2013
BY, KETUT HERYA DARMA UTAMI, M.PD
UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA
3/4/2013
LEARNING MATERIAL:
A. EXPRESSIONS
Formal introduction Responses
Good morning. My name is………..
Please allow me to introduce myself. I am………
May I introduce myself. I am ………
How do you do? My name is….
Good morning, how do you do? How do you do, nice to meet you? Oh, hello, nice to meet you.
- Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening Sir, Madam, Ladies & Gentleman… - Hello my name is….
- Let me introduce myself. My name is… - Good morning to all.
- Hello! I am….. - I am from (a place) - I am an (Occupation)
- I did my schooling (Education Background) - I did my graduation (Experience)
- I secured proficiency in English.
- I have the capacity to lead a team at all times. - My hobbies are reading and playing.
- My mother tongue is Indonesian - I am interested in sports.
There are some expressions used in introducing our self in formal way: - Facial Expressions
People watch a speaker's face during a presentation. When you speak, your face-more clearly than any other part of your body-communicates to others your attitudes, feelings, and emotions
- Walking Patterns
Why move in the first place? Moving forces people to focus and follow you. The way you walk from your seat to the speaker's position is very important. When you are introduced, you should appear eager to speak. Too many speakers look as though they are heading toward execution.
- Eye Contact
Eye contact is the cement that binds together speakers and their audiences. When you speak, your eyes involve your listeners in your speaking.
- Build Self-confidence by Being Yourself
Self confidence is important to help yourself speak comfortably and interactively. You do not need to copy others in the way to speak because being the way you are makes you speak naturally
- Focus your audience's attention.
Speakers must have an “attention grabber” to interest the audience—a joke, astonishing fact, or anecdote. (Rhetorical questions like “Haven’t you ever wondered how…” are notoriously ineffective.) The introduction is the place where the main claim or idea should be stated very clearly to give the audience a sense of the purpose of the speech - Establish goodwill and credibility.
Many people believe the most important part of persuasion was ethos, or the character the speaker exhibited to the audience. The audience needs to see the speaker as someone to listen to attentively and sympathetically.
- Give a preview.
B. LANGUAGE FOCUS
Language Focus:Subject pronouns and ‘be’
Affirmative Negative Questions
I’m (I am)
positive negative interrogative
Introducing our self in informal situation can be happen in certain place for example in the beach, in the street, in the classroom when we talk to our friend and etc. Introducing our self in informal situation also based the person that we talk to, like classmates, families, best friend and etc.
A. EXPRESSIONS
Expressions in introducing self in informal way: Hi, I’m Jessica.
Hello, I’m Jessica. Hi, my name is Jessica.
Response expressions of introducing self in informal way: Hi, I’m Dony
Hello, I’m Dony Hi, my name is Dony
B. LANGUAGE FOCUS
Affirmative Negative Questions
I’m (I am)
Read the dialog below and practice it in front of your class!
Sasha : Hello. I’m Sasha.
Brent : Hi Sasha. I’m Brent. (Shake hand)
Sasha : Nice to meet you Brent. Where are you from? Brent : New York. And you?
Sasha : I’m from Australia. I live in a small town near Sydney.
Brent : Australia. Wow. I’ve always wanted to go there. How long have you been in
Indonesia?
Sasha : I just arrived this week. It’s my first day off school.
Brent : Really? I think you’ll love Jakarta. It’s a bit hot but not too bad.
INFORMAL RESPONSES
Hi..
This is my father/mother/brother/sister/etc.. He is a teacher
Hi….nice to met you
Hello…..Iam happy to meet you
B. LANGUAGE FOCUS
Language Forms and Communicative Functions
A. Use nouns to identify people, e.g. This is my father. He is a driver. B. Use possessive adjectives to show possession, e.g. This is my father. C. Use pronouns to identify people, e.g. She is a teacher.
