﰲ (PUI) ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺲﺳﺆﻣﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻂﺷﺎﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻲﻘﻳﱪﻣﻹﺍ ﻱﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻥﺇ .(Rosidi 2000, 7) ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﺟ ﺎﻜﺠﻨﻴﻟﺎﺟﺎﻣ «ﺎﻧﺎﻫﺮﻳﺪﻴﺳ» ﺞﻳﲑﻛﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺮﺷﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺭﺪﺻﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻝﻭﺎﲢ .(Drukkerij “Sederhana” Majalengka) ١٩٣٠ ﺔﻨﺳﺪﺒﻋ ﺓﲑﺳﻭ ،ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﺮﺼﻋ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗﻭ ،ﻪﻟﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧﻭ ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﳍﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺎ ﻡﺎﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ
ﰲ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻟﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﱵﺠﺣﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻦﻋ ﻞﺼﻔﻨﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﰲ ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺮﺼﻌﻟﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﺇ .ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ :ﺎﻬﻨﻣﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺡﻼﺻﻹﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﺩﺍﻭﺭ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺎ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺔﻴﻧﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﻡﺎﳍﺇ ﻦﻋ ﻞﺼﻔﻨﺗ ﻻ ،ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ .ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺏﻮﺘﻜﳌﺍ ،ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ؛ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺒﺘﻛ ﱵﻟﺍ .ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻩﺭﺪﺻﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﻭﺮﻛﺬﻳ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻝﺰﻳ ﱂﻭ (Akim ﻢﻴﻛﺁ :ﻝﺎﺜﻣﺃ ،ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﻋ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻢﻈﻌﻤﻓ ،(Sukarsa 2007) ﺎﺳﺭﺎﻛﻮﺳﻭ ،(Jalaludin 1990) ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺟﻭ 1964) ﺓﲑﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻥﻭﺰﻛﺮﻳ (Hernawan 2007, 2014a, 2014b) ﻥﺍﻭﺎﻧﲑﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺄﺸﻧﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺓﺪﻴﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻩﺮﻜﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ،(Santi Asromo) ﻮﻣﻭﺮﺳﺁ ﱵﻧﺎﺳ ﱪﻋ ﺎ ﻡﺎﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻﺇﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺲﻔﻧﻭ .(PUI) ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﱴﺣﻭ (Manshur ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ :ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﺟ ﰲ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻠﻟ ﻥﺍﻭﺎﻣﺭﺍﺩﻭ (Umar 2001) ﺮﻤﻋ ﲔﺴﺣﻭ(Zimmer 2000) ﲑﳝﺯﻭ 1992) (Nurtawab 2005, 2009, 2009, 2016) ﺏﺍﻮﺗ ﺭﻮﻧﻭ (Darmawan 2009) ﺎ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ .ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﱃﺇ ﺍﺪﺑﺃ ﺍﻮﻗﺮﻄﺘﻳ ﱂ ﺚﻴﺣ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻝﻮﺣ (Rohmana 2013b, 2014, 2015b) ﺎﻧﺎﲪﻭﺭ .ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻕﺮﻄﺘﺗ ﱂ ،ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺇ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺔﻟﺍﺩ ﺔﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻚﻠﳝ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻌﻟ ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺡﻼﺻﺈﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻴﻗ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻲﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻫﱪﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺪﻳ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﰲ ﲑﺳﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻮﻬﻓ .ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﻗ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺑﻮﺴﳏ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﺪﻴﻃﻮﺗ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺕﺭﺎﺷﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﺄﺑ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺮﳎ ﻦﻣ ﻻﺪﺑ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺕﻻﻭﺎﳏ ﻝﻼﺧ
ﺔﻴﻛﻼﻬﺘﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻈﺤﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻒﺼﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﳋﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﰲ ﺔﻳﲑﺧ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﺭﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﻓ .(Abdulchalim 1930, 9) ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﲔﺑﻭ ،ﺔﻄﻄﳐ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﻊﻓﺪﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻥﺇ .ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﻷ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺩﺮﳎ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﲑﳋﺍ .ﺕﺍﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﻳ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻛﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺪﻘﺗ ﻻ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﺔﻳﲑﳋﺍ ﺍﺩﺪﳏ ﺍﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﻻﺇ ﻚﻠﲤ ﻻﻭ ،ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺎﳍ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳋﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻵﺍ ﺱﺮﻐﺗ ﻲﻬﻓ
.(Anheier and Leat 2006, 18–20)
ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﻕﺎﻴﺳ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ- ﺢﺒﺻﺃ ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﰲ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﻓ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺎﺟﺫﻮﳕ -ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﺮﺗ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺇ .ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﲔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺼﻣ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻮﻫ -ﺎﻘﺣﻻ ﻪﺣﺮﺷ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ﺎﻤﻛ- ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ؛(١٨٤٩-١٩٠٥) ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﺪﻗﻭ .(Abduh 1922, 161–64) ﻢﻋ ﺀﺰﺟ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ،ﺮﺼﻣ ﰲ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﺭ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﺈﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻻﺇ .ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﰲ ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺭﺎﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺎﺷﺃ ﺪﻘﻓ .ﺎﻬﻬﺟﺍﻭ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺭ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺁ ﺎﺿﺭ ﺪﻴﺷﺭﻭ ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﻓ ﺢﺒﺻﺃ ﻒﻴﻛ ﱃﺇ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﺓﺎﻨﻗ ﺭﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻠﳎ ﱪﻋ ﻩﻮﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ -ﱐﺎﻐﻓﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﲨ ﻦﻣ ﻩﺎﻤﻬﻠﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﺎﺇ .ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺃ ﰲ ﺎﻴﺳﺁ ﻕﺮﺷ ﺏﻮﻨﺟ ﰲ ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟ ﰎ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﺣ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣﻭ ﺮﻜﻓ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺻ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎ ﺍﻮﻣﺎﻗ ﺔﻳﺪﻳﺪﲡ (Bluhm-Warn 1983, 35–42; Burhanudin 2005, ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺎﻬﻠﻣﺎﻜﺗ ﻻ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺎﺿﺭﻭ ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﻪﺒﺸﻳ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻌﻓ .9–26; Ichwan 2001, 143–61) ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻞﻌﺟ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﺟ ﰲ ﺮﺼﺘﻘﻳ ﺪﻳﺪﲡ ﰲ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫﻭ ،ﻪﻬﺟﺍﻮﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻠﻟ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻴﻃﻮﺘﻟ ﻞﻴﺒﺳﺮﻳﺪﻴﻓ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺎﺿﺮﺘﻘﻣ- ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻮﻬﻓ .ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ
ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻ ﻢﻴﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺖﺒﺛﺃ -(Federspiel 1994, 9) .ﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻢﻬﻓ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﰲ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﲑﺸﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻳﺮﻳ -ﺎﻴﳜﺭﺎﺗ- ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺇ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻩﺪﺣﻭ (١٨٦٨-١٩٢٣) ﻥﻼﺣﺩ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻛ ﺎﻬﻨﺷﺪﻳ ﻻ .ﺎﻜﺠﻨﻴﻟﺎﺟﺎﻣ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﻴﻏﻮﻳ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﻻ -ﻑﻭﺮﻌﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ- ١٩١٢ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ﺖﺌﺸﻧﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﻥﺇ ،ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺗ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﲏﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻋ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﻞﻤﲢ ﺎﻮﻛ ﰲ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﻳ ﱐﺎﻫﺮﺑ ﻪﺣﺮﺻ ﺎﳌ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ- ﻥﻼﺣﺩ ﺪﲪﺃ ﻥﺇ .ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻞﻤﲢ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ (A. Shihab 1995, 191) ﺏﺎﻬﺷﻭ (Burhani 2004, 45)
ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺍﺪﻳﺆﻣ ﺍﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﺱﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﰲ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ .ﻢﻬﺘﻣﺪﲞ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻪﻌﻤﺘﳎ ﰲ ﲔﻛﺎﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻔﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﳌﺍ ﱴﺣﻭ ١٩١٢ ﺔﻨﺳ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻼﻌﻓ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺎ ﻡﺎﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻤﻬﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫﻭ ﻢﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗﻭ ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲡ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﺮﺧﺁ .ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﺒﻳﲑﺸﺗ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣﻭ ﺎﻜﺠﻨﻴﻟﺎﺟﺎﻣ ﰲ ﻻﺇ ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻩﺮﻜﻓ ﺮﺸﻨﻳ ﱂ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻪﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺭﺍﺩﺃ ﺪﻗﻭ .ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ١٩٣٠ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ﺔﻧﺎﻋﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﲨﻭ (١٩١٥) ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﳎﻭ (١٩١٢-١٩١٥) ﺏﻮﻠﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻞﻤﺸﺗﻭ- (١٩١٧-١٩٤٣) ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷﻭ (١٩١٦) ﲔﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣﻭ -(١٩١٩) ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﺑ ﲔﻤﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺱﺆﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍﻭ (١٩٣٢) ﻮﻣﻭﺮﺳﺁ ﱵﻧﺎﺳﻭ (١٩٣٢) ﱃﺇ ﺍﲑﺧﺃ ﺖﻟﻮﲢ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ (١٩٤٣) ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺔﻄﺑﺍﺭ-(PKO) ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺞﻣﺩ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺓﲑﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍﻭ .١٩٥٢ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ (PUI) ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣﻭ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺎﻬﺳﺃﺭ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻞﺿﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ؛(١٨٨٩-١٩٥٠) ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻛ ﺎﻬﺴﺳﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ
ﻝﻭﺎﺣ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻤﻓ .(Hernawan 2015, 16) ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻂﺳﻭ ﲑﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻬﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﰲﻭ ،ﻪﺑ ﺭﺍﺮﺿﻹﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻴﳝ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﺃ ﻦﻣﻭ .(Jaylani 1959, 24–26) ﲔﻴﻨﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﺣﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺳﻭﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﻊﻤﲜ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ،ﻼﺜﻣ .(Ekadjati 2006, 273–74) ﺔﻋﺍﺯﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻛﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻊﻨﺼﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﳌﺍ ﺓﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻩﺃﺪﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻥﺇ ،ﻡﻮﻴﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﰲ ﻪﻔﻠﺧ ﻩﺭﻮﻄﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻭﺎﺣ ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻦﻣﺎﻀﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺕﻻﻭﺎﳏ ﻥﺇ .ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﺍ ﻝﺎﻨﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻖﺤﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﻂﺳﻭ ﻊﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﺬﲣﺍ -ﻥﻼﺣﺩ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻜﻛ- ﻮﻬﻓ .ﻡﺍﺮﺘﺣﻻﺍﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺘﻟﺍ .ﺎ ﻡﺎﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺚﻳﺪﳊا ﻲﺴﻴﻧوﺪﻧﻹا ﺮﺼﻌﻟا ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓوﱰﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟا ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﺒﻘﳊﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﻦﻋ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺚﲝﺄﺳ -ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺖﺟﺭﺩﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﲑﺳﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋﻭ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺎﺣﺮﺷ ﺍﺬﻫ ﱪﺘﻌﻳﻭ .ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﻓ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻲﻌﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﺪﻴﻘﻌﺘﻟ ﺓﺁﺮﻣ ﻮﻫﻭ .ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤﲟ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻳ ﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﺎﻤﻬﻠﺘﺴﻣ (Kochuyt 2009, 99) ﺖﻳﻮﺷﻮﻛ ﺎﻫﺮﻛﺫ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻦﻣﺎﻀﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﺓﺄﺸﻧ ﺪﻬﻣ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﳍﻹﺍ ﻮﻫﻭ .ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﻦﻣ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍﻭ ﻞﻋﺍﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺻﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ .ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻦﻣﺎﻀﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺷ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﲑﳋﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺮﻜﻓ ﻥﺎﻛ ،ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﰲﻭ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻠﻤﳌﺍ ﺮﺼﻋ ﱃﺇ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻰﺼﻗﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻮﻌﻳ
ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ .ﺮﺸﻋ ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﱴﺣﻭ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺍﺭﺎﺘﻧﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻬﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﰎ ﱵﻟﺍ ،ﻒﻗﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﺪﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ :ﻞﺜﻣ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺇ .ﺔﺟﺭﺪﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﺳﻷﺍ ﱪﻋ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﳌﺍ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻧﻮﻛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ-ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺖﻔﻴﻜﺗ ﺺﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﻟ ﺓﺮﺷﺆﻣﻭ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺄﻓ .ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﱃﺇ ﲔﺘﻠﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﳌﺎﺑﻭ .ﺔﻤﻠﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺀﺰﺟ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻇﻮﺗ ﰎﻭ «ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ» ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﺗ ﻻﺎﳎ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻥﺎﻛ ،ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻄﺗ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻥﺎﺳﺭﺎﲤ ﻞﺸﻓ ﺪﻗﻭ .ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﺇ ﺽﺮﻔﻟ ﻻﺎﳎ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﺢﺒﺻﺃ ﻞﺑ .ﱐﺪﳌﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍﻭ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻠﻤﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻔﺿﺇ ﻊﲨ ﺮﻣﺃ ﺖﻛﺮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻠﻤﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻁﺎﻄﳓﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻨﻣﺍﺰﺘﻣ ﺮﺛﺪﻧﺍﻭ .(Fauzia 2008, 60) ﱐﺪﳌﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﻱﺪﻳﺃ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻳﺯﻮﺗﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﺖﻌﻀﺧ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺮﺼﻌﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻊﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺖﺿﺮﻓ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﻞﺼﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ .ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻣﺃ ﰲ ﻞﺧﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻪﺳﺭﺎﳝ ﻻﺎﳎ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﲡ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻦﻣ -ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍﻭ- ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍﻭ .ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻄﺗ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﱐﺪﳌﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻧ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﲑﻏ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻊﻓﺪﺗ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﺼﺨﺼﺧ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﺭﺎﺷﺃ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺬﻫ .ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ .(Fauzia 2008, 125–26) ﺎﻬﺣﻼﺻ ﻊﻓﺩ ﰲ ﲑﻫﺎﻤﳉﺍ ﻲﻋﻭ ﻮﳕﻭ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻊﻓﺪﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺩﺪﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﺼﺨﺼﺧ ﺎﻣ :ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ-ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺕﺎﻣﻭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗﻭ ١٨٨٨ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ﲔﺘﻧﺎﺑ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋﻭ ﻮﺣﻼﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻝﺎﻀﻧ ﺯﻮﻣﺭ ﻦﻣ ﺰﻣﺭ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺇ .١٩٠٥ ﺔﻨﺳ ﺬﻨﻣ (SDI) ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ
ﱃﺇ ﺎﳍﻮﲢ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ-ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﲔﺣﻼﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺳﻭﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻳﻼﲟ ،(SI) ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ .(Jaylani 1959, 34; Kartodirdjo 1984) ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ١٩١٢ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ،ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﳌﺍ ؛ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺑ ﻞﺜﳝ ﻥﻼﺣﺩ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻛ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ «ﻲﻄﻌﻳ» ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﺇ .ﲔﻛﺎﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺕﺯﺎﳓﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﻴﺘﺣﺍ ﲑﻓﻮﺗ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺗﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﺖﲤ ،ﻢﻈﺘﻨﻣ ﲑﻏﻭ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ «ﻲﻄﻌﻳ» ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﲑﻴﻐﺗ ﰲ ﺓﺪﺋﺍﺭ ﱪﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣﻭ .ﺔﻤﻈﺘﻨﳌﺍ .(Fauzia 2008, 127) ﺔﻤﻈﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﺗ ﻻ ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﳌﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﺔﻤﻬﻣﻭ ﰲ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺑﻻﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﺑ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺱﻮﻘﻄﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻣﺃ ﰲ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻛ ﺎﻬﻨﺷﺩﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﻥﺇ .ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ١٠٧:) ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺴﻟ ﻪﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗﻭ ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﺗ ﻥﻼﺣﺩ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻭﺪﻳﺇ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﻢﻬﻔﺗ ﺎﻬﺘﻳﺍﺪﺑ ﰲ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺓﺮﻜﻓ ﻲﻫﻭ (١-٧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺤﺻ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ :ﻲﻫ :ﻞﻤﻋ ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻗ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﳋﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،(PKO) ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺱﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﲔﻔﻘﺜﳌﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ؛ﻦﲪﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻰﻔﺿﺃ ﰒ .(Baidhawy 2015, 389) ﲏﻌﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻭﺪﻳﺇ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﺍﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﲎﻌﻣ ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﰲ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،ﻂﻘﻓ ﺎﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﲑﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﲎﻌﲟ ﻻ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺯﺎﺤﻨﺗ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻭﺪﻳﺇ ﱄﺎﲰﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﺮﺼﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻛ .ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺶﻴﻤﻬﺘﻟﺍ ﲎﻌﲟ ﺔﺤﻓﺎﻜﻣ ﰲ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻳﲑﺧ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﰲ ﻝﺍﻮﻣﻷﺍ ﱘﺪﻘﺘﺑ ﻲﳌﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﳌﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﲰﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣﻭ ،ﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺳﻷﺍ .(Abdurrahman 1995, 104; Burhani 2013, 34)
ﺓﺄﺸﻨﺑ ﻢﻋﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﲟ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﳌﺍ ﺩﻮﻬﺟ ﺖﻠﺼﺣﻭ ﺩﺎﺷﺭﻹﺍ :ﺎﻬﻨﻣﻭ ،ﺔﻘﺣﻼﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺎﻬﺴﺳﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ (١٩١٥) ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷﻭ (١٩٢٣) ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﺍﻭ (١٩١٣) ﻻ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺇ .(Noer 1996, 80–113) ﺎﻜﺠﻨﻴﻟﺎﺟﺎﻣ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻮﻋﺪﺗ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،ﲏﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﻞﲪ ﰲ ﺮﺼﺘﻘﺗ .ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺮﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ-ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗﻭ ﺓﺮﻜﻓ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ،ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﻲﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﺮﺼﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﲑﳋﺍ ﲑﺜﻛ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺩﺃ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﺭﻮﻄﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺕﺮﻬﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﻗﻭ .ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺎﻳﺎﻀﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻦﻋ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻕﺮﻃ (Latief ﺮﺧﺁ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻠﻟ ﻼﻴﺜﲤﻭ ،ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﻠﻋﻭ (Latief 2012) ﻒﻴﻄﻟ :ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺭﺎﺷﺃﻭ .2012, 115) ﱃﺇ ،(Nooteboom 2015, 136–37) ﻡﻮﺒﺗﻮﻧﻭ (Alawiyah 2013, 203–21) ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻤﻛ .ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﰲ ﺔﻄﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ-ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻣﺯﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺭ ﺔﻓﺮﺘﳏ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻠﻠﲣ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺙﺭﺍﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﺉﺭﺍﻮﻃ ﻊﻣ ﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗﻭ ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ (Latief 2011, ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺳ-ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻭﺪﻳﺇ ﺕﺎﺴﻓﺎﻨﲟ .249–86) ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻜﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﺢﺒﺻﺃ ،ﻡﻮﻴﻟﺍﻭ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﺗ ﺎﻣ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﰲﻭ .ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻟﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻧﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﺮﺘﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ
ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏ ﰲ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﻻﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻚﻠﲤ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ ﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﺔﻗﺪﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﺎﻔﻧﻹﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﺎ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﳚﺇ ﺩﻮﻬﺟ ﺎﺇ .ﲔﻛﺎﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﻨﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻋﺭ ﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﻡﺎﺘﻳﻷﺍ .ﻲﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﰲ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺐﻌﻟ ﰲ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﻥﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﺍ ﱘﺪﻘﺗ ﰲ ﺩﻮﻬﳉﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ،ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻕﺎﻴﺳ ﰲﻭ ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺎﻳﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ .ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﰊﺩﻷﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺘﳎ-ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺔﻳﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻪﻨﻤﻴﻬﻳ ﺪﻌﻳ ﱂ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﺩﻮﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺀﺰﺟ ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ﻮﻬﻓ ﺩﻮﻬﺟ ﱃﺇ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﰊﺩﻷﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ ﺭﺎﺷﺃﻭ .ﺪﻘﻌﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﺡﺮﺷ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ-ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺐﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻦﻋ ﺔﺑﻮﺟﺃ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﻻﻭﺎﳏ ﱃﺇ ﺭﺎﺷﺃﻭ .(M. Quraish Shihab 1996, 68) ﺔﻟﻮﻬﺴﺑ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻓ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺔﻠﻴﲨ ﺔﻐﻟ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻧﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ١٨٦٥-) ﺎﺿﺭ ﺪﻴﺷﺭﻭ (١٨٤٩-١٩٠٥) ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏ ﱪﺘﻋﺍ ﺪﻗﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ-ﰊﺩﻷﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺰﻧ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻘﻟ ﲔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ (١٩٣٥ ﺎﻫﺮﺴﻓ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﻂﺑﺮﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺭﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ؛ﻢﻴﻈﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﺍﺮﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺎﺑ (Al-Dzahabi 2000, 413; Goldziher ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﺪﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻊﻓﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏ ﰲ (Jansen) ﻦﺴﻧﺎﺟ ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﺪﻗﻭ .1955, 371; M. Quraish Shihab 1994, 55)
ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺡﺮﺸﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻳﺮﻳ ﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺍﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﺔﻋﺰﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻮﻬﻓ .(Jansen 1997, 28) ﺔﻴﳝﺩﺎﻛﻷﺍ ﲑﻏﻭ ﺓﺪﻘﻌﳌﺍ ﲑﻏ ﻪﻴﻧﺎﻌﲟ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﰲ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﲞ ﺭﻮﻄﺘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ .ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺏﻮﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﺖﻠﺻﻭ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﲑﺒﻛ ﺍﺮﺛﺃ ﺭﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ-ﰊﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﺰﻧ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﰲ ﻥﺇ ﻥﺇ .ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﺎﲟ ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ
ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺃ ﰲ ﻥﻮﻴﺛﺍﺪﳊﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﺘﻛ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻣﻭ- ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﲑﺳﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣﻭ ،ﺮﺼﻣ ﰲ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﺑ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﺕﺮﺛﺄﺗ -ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﻩﺮﺼﻋ ﰲ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﰲ ﺢﻀﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻋﺰﻧ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﺔﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻦﻜﳝﻭ .(Federspiel 1994, 133) ﻲﻏﺍﺮﳌﺍﻭ ﺎﺿﺭﻭ ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﺎﻜﻣﺎﳊ ﺮﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻘﺣﻼﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ-ﰊﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻈﻧﻭ ﺔﻧﺎﻣﻷﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ :ﻞﺜﻣ ﺏﺎﻬﺷ ﺶﻳﺮﻗ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃﻭ (Hamka)
ﺡﺎﺒﺼﳌﺍﻭ (Hidangan Ilahi) ﺔﻴﳍﺇ ﺔﺑﺩﺄﻣﻭ (Wawasan al-Quran) ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ
.(Aljunied 2017, 113; Gusmian 2002, 236–37) ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺎ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ-ﰊﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﺰﻧ ﺮﺛﺃ ﻆﺣﻼﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺮﺸﻧ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ (Sunda) ﺍﺪﻧﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﺭﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﻄﺗ ،ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﻣ ﺮﺼﻌﻟﺍ ﰲﻭ .ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻌﺴﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺖﲢ ﻒﻠﲣ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺪﻬﺷ ﺎﻣ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﺘﻣ ﺔﻋﱰﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺔﻋﺰﻧ ﺩﺍﻭﺭ ﺪﺣﺃ -ﺎﻘﺣﻻ ﺡﺮﺸﻴﺳ ﺎﻤﻛ- ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻥﺇ .ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﺿﺍﺭﻷﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ-ﰊﺩﻷﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻭﺎﺣ ﺪﻘﻓ .١٩٣٠ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ﺮﺸﻧ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻒﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺡﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻌﻓﺩ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﰲ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﺴﻔﻳ .ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ-ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻫﻭﺭﺪﺑ ﺍﻮﻣﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﻭﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻥﻮﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺮﺴﻔﳌﺍﻭ ﲔﺑ ﺭﻭﺪﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﲏﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺪﳉﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺳ ﰲ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ-ﰊﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﺰﻧ ﺔﻘﺣﻼﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻫ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻴﳝ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺏﺎﻄﳋﺎﻓ .ﲔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﺛﺪﺤﳌﺍ ﲔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺔﻴﻓﻼﳋﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﻥﻮﺛﺪﺤﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﺒﺗﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻄﻴﺳ ﺪﻗﻭ .ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻋﱰﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍﻭ .ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ-ﰊﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﱰﺑ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﲑﺳﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ (Sanuci ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﰲ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺭﺍﻮﻧﺃ -ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ- ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ
(H.N.S. Midjaja) ﺎﻳﺎﺠﻴﻣ .ﺱ.ﻥ.ﺡﻭ (Mhd. Romli) ﻲﻠﻣﺭ ﺪﻤﳏﻭ 1928)
ﰲ ﻲﻠﻣﺭ ﺪﻤﳏﻭ (Mhd. Romli and Midjaja 1966) ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻧ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ (Moh. E. ﻢﺷﺎﻫ .ﻱﺇ ﺪﻤﳏﻭ (Muhammad Romli 1991) ﲔﺒﳌﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ
ﺭﺍﺪﻨﻴﻫﻮﺳ ﻭﺃﻭﺃﻭ(Hasim 1994) ﺔﺳﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﰲ ﺕﻼﻣﺄﺗ ﰲ Hasim) (Juz ‘Amma jeung ﺔﲢﺎﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻋ ﺀﺰﺟ ﻱﺯﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ (Uu Suhendar)
ﺕﺍﺩﺮﻔﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍﻭ (Kasaluyuan Surat) ﺭﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗﻭ ،Al-Fatihah)
.(Suhendar 2011) ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﻩﺮﺸﻨﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﻗﻭ .ﺭﺎﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻢﻀﻳ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﲑﺴﻔﺗﻭ ﻂﺷﺎﻧ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺭﺍﻮﻧﺃ .ﺓﲑﻐﺻ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﺃ ﺓﺪﻋ ﰲ ﺕﻭﺭﺎﻏ (Cilame) ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ﻞﻫﺃ ﺏﺮﻐﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻴﻠﻓ .ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻪﺠﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺀﺎﻄﺸﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ (A. Hassan) ﻥﺎﺴﺣ .ﺃ ـﻟ ﻥﺎﻗﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ﺕﺮﺸﻧ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻋﺰﻧ ﺕﺮﻬﻇ ،ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﰲﻭ .١٩٣٧ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻧ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﲑﺳﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ-ﰊﺩﻷﺍ ﺐﺋﺎﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻑﻭﺮﻌﳌﺍ ،ﺎﻳﺎﺠﻴﻣ .ﺱ.ﻥ.ﺡﻭ (١٨٨٩-١٩٨١) ﻲﻠﻣﺭ ﺪﻤﺤﳌ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺭﺪﺻﻭ .(Jaksa Neneng Sastra Midjaja) ﺎﻳﺎﺠﻴﻣ ﺍﺮﺘﺳﺎﺳ ﺞﻨﻴﻨﻴﻧ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ
ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﻑﺮﻋ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻲﻠﻣﺭ ﺎﻣﺃ .ﺕﺍﺪﻠﳎ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﰲ ١٩٦٦ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ (Cilame) ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﻫﺃ ﺲﻠﳎ ﰲ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻂﺷﺎﻧ ﻮﻫﻭ ،ﺭﻮﺼﻋ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﰲ ﺎﳌﺎﻋ ﺡﻼﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﲔﺛﺪﺤﳌﺍ ﱀﺎﺼﻣ ﻥﺇ .ﺕﻭﺭﺎﻏ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ-ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻠﻟ ﺐﻴﺠﺘﺴﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺢﻀﺘﺗ ﺔﻋﺪﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻠﻟ ﻪﻀﻓﺭ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻪﻨﻤﻴﻬﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺍﺪﻧﻮﺳ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﺕﻼﻣﺄﺗ ﲑﺴﻘﺗ ﰲ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺢﻀﺗﺍ ﺎﻤﻛ .ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ﻙﺮﺸﻟﺍﻭ .ﺞﻧﻭﺪﻧﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﰲ ﻂﺷﺎﻨﻟﺍ ؛ﻢﺷﺎﻫ ﻱﺇ ﺪﻤﺤﳌ ﺔﺳﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﰲ ﰲ ﺐﺘﻛﻭ ،ﺍﺪﻠﳎ ٣٠ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺻﻭ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻻﺎﻤﻛ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﱪﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺳﺭﺎﻤﻤﻠﻟ ﻩﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﱃﺇﻭ .١٩٩٤ ﺔﻨﺳ ﱄﺍﻮﺣ ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ
-ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺏﺎﻄﺨﻠﻟ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻢﺷﺎﻫ ﺏﺎﺠﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺳﻭﻸﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﱪﺗ ﺎﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﰲ ﺭﺎﻤﻘﻟﺍ ﺐﻌﻟ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ :ﻞﺜﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﻠﻟ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﳌﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﺠﳊﺍ ﺀﺍﺪﺗﺭﺍ ﻊﻨﻣ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣﻭ ،(SDSB) ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻕﻭﺪﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﲑﺳﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ،ﺓﲑﺧﻷﺍ ﻯﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲﻭ .ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﺮﻬﻇ ﻲﺛﺍﺪﳊﺍ ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﱀﺎﺼﻣ ﻢﻀﺗﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ-ﰊﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﺰﻧ ﺕﺭﺎﺷﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﻻﺍ ﰲ ﻂﺷﺎﻨﻟﺍ ؛ﺭﺍﺪﻨﻴﻫﻮﺳ ﻭﺃﻭﻷ ﻱﺯﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ .(Rohmana 2013a, 125–54, 2014, 88–89, 216) ﺎﻳﻻﺎﻤﻜﻴﺳﺎﺗ ﻢﻬﻣﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺍﻭﺰﻛﺭ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻨﻟ ﺢﻀﺗﺍ ﲑﺜﻛ ﺎﻬﻔﻇﻭ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺮﻜﺒﻣ ﺖﻗﻭ ﺬﻨﻣ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻭﺮﺴﻔﻣ ﻞﺳﺭﺃ ﺪﻘﻓ .ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻞﻠﳋﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﻤﳉ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺓﺩﺎﻣ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺱﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﳍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﱪﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻲﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﰲﻭ .ﻲﻌﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ-ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺰﻧ ﺪﺣﺃ -ﺮﺼﻣ ﰲ ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﺤﻤﻛ- ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻛﺭ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ-ﰊﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﺰﻧ ﰲ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﺭ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻪﺘﻄﺸﻧﺃ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﲢﻭ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ .ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺮﺼﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺗﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓوﱰﻧﻼﻴﻔﻟا ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷاو ﻢﻴﻠﳊا ﺪﺒﻋ جﺎﳊا ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻛ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﰲ ﻪﺘﺑﺮﲡﻭ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻌﻟ ﺓﺰﺟﻮﻣ ﺓﲑﺳ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴﺳ ﻩﺬﻫﻭ .ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﺎﲟ ،ﻪﻟﺎﻤﻋﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺺﻨﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﳌﺍ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ-ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺳ ﺭﻮﻠﺒﺘﺳ ﺎﻷ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﻷﺍ ﻮﻠﻛﲑﻓ ﻪﺣﺮﺻ ﺎﻣ ﻖﻓﻭ- ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻄﺧ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻓ .ﻥﻮﻋﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻳ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،ﻱﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﳌﺎﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻳ ﻻ (Fairclough 1995, 87) ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻪﻛﻼﻬﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﰲ ﺏﺎﻄﳋﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤﲟ
ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ-ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﻥﺇ .ﺺﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﻴﺤﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ-ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻄﳋﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﰲ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﺮﺛﺃ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺎ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﲢ ﰲ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﺮﺛﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ .ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ .(PUI) ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺲﺳﺆﻣﻭ ﻲﻣﻮﻗ ﻞﻄﺑ ﻮﻫ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ :ﺎﳘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﲔﺘﻴﻣﻼﺳﺇ ﲔﺘﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺞﻣﺩ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫﻭ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺎﻬﺳﺃﺭ ﱵﻟﺍ (POI) ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺖﻟﻮﲢ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ (PUUI) ﺔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣﻭ ،ﺎﻜﺠﻨﻴﻟﺎﺟﺎﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺿﺎﻨﻣ ﱂﺎﻋ ،ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻛ ﺎﻬﺳﺃﺭ ﱵﻟﺍ .