D. Use demonstratives to refer to people, e.g. This is my mother.
E. Use the simple present tense to talk about present states, e.g. He is a postman.
C. MODEL EXPOSURE
Example: Hi guys….this are my father and my mother. My father is a teacher in junior high school while my mother is a nurse.
Dialogue
Kate : Hi, sue this is my brother, Jhon and Jhon this is my friend Sue. Sue : Hi, Jhon nice to meet you.
Jhon : Hi, Sue nice to meet you too.
D. ACTIVITIES
This is an activity that will help students develop both the vocabulary related to “family” and the ability to talk about themselves and family members. Materials required are
papers and pencils. The activity can last about 30 minutes.
Introduction:
What's your name? My name's ... I'm ...
This is ...(My husband, my son, my wife, my boyfriend/girlfriend, etc.) I'm sorry, I didn't catch your name
Do you know each other? Nice to meet you
Pleased to meet you
Asking for address of someone:
Where are you from? Where are you come from?
What part of ... do you come from? Where do you live?
I live in ... I'm from ...
I'm originally from ... but now live in ...
Asking for age and birthday:
How old are you? I'm ...years old. When's your birthday?
It's ...( 16 May, 02 October, etc)
Living arrangements:
Who do you live with? Do you live with anybody? I live with ...
Do you live on your own? I share with one other person I live on my own
Asking for contact details:
What's your phone number? What's your email address? Could I take your phone number?
Are you on ...(facebook, myspace, skype, etc)? What's your username?
Further expressions:
I'm on holiday here. I'm on business. I work here. I study here.
I wanted to live abroad
1. Greeting (Noun): something that you say or do to greet somebody 2. Parting (Noun): the act or occasion of leaving a person or place
3. Requesting (Noun): the action of asking for something formally and politely
4. Luxurious (Adjective): very comfortable; containing expensive and enjoyable things 5. Accompany (Verb) : to travel or go somewhere with somebody
6. Approach (Verb) : to come near to somebody/something in distance or time 7. Dude (Noun) : a man
8. Confidently (adverb) : with a very sure feeling about your own ability to do things and be successful
9. Sarcastically (adverb) : by showing or expressing sarcasm
10.Life guard (Noun): a person who is employed at a beach or a swimming pool to rescue people who are in danger in the water
11.Rescue (Verb) : to save somebody/something from a dangerous or harmful situation 12.Drown (Verb): to die because you have been underwater too long and you cannot breathe 13.Cramp (Verb) : sudden pain that you get when the muscles in a particular part of your
body contract
14.Savior (Noun): a person who rescues somebody/something from a dangerous or difficult situation
15.Charming (Adjective): very pleasant or attractive
16.Flutter (Verb): to move lightly and quickly; to make something move in this way 17.Fluttering (Adjective) : a state of moving lightly and quickly
18.Tremble (Verb): to shake in a way that you cannot control, especially because you are very nervous, excited, frightened, etc.
19.Exchange (Verb): an act of giving something to somebody or doing something for somebody and receiving something in return
20.Destiny (Noun): what happens to somebody or what will happen to them in the future, especially things that they cannot change or avoid.
21.Comfortable (Adjective): feeling pleasantly physically relaxed; warm enough, without pain, etc.
The One
Everybody surely have the one that he or she loves, the one that get a very special place in one’s heart, and the one who is able to make one’s heart fluttering and one’s knees trembling. Yes, I had that one also. We were accidently met one day. It was my friend, who introduced him to me. I had no interest at that time, but it seemed written in my destiny, then without a particular reason, I agreed to exchange my phone number with him. We got to know each other for about 2 months until finally we both felt comfortable and decided to have a date.
There it came one day when we went on our first date. We had a dinner in the favourite place in town. It was the first time for us to see each other, and then I realized that he was better than I thought. We were terribly nervous, but as the time went by, we both could overcome our nervousness. We talked about many things. Our activities in college, our interest in sport or education, even we both teased to each other. The atmosphere was so natural in which both of us could tell things freely without trying to hide anything. We enjoyed our dinner for about 2 hours and decided to go home since it was already night. Some moments before I left, he asked me whether we could have another dinner next time. I nod softly while silently speak in my heart, that there would be no other dinner for us but we would have so many dinners later on.