(Hernawan 2014b, 2015) ﺔﻌﻃﺎﻘﻣ ،ﻲﳒﺍﻮﻴﺗﺎﺟ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ،ﻲﳒﺍﻭﺎﺗﻮﺳ ﺔﻳﺮﻗ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻟﻭ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺭﺎﻄﺷ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻢﺳﺍ ﻞﻤﳛ ﻥﺎﻛ .١٨٨٧ ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ ١٧ ﰲ ﺎﻜﺠﻨﻴﻟﺎﺟﺎﻣ .ﻪﺘﻳﺎﻋﺭ ﻪﻣﺃ ﺖﻟﻮﺗﻭ ،ﻩﺮﻐﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ ﺎﻤﻴﺘﻳ ﻥﺎﻛ .ﻩﺮﻐﺻ ﰲ ﻱﺭﺎﻄﺷ ﺞﻧﻮﺗﻭﺃ (Falah 2008, ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﰲ ﻪﺘﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻰﻘﻠﺗﻭ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲﻭ .ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺱﺍﺪﻳﲑﺷ ﺪﻬﻌﲟ ﻖﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻘﻓ .6) ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺗﻼﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﲑﻐﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ،ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﲢ ﰒ .(Van Hoeven) ﻦﻓﻮﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺲﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﺇ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺓﺪﻋ ﺱﺭﺪﻳ ﻝﺎﺣﺭ ﺐﻟﺎﻃ ﺪﻬﻌﻣﻭ ﺱﻮﺑﻮﺑ ﺪﻬﻌﻣﻭ ﲔﻟﺎﳒﺎﻓ ﺎﻳﺎﺠﳒﺎﺗﻮﻟ ﺪﻬﻌﻣﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﻳﻮﻴﳒﺍﺭ ﺪﻬﻌﻣ :ﻞﺜﻣ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺬﻤﻠﺗﻭ .ﻥﺎﺠﻨﻴﻧﻮﻛ ﺱﻮﻣﻮﻠﻴﺸﺗ ﺱﺍﺪﻳﻮﻴﺸﺗ ﺪﻬﻌﻣ ﺍﲑﺧﺃﻭ ،ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺎﻧﺎﻛ ﺪﺣﺃ ؛(Noer 1996, 80) ﻱﺭﺎﺒﺻ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻛ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﲑﺧﻷﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺮﺸﻋ ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﺟ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺩﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ .(Yahya 2008, 17) ﺍﺭﻭﺩﺎﻣ ﻥﻻﺎﻜﳒﺎﺑ ﻞﻴﻠﺧ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻛ ﺪﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺬﻤﻠﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﺘﺒﺛﺃ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﳋﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺇ
ﺍﻭﺎﺟ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺪﻬﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﺎﻘﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻩﺮﻤﻋ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺑ ﺬﻨﻣ ﺔﻘﻴﺛﻭ ﺔﻠﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻛ .ﺍﺭﻭﺩﺎﻣﻭ ﻪﻤﻴﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﺪﻴﻃﻮﺘﺑ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻡﺎﻗ ،١٩٠٨-١٩١١ ﺕﺍﻮﻨﺳ ﰲﻭ ﺬﻤﻠﺗ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺮﻛﺫﻭ .ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﺑ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﻴﺧ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﻭﺎﺑﺎﻜﳒﺎﻨﻴﻣ ﺐﻴﻄﺧ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻱﺪﻳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺳﺭﺪﻣ (١٨٦٠-١٩١٦) ﺐﻴﻄﺧ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺮﻬﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﻗﻭ .(Noer 1996, 80) ﰲ ﻡﺎﻗﺃ .ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﰲ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻠﻟ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﻴﳉﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺠﻠﻟ ﺪﺠﺴﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻲﻌﻓﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺐﻫﺬﻤﻠﻟ ﺎﻣﺎﻣﺇ ﺢﺒﺻﺃﻭ ١٨٧٦ ﺔﻨﺳ ﺬﻨﻣ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﺪﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﳎ ﰲ ﻞﺧﺩ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻝﺪﺠﻠﻟ ﺍﲑﺜﻣ ﺎﳌﺎﻋ ﻥﺎﻛ .ﻡﺍﺮﳊﺍ ،ﺔﻳﺪﻨﺒﺸﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﺾﻓﺭﻭ ،ﺞﻧﺎﺒﻤﻴﻟﺎﻓ ﰲ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺪﺠﺴﻣ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﺔﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﰲ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﺟﻭﻭ ،ﻭﺎﺑﺎﻜﳒﺎﻨﻴﻣ ﰲ ﺔﻣﻮﻣﻷﺍ ﻂﺧ ﻖﻓﻭ ﺔﺛﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﺾﻓﺭﻭ ﻚﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﰲ ﻪﺗﺩﺎﻳﺭ ﺖﻌﻓﺩﻭ .ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﰲ ﻱﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺓﲑﺜﻛ ﺓﺬﻤﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺲﺳﺆﻣ ؛ﻥﻼﺣﺩ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻛ ﺕﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺬﻴﻣﻼﺗ ﻊﻨﳝ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺇ .ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ ﰲ ﻩﺪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻪﻳﺪﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ٥٤ ﱃﺇ ﺐﻴﻄﺧ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺕﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻞﺻﻭ ﺪﻗﻭ .ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ
(Al-Mu’allimi 2000, 407–8; al-Jabbar 1982, 38–43; Noer 1996, 39; Steenbrink 1984, 139–46). ﻯﺪﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻣﻭ .ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﰲ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ ﺐﻴﻄﺧ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﻥﺇ ﻪﻠﻴﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺪﺒﻋﻭ ﱐﺎﻐﻓﻷﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺣﺎﺘﻔﻧﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ .ﻲﻌﻓﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺐﻫﺬﳌﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﺍﺰﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﲏﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﰲ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺐﻴﻄﺧ ﺪﲪﻷ ﻱﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻗﻭﲑﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻪﻟﻮﺒﻗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﱃﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺎﻣ ،ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﲪ ﻦﻣ ﻩﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ .(Falah 2008, 21) ﺎﻜﺠﻨﻴﻟﺎﺟﺎﻣ ﰲ ﲔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍﲔﻨﻃﺍﻮﳌﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﳌﺍ
ﻮﻫ ﻪﻨﻣ ﺩﻮﺼﻘﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻞﻤﺘﺤﻴﻓ ،ـﻃﺎﻴﺧ ﺪﲪﺃ ؛ﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻪﺨﻴﺷ ﺎﻣﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻖﺒﺳﻭ ﻚﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﰲ ﺮﺤﺒﺘﻣ ﱂﺎﻋ ،(١٩١١ :ﺕ) ﻁﺎﻴﺧ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﺪﻤﳏ (Al-Mu’allimi 2000, 417–18; al-Jabbar 1982, ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ .110–11) ﻝﺎﲨ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺗ ،ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ ﰲ ﻪﺘﻣﺎﻗﺇ ﻝﺍﻮﻃﻭ ﻪﺋﺎﻗﺪﺻﺃ ﲔﺑ ﺚﻳﺪﺣ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ،ﻩﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﳏﻭ ﱐﺎﻐﻓﻷﺍ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﱐﺎﻐﻓﻷﺎﺑ ﻩﺮﺛﺄﺘﺑ ﺮﻌﺸﻳ ﱂ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ .ﺍﺮﻄﻣﻮﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ (Noer 1996, 80; ﻪﺗﺎﻓﻭ ﱴﺣ ﻲﻌﻓﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺐﻫﺬﳌﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﲤ ﻪﻧﻷ ،ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﻩﺪﺒﻋﻭ .Steenbrink 1984, 146) ﺩﺭﻭ ،ﺮﺼﻣ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺩﺪﺠﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻋﺃ ﰲ ﻪﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻛ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﲟ ﻪﺘﻣﺎﻗﺇ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻥﺄﺑ ١٨٩٦-) ﺭﻮﺼﻨﻣ ﺱﺎﻣ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻛ :ﺎﻬﻨﻣﻭ ،ﻪﻟ ﻦﻳﺮﺻﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺍﺭﺎﺘﻧﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻛﻭ ،ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺱﺃﺮﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ (١٩٤٦ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻀ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺲﺳﺆﻣ ﺪﺣﺃ (١٨٨٨-١٩٧١) ﷲﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺏﺎﻫﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺭﻮﻬﺸﻣ ﱂﺎﻋ (١٨٨٩-١٩٥٠) ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﻛﻭ (NU) ﺩﺎﲢﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﰲ ﻪﺋﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺪﺣﺃ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺢﺒﺼﻴﺳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﺘﺸﺗ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻪﺘﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍﻭ .(PUI) ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺕﺍﻮﻨﺳ ﺲﲬ ﰲ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺞﳊﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺋﺍﺩﻷ ﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺻ .(Rohmana 2015a, 307) (١٩٠٩-١٩١٤) ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﲢ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺗ ،ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ ﰲﻭ ﺱﻮﻠﳉﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺝﺫﻮﳕ) ﺕﺎﻘﻠﳊﺍ ﺝﺫﻮﳕ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﺪﻌﻳ ﱂ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﻝﻮﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻗ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﺢﺒﺻﺃ ﻞﺑ ،(ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺪﻣ .ﺓﺪﺟ ﰲ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺗ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻠﻟ ﻡﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺑ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﰲ ﺙﺪﺣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﺑ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﺟﺫﻮﳕ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺝﺫﻮﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺬﺨﺘﻴﺳﻭ
ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ -ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ- ﻖﺒﻃ ﺪﻘﻓ .ﻦﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﺃ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﺘﻜﳌﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻮﺒﺴﻟﺍ :ﻞﺜﻣ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻸﻟ ﻼﻣﺎﺷ ﻲﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﳌﺍﻭ ﻝﻮﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻗ ﺔﻧﺎﻋﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ :ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺎﻫﺄﺸﻧﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺳﺮﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺩ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﺎﲟ ،ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣﻭ ﲔﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻠﻟ (Santi Asromo) ﻮﻣﻭﺮﺳﺁ ﱵﻧﺎﺳ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻬﻌﳌﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻊﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺗﺩﻮﻋ ﺪﻌﺑﻭ .(Noer 1996, 80–81; Steenbrink 1986, 71) ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻢﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻢﺳﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ،١٩١١ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ .ﲑﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺢﺿﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﱂﻭ .ﻱﺭﺎﻄﺷ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺃﺪﺑ ،ﺎﻜﺠﻨﻴﻟﺎﺟﺎﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻪﺗﺩﻮﻋ ﺪﻌﺑﻭ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ .ﲑﻐﺻ ﺪﺠﺴﻣ ﰲ ﺖﻌﻗﻭ ﱵﻟﺍ ،ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ؛ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ (Steenbrink ﺔﻴﻧﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﺠﲟ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﺪﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻄﻴﺴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺲﺳﺃ ،ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﱃﺇ .1986, 21; Yunus 1979, 23) ﰲ ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﲔﻟﺎﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻙﺮﺤﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺏﻮﻠﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﻥﺇ .(Lubis 2011, 39) ١٩١٢ ﺔﻨﺳ ﲔﻨﻃﺍﻮﳌﺎﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺶﻴﻤﻬﺘﻠﻟ ﺍﻮﺿﺮﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﲔﻴﻠﺤﳌﺍ ﲔﻨﻃﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻇ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﲞ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺭﺍﺮﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺍﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﲏﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﳉﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ .ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺻ ﻝﻮﺻﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻳﺯﺍﻮﻣ ﻢﻬﺴﻔﻧﺃ ﺍﻭﱪﺘﻋﺍ ﺪﻘﻓ .ﲔﻴﻠﺤﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻥﺎﻛ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ﻦﻣﻭ .ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﻞﻗﺃ ﲔﻴﻠﺤﳌﺍ ﺍﻭﺮﻈﻧﻭ ﰊﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﺐﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﱵﻟﺍ (SI) ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺘﻛ- ﺏﻮﻠﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﻊﻣ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻑﺪﻬﻳ -ﻮﻟﻮﺳ ﰲ ﺩﻼﻴﳌﺍ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﺣ ﰲ- ﻥﻮﻴﻨﻴﺼﻟﺎﻓ .ﻱﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﲔﻣﻮﻋﺪﳌﺍ ﲔﻴﻨﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﺟﺍﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﺋﺎﻔﻋﺇ ﺬﻨﻣ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﺘﻣ ﺕﻼﻣﺎﻌﲟ ﻥﻮﻌﺘﻤﺘﻳ -ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﺍﻭﺎﺟ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺑ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺜﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﳒ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻨﻣﺍﺰﺘﻣ ﻱﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﻒﻇﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﻟﺇ .(Shiraishi 2005, 62) ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ
ﺭﺎﺧﺩﻻﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻘﻋ ﺏﻮﻠﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺳﻭﺃ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻤﻀﻨﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﻣ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺽﻭﺮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺘﻨﺳ ٥ﻭ ﻙﺍﺮﺘﺷﻻﺍ ﻡﻮﺳﺭ ﺕﺎﺘﻨﺳ ١٠ ﻥﻮﻌﻓﺪﻳ ﻢﺇ .ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﲔﺣﻼﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻘﻓ .ﺔﻛﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﲨ ﻝﺎﻣ ﺱﺃﺮﻛ ﺎﻴﻋﻮﺒﺳﺃ ﺎﻣﻮﺳﺭ ﻢﻬﺘﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﰲ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻋﻮﻟﺍ ﻆﻗﻮﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻝﻭﺎﺣ (Falah ٢٠٠٨, ﺵﺎﻤﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﲡ ﺍﻮﻨﻤﻴﻫ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﲔﻴﻨﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ .٣١–٣٢) ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﻥﺎﻛ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﱃﺇﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﺳﺃ ﺔﻠﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺰﺗ ﱂ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺳﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﺘﻬﺘﺳﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺭ ﺏﻮﻠﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺳﻭﺃ ﻊﻣ ﺔﺒﻴﻃ ﺔﻠﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻜﺗ ﱂ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺎﻓ .ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻌﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻈﻓﺎﺤﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏ ﻪﺑﺎﺒﺳﺃ ﻦﻣﻭ ،ﺪﻫﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺏﻼﻃ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻝﻭﺎﺣ ﺪﻘﻓ .(Burhanudin 2007, 117) ﺔﻓﺎﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻠﻴﻣﻭ ﻦﻜﲤﻭ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺺﺨﺸﻛ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﺒﺜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ .ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﲔﻴﻠﺤﳌﺍ ﲔﻟﻮﺌﺴﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻫﲑﻐﻛ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﺎﻴﻋﻮﺒﺳﺃ ﺎﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺎﺴﻠﳎ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻘﻋ ،ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﳌﺍ ﰲﻭ ٤٠ﻮﳓ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺷ ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻬﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﻤﻈﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﻧﻭﺮﻣ ﻲﻄﻌﻳﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﻼﳋﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻌﺘﺒﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻞﻀﻓ ﺪﻗﻭ .ﺎﺼﺨﺷ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺮﻤﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻒﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻟ .ﺀﺍﺭﺁ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧﻭﺭﺎﺘﳜ ﺎﻣ ﺍﻭﺩﺪﳛ ﻥﺃ ﻩﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟ ﻪﺋﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺪﺣﺃ ﲔﺑ ﻑﻼﳋﺍ ﺏﻮﺸﻧ ﻪﺑﺎﺒﺳﺃ ﻦﻣﻭ ،ﻼﻳﻮﻃ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻳ ﱂ ﺏﻮﻠﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻒﻗﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻱﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﻊﻓﺪﻳ ﺎﻣ ،ﲔﻴﻨﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻪﺟﺍﻭﻭ .ﻉﺍﺮﺼﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺎﺭﺎﺛﺇ ﻯﻮﻋﺪﺑ ١٩١٥ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ .ﺏﻮﻠﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﻢﺳﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻪﺘﻄﺸﻧﺃ ﺔﻠﺻﺍﻮﲟ ﻱﺪﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺲﺳﺃ ،١٩١٦ ﺔﻨﺳ ﻲﻔﻓ .ﺪﳊﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﱃﺇ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﺃ ﻪﺘﻨﺗ ﱂ ﺔﻧﺎﻋﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺎﻜﺠﻨﻴﻟﺎﺟﺎﻣ ﰲ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋﻭ
ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺎﳍﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻦﻣ ،ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺖﻛﺮﲢ ﱵﻟﺍ ،ﲔﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺖﻴﻘﻟ .ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻠﻜﺗ ﻞﻤﲢ ﰲ ﻊﻴﻤﳉﺍ ﻙﺭﺎﺷﻭ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻢﺳﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻞﻤﲢ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺖﻨﻜﲤ ﱴﺣ ﺕﺎﻬﳉﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﳚﺇ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺖﻟﻮﲢ ،١٩١٧ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲﻭ .ﺔﻳﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻲﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻩﺮﺛﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻠﻘﺗﻭ .(PO) ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﱃﺇ ﲔﻤﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻋﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ
.(Rosidi ed., 2000: 7)(Rosidi 2000, 7) ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﺐﺼﻨﻣ
ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺖﻛﺮﲢ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺖﻘﺒﻃ ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﻲﻔﻓ .ﺮﺸﻨﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻨﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻊﻤﳉﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻊﻣ ﻝﻮﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻳ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇﻭ ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻢﻠﻋﻭ ﻚﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋﻭ ﺏﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﻖﻄﻨﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺱﺭﺪﺗ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،ﻂﻘﻓ ﺔﻌﺳﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺱﺭﺪﺗ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ .ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﺖﻜﲤ .ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﳌﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺖﺳﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﳒﺂﻳﺮﻓﻭ ﺎﻜﺠﻨﻴﻟﺎﺟﺎﻣ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻ ﺔﻋﺮﺴﺑ ﺓﺮﻬﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ .(Falah 2008, 68) ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﺟ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،ـﻄﻘﻓ ،ﲔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﰲ ﺺﻘﻧ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﰲ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺪﻳﺍﺰﺗ ﻊﻣﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﲔﺳﺭﺪﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺄﺸﻧﺃ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻢﺳﺍ ﲑﻐﺗ ﰒ .١٩١٩ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ﲔﻤﻠﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﻻ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺍﻮﻤﻠﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺏﻼﻃ ﻥﺇ .١٩٣٢ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﺟﻭ ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻥﻮﺗﺄﻳ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،ﻂﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﺗﺄﻳ ،ﺪﳊﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﱃﺇ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺩﻮﻬﺟ ﻒﺘﻜﺗ ﱂﻭ .ﺞﻧﻮﺒﻣﻻﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﺟﻭ ﺓﺮﻜﻓ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺘﺑ ١٩٣٢ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﳌﺍﻭ ﺪﻬﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﻲﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﺞﻣﺪﺑ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﺣ ﺔﻳﻮﺑﺮﺗ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﻦﻜﺴﻣ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﺑ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻮﻫﻭ ،ﻮﻣﻭﺮﺳﺁ ﱵﻧﺎﺳ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ
ﱵﻟﺍ (Shantiniketan) ﻥﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﻨﻴﺘﻧﺎﺷ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻪﲰﺍ ﻢﻬﻠﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻗﻭ .ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﱄﺎﺠﻨﺑ ﺐﻳﺩﺃ ؛(Rabindranath) ﻱﺭﻮﻏﺎﺗ ﺕﺎﻧﺍﺭﺪﻨﻴﺑﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻜﻠﳝ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻮﻣﻭﺮﺳﺁ ﱵﻧﺎﺳ ﻊﲨ ﺪﻘﻓ .٣١٩١ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ ﻞﺑﻮﻧ ﺓﺰﺋﺎﺟ :ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻌﺑ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﻭﺰﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻑﺪﻭ .ﺲﻠﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﺑﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻﻭ ﺪﻠﳉﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﺑﺩ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺎﺑ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﳝﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻕﻼﺧﻷﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻖﻠﻃﺃ ﺪﻗﻭ .ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ﲑﻏ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ (Jalaludin 1990, 101, 149; ﻦﻳﺮﻫﺎﳌﺍ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﻢﺳﺍ ﻢﻼﻃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ .Steenbrink 1986, 75) ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻪﺴﻴﺳﺄﺘﺑ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﰲ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺮﻤﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﲨﻭ ﲔﺳﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺔﺤﻨﺟﺃ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗﻭ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺓﺪﻋ ﰲ ﻉﻭﺮﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﲨﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﲨﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﺸﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﲨﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻃﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺃﺮﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺼﺘﻘﺗ ﻻ ﺔﺤﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻑﺪﳍﺍﻭ .ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻝﺎﺠﳌﺍ ﰲﻭ .ﺓﻮﻋﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﻮﺧﻷﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺐﺳﺎﻜﳌﺍ ﺄﺸﻧﺃﻭ (PKO) ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺱﺆﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺄﺸﻧﺃ ﻥﺎﻓﺪ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺎﳘﻭ .ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﱳﳑ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻡﺎﺘﻳﻷﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺗ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ .ﻡﺎﺘﻳﻷﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﲔﻜﲤ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﱘﺪﻘﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣﻭ .ﻢﺳﻻﺍ ﺍﺬﳍ ﲔﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﳌﺍﻭ ﻢﺳﻻﺍ ﻞﻤﲢ ﺔﻳﺪﻤﺤﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌ ﰲ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﻨﻜﲤ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﻤﲜ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﻭﺰﺗ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺩﺪﻋ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺖﺤﺘﻓ ﺎﻤﻛ .ﻢﻬﺴﻔﻧﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲔﻴﻠﺤﳌﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺷﻭ ﺔﻛﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻊﻨﺼﻣﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ،ﺕﻼﺠﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺩﺪﻋ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺕﺮﺸﻧ ،١٩٢٨ ﺔﻨﺳ ﰲ .ﺔﻨﻜﻤﺘﳌﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ
(Hernawan(Soeara Persjarikatan Oelama) ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺕﻮﺻ ﺔﻠﳎ :ﺎﻬﻨﻣ