1. Language function : Asking and telling about past experience, greeting and parting, requesting, and thanking.
2. Language expression :
a. Asking about past experience e.g. “Where did you go last holiday?”
“Did you go to Bali last year?” b. Telling about past experience
e.g. “I was in Lombok for Holiday” “I went to Bali last year” c. Greeting and parting
e.g. “Good morning Putu, how are you?” (Greeting) “Nice to meet you Kadek, Bye” (Parting) d. Requesting
e.g. “Do you mind to accompany me to go to Bali next Holiday?”
“Can you tell me where do I can get a luxurious place to stay in Bali?” e. Thanking
e.g. “It’s very kind of you, thanks”
“Thank you very much for your kind help”
a. Explanation
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
FORM
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:
You called Debbie. Did you call Debbie? You did not call Debbie.
Complete List of Simple Past Forms
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. Did you have dinner last night? She washed her car.
He didn't wash his car.
USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at
10:00.
USE 3 Duration in Past
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
I lived in Brazil for two years.
Shauna studied Japanese for five years. They sat at the beach all day.
They did not stay at the party the entire time. We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.
USE 4 Habits in the Past
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
I studied French when I was a child. He played the violin.
Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? She worked at the movie theater after school.
They never went to school, they always skipped class.
USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
Examples:
She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. He didn't like tomatoes before.
Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
(taken from: http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.html accessed on November 22, 2012)
Memories of Kuta
Kadek- (sitting silently under the tree while looking at the sky sadly)
Putu -(feel curious about what is being thought by Kadek, he approaches her slowly) Putu : “Hey pretty girl, what’s on earth with that expression?”
Kadek : “Hey dude, I’m not in a good mood, let me alone”
Putu : “Oh for God sake, don’t you want to share your problem with me? If you do, then everything will be alright” (pointing his chest confidently)
Kadek : “You? Oh I don’t think so (while laughing sarcastically)
Kadek : “Alright, fine. I’ll tell my story to you. It was about my last holiday in Kuta” Putu : “Oh I see it, and then?”
Kadek : “You know, I met a very handsome guy there, he was young, brave, and free. He was a life guard who rescued me when I was drowning in Kuta beach”
Putu : “Oh lord, did you say that you were drowning? How come? You can swim as I know”
Kadek : “Yes, I did. But at that time I had a cramp, I could not even move my body, thanks God that he sent me a savior, there he was, the lifeguard”
Putu : “Wow, it must be awesome. So, what makes you sad then?”
Kadek : “I was so stupid, I did even have chance to ask his name, and the worst thing was I have not say thanks to him yet”
Putu : “Oh, it was bad then. Well you don’t need to worry a lot. My father has a lot of friends as the lifeguard in Kuta. I think it is not a big matter to find him, do you still remember how he looks like?”
Kadek : “Sure, how could I forget such a charming guy like him?”
Putu : “It is good then, now wipes away your sad face, I’ll take you to my Dad” Kadek : “It is very kind of you dude, thanks”
Straight ahead [strayt ə héd] Street [street]
Practice saying the following vocabulary!
kráwss, ə króss]
T-junction [tee júngkshən]
There are many ways to give directions. One common way to give directions is to give the name of the street and then some building nearby. Below are some examples.
Street Information Direction Nearby Buildings Information Floor (Option)
Expression used for asking and giving direction
Questions techniques Answering techniques
1. Where is the ……….
10.Sorry for interrupting, I really need to know where is ...
1. Go straight ahead.
2. Turn left/ right at the …… 3. Go across the …..
4. Go up stairs/ down stairs
Look and Speak
Picture adopted from http://en.islcollective.com/worksheets/worksheet_page?id=9588
Work in pairs. Make questions and responses about the location of certain places on the map. Start from the department
1. A : Where can I find the bus station near here?
Work in pairs. Make questions and responses about the location of certain places on the
the department store. Number one is as a model. : Where can I find the bus station near here?
B : It is on the on the 2nd avenue street. Go straight ahead, then, in the first junction, you have to turn left. The bus station is in front of law courts.
……….
Work in pairs. Make questions and responses about the location of certain places on the
B : ……….
Speak louder!
Ask your friends these questions.
1. Have you lost your way?
2. If you lose your way, whom will you ask the direction to? 3. How will you ask for the direction?
Follow me!
Work with your partner. Look at the map. Imagine you standing at the point marked with a cross (x). Name where these directions take you to.
a. Go down the street. Turn right at the crossroad. Go straight on and it’s on your right, just before the next intersection.
b. Go along this road. Take the second turning on the right. Keep straight on until you get to the end of the road.
c. Go along the street. Take the second turning to the left. It’s on your left side, just by the end of the road.
Activity 4
Activity 5
Money Changer Merdeka Hospital Mailaku Restaurant
Gas station Max Gallery PaninBANK
Goes Mall
Galaxy Hotel and SPA Mercure Hotel
d. Go along the street. In the first crossroad, you turn right. Then, you turn left. Go along the street. After the next crossroad, it is just on your right side.
Let’s speaking!
Still in pairs, interview each other about the direction to the map above. You are still standing at the place marked with a cross (x). Look at the example!
A : Can you tell me the way to Galaxy Hotel?
B : Sure. Just go along the street, in the first crossroad you turn left then take the left turning. The Galaxy Hotel is on your right side across Mailaku Restaurant.
1. A : ………..
B : ………..
2. A : ………
B : ………
3. A : ……….
B : ………
4. A : ………
B : ……….
LESSON 1
Activity 1. Vocabulary use
Account - credit
Bank card - credit card
current account - currency
check book - customer
deposit - pay
interest - save
lend - saving account
loan - teller
mortgage - withdraw
Activity 2. Reading
If you live for any period of time in the UK, you'll probably want to open a bank
account to save money. There are two main types of accounts: a current account and a savings account.
If you receive a check, you can pay it in or deposit it at your bank. You can also pay in cash (money). If you want to convert your cheque into cash, you can cash the check. Some companies can also pay money into your account via a direct bank transfer.
A savings account should pay you interest. Most banks give you a different rate of interest depending on how much you are saving, and how much notice you give before withdrawing money. However, when you lend money from the bank, then the bank gives you a
loan, you need to pay interest to the bank.
In the UK, people traditionally use banks for a range of services. As well as an overdraft facility (where you borrow money from the bank), people also get a mortgage (loan to buy a house), personal loan, and insurance from their banks. High street banks (the sort of banks which you can find on any high street) are also good places to change money.
Many banks now offer telephone banking and internet banking. This means that you can manage your finances without going to the local branch (office) of your bank.
Jenny : OK. thank you
Cashier : _____________________ Madam
Unit 3. Dialogue
Here is a conversation between Mrs. Jenny and the cashier at her new bank
It's Saturday morning and Jenny's gone to the bank.
Cashier : Good morning,, ____________________,Madam?
Jenny : Yes, I'd like to ________ __ _________ __________, please. Cashier : Certainly. Do you have some form of ________________ ? Jenny : Yes, I bought my __________. Is that OK.
Cashier : Yes. We also need proof of your _________ __________. Do you have a ______ ________or your _______ __________ with you? Jenny : I've got my ___________________.
Cashier : What ________ ___ ___________ did you want?
Jenny : Well I want a __________ _________ and a ________ _________. Cashier : That's fine, we do both. Do you have any ________ __ _________? Jenny : Yes, I bought my _____ ______ for the last three months.
Cashier : Good. You could also _______ for a ______ _______ at the same time, if you like. Jenny : Yes, that would be great.
LESSON 2
Dealing Complaints
Complaints are never a happy occasion, particularly if you are trying to keep a client or customer happy AND you are struggling with the language. It is important to remember that responding to a complaint always has FOUR parts:
Apologize for the problem - no matter if you created it or not - no matter whether the issue is true or not. What you are apologizing for is the fact that a customer is unhappy. That's not good for business.
Ask for the specifics of the problem - what happened or what went wrong. Say that you will take action [and take it!], and
Check back with the customer later to make sure the problem was resolved to their satisfaction.
Review the three parts of responses below: 1. Apologizing:
I'm sorry . . .
I'm sorry to hear that . . . I apologize . . .
I apologize for the problem . . . I apologize for the inconvenience . . . My apologies . . .
2. Ask for Specifics
Please tell me exactly what the problem is Please tell me exactly what happened 3. Take Action
I will send someone to take care of it We will send the correct order tomorrow
Let me check with the shippers and see what happened
4. Check back - after the situation has been corrected Ms. Chen, did everything work out to your satisfaction?
Mr. Wozniak, I wanted to see if the problem has been resolved to your satisfaction.
Did everything work out okay? Did you get what you needed/wanted?
Practice the two dialogs below with a partner. Be sure to exchange roles so that are both the person with a complaint and the person responding to the complaint.
WRONG PIN NUMBER
• A: Hello ma’am, may I help you?
• B: Yes, I want to take out some money. But why the ATM does not connect?
• A: Iam sorry! Can you tell me exactly what the problem is and what you got?
• B: Yes, I have clicked the right pin number, but it is said unmatch on screen!
• A: I'm very sorry, let me check and see if you have the incorrect pin here right now and if you do, I can confirm you for the right pin
number. Would that be okay?
• B: Yes, please . . . .
• A: Hello ma’am, the problem is that, you click the incorrect pin
number. I’ll give you a correct one, because you have change your pin a week ago. Is that exactly what you needed?
• B: Oh, I forget it. Thank you.
Activity 1. READING
Conventionally, students need book, pen, eraser, drawing book, ruler and such other stuff.
THE DIGITAL AGE
We are now living in what some people call the digital age. It means that computers have become an essential part of our lives. Young people who have grown up with PCs and mobile phones are often called the digital generation. Computers help students to perform mathematical operations and improve their math skill. They are used to access the internet, and to do basic research, and to communicate with other students around the world. Teacher use projectors and interactive whiteboards to give presentations and teach sciences, history or language courses. PCs are also used for administrative purposes, school use word processors to write letters, and databases to keep records of students and teachers. A school website allows teacher to publish exercises for students to complete online task. Students can also enrol for courses via the website and parents can download official report.
Mobiles let you make voice calls, send texts, email people and download logos, ringtones or games. With a built-in camera, you can send pictures and make video calls in face-to-face mode. New Smartphone combine a telephone with web access, video, a games console, and MP3 player, a personal digital assistant (PDA) and a GPS system, all in one.
In Banks, computers store information about the money held by each customer and enable staff to access large databases and to carry out financial transactions at high speed. They also control the cash points, or ATM (automatic tell machines), which dispense money to customers by the use of a PIN-protected card. People use a chip and PIN card to pay for goods and services. Instead of using a signature to verify payments, customers are asked to enter four digits PIN, the same number used at cash point. This system makes transactions more secure. With online banking, clients can easily pay bills and transfer money from the comfort of their homes.
I.
Match the words in table A with the table B!
II.
In pairs, discuss these questions!
1.
What do you use your computer for?
2.
How do you think if there the computer does not exist in this age?
1.
Perform
2.
Word processor
3.
Online
4.
Download
5.
Built-in
6.
Digital
7.
Store
8.
Financial
9.
Monitor
10.
Data
a.
Keep, save
b.
Execute, do
c.
Monetary
d.
Screen
e.
Integrated
f.
Connected ton internet
g.
Collection of fact and
figures
h.
Describe information
that recorded or
broadcast using
computers
i.
Program used for text
manipulation
III.
Write down how the computers used in the profession below!
NO
PROFESSION
THE FUNCTION OF COMPUTERS
1.
2.
3.
Reading
Laptop as Students' Friend
Conventionally, students need book, pen, eraser, drawing book, ruler and such other stuff. Additionally, in this multimedia era, students need more to reach their progressive development. Students need mobile keyboards to record every presented subject easily. Of course it will need more cost but it will deserve for its function.
First, modern schools tend to apply fast transferring knowledge because the school needs to catch the target of curriculum. Every subject will tend to be given in demonstrative method. Consequently students need extra media cover the subject. Since there is a laptop on every student’s desk, this method will help student to get better understanding.
Secondly, finding an appropriate laptop is not difficult as it was. Recently there is an online shop which provides comprehensive information. The best is that the shop has service of online shopping. The students just need to brows that online shop, decide which computer or laptop they need, and then complete the transaction. After that the laptop will be delivered to the students' houses. That is really easy and save time and money.
Activity 1 Reading
MAKE A CALL AND ANSWER A CALL
To make a call, do the following steps: firstly, please enter the phone number including the area code if necessary. The country code should be included, if necessary. Secondly, press the call key to call the number, scroll right to increase of left to decrease the volume of the earpiece or headset during the phone call. Finally, to answer an incoming call, press the call key. To reject the call without answering, press the end key.
Activity 2 Vocabulary Building VERBS
1. Press 14. Disconnect
2. Insert 15. Push
3. Handle 16. Connect
4. Plug 17. Eject
5. Unplug 18. Save
6. Print 19. Remove
7. Turn on 20. Open
8. Turn off 21. Replace
9. Select 22. Repair
10.Ignore 23. Follow
11.Scan 24. Touch
12.Accept 25. Install
NOUNS
1. Cable 7. Printer
2. Power port 8. Scanner
3. Battery 9. Keyboard
4. Mouse 10. Disk
5. Memory card 11. Modem
6. Data 12. Program
1. GPS : Global Positioning System 2. PDA : Personal Digital Assistant 3. LAN : Local Area Network 4. GSM : Global System for Mobile 5. CCTV : Closed Circuit Television 6. GPRS : Global Packet Radio Service
7. HDMI : High Definition Multimedia Interface 8. VCD : Video Compact Disk
9. USB : Universal Serial Bus
10. HTML : Hyper Text Mark up Language 11. WWW : World Wide Web
Activity 3 Grammar Focus
IMPERATIVE
Imperative is the sentence that used to state the command, the invitation, the prohibition/warning, the request or the pray. When giving instructions, we use imperative sentences. Look at the examples:
1. Imperative (positive)
a. Press the power button to turn on computer b. Plug the power cable into hole of power port c. Scan your document on the scanner
d. Remove the battery
2. Imperative (negative)
a. Do not insert the disk b. Do not eject the flash disk c. Do not touch the power adapter d. Do not turn on the computer
e. Do not select “delete all” on this menu f. Do not remove the memory card
Activity 4 Activity
I. Rani borrowed Anita’s laptop two days ago. She wants to make presentation by using MC. Powerpoint, but she forgot how to start it. She called you to help her. So, you have to explain to her how to operate MS. Powerpoint!
1. First step, ……….
2. Then, ………
3. After that, ………
4. ………
5. ……….
6. ………..
II. Compose an instruction how to download music!
1. ………
2. ………
3. ………
4. ………
5. ………
6. ………
7. ……….
III. Compose an instruction how to make twitter account!
1. ………..
2. ……….
3. ……….
4. ……….
5. ……….
6. ………..
Adjectives: similar, same, different, pleasant, helpful, wonderful, brilliant. unfriendly. Verbs : appear, give, get, seem.
Nouns : city, village, life, elementary, manager, similarity, difference.
Linking Adverb: similarly, in the same way, likewise, while, whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand.
Communicative Functions (Expressions):
a. Expressing similarity and difference
(The material is retrieved from: http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/compare.html).
SIMILARITY DIFFERENCE
Use these comparative words to show
similarity. Use these comparative words to show difference.
The apples are the same. (pronoun) The apple and the orange are different. (adj) These apples are alike. (adj) The apple and the orange are unalike / not
alike. (adj)
The apples are similar. (adj) The apple and the orange are dissimilar. (adj) The apples ripen similarly. (adv) The apple and the orange grow differently. (adv) This apple is likethat apple. (prep phrase) The apple is unlike the orange. (prep)
Vocabulary
SIMILARITY DIFFERENCE
Use the expressions below to show similarity: as…as, the same…as, like, etc.
Use the expressions below to show
dissimilarity: not as…as, different…from, unlike, etc.
This apple is as red as that apple. (adv - adv) The apple is different from/ than the orange. (adj - conj)
This apple has the same flavor as that
apple. (noun - adv) This apple is adv) not as sweet as this orange. (adv - This apple and the other apples are the
same.* The apple is conj) more beautiful than the orange. (adv -
(focusing adverb - conjunction) The orange (prep - prep) in contrast to the lemon is sweet.
Neither this apple nor that one is sweet.
(focusing adverb - conjunction) The orange is sweet which is bitter. in contrast to the lemon
b. Sentence transition words for similarity and difference (linking adverbs)
SIMILARITY DIFFERENCE
A transition word ( a linking adverb)
transitions the reader from the thought in one sentence to a similar thought in the next. The adverbial is an adverb (-ly, -wise) or a prepositional phrase.
These transition words, called linking adverbials, are used to relate the information in two clauses. The adverb relates to the entire clause rather than the verb within the clause.
This apple is tart. Similarly, this one is sour.
(adv) The apple is red. orange. (prep phrase) In contrast, the orange is This apple is tart. In the same way, this one is
sour. (prep phrase) Some people think the apple is orange. contrary, the apple is red. on the contrary = not On the true! (prep phrase)
That orange is delicious. Likewise, this apple is
The orange is high in fiber. However, the apple is not. (linking adverb)
On the one hand the lemon is high in fiber,
on the other hand it is too bitter to eat. "both sides of the coin"
c. Comparing qualities of nouns
-ER MORE
Use the suffix -er with one syllable words to
make a comparative word form with than. Use the to make a comparative clause with more with multiple-syllable words than. This apple is betterthanthat one. (good -
better) This apple is more beautifulthanthat one. This apple is redderthanthe other one. (red) This apple is more flavorfulthanthe other
one.
Village Life vs. City Life
Life in village and city is marked by lots of differences. The village life is simple and not endowed with so many career opportunities and enjoyments. There are no universities or colleges to study and parents in turn, send kids for further study to cities.
City life, as it appears or taken for, is full of fun and a bubbling platform of growth opportunities. Living in city has its own advantages. City life gives you ample facilities to ease the lifestyle. There are universities, hospitals with cutting edge technology and treatments, discos, bars, multiplexes, banks, auditoriums, golf courses, clubs, hostels and stadiums. Villagers need to come to cities for treatment to hospitals and bank sometimes even for simplest of transactions.
However, on the other hand, there are some striking differences too that would make village life-a life worth living for. For instance, just glance around and you will find that most of city people do not have even time to stop by and enjoy the facilities that city life has given them. They are rushing around. Most of them are unfriendly and won’t even stop to tell an address or guide someone. The increasing numbers of factories, industries and mills have amplified the
pollutions in cities and everyday city dwellers have to win the battles with noise, visual and air pollutions.
On the contrary, village life is without any pollution and calm. No wonder that most of individuals want to return to their roots after retirement and enjoy the simplified and beautiful village life. The people living village life are friendly and warm-hearted. They are pleasant and very helpful.
Source: VSPages
