vii ABSTRACT
Prawinanto, Adityo. (2016). A sociolinguistic analysis of the use of swear words
in the „Antologi Rasa‟ novel written by Ika Natassa. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
The use of swear words unconsciously happens in the daily conversation among the youths and even among the adults people. It is a natural behavior because most people use some certain swear words in order to express their emotion, to reduce their frustrated feeling and to show solidarity to others. The researcher was attracted to dig out the use of some English swear words which are commonly used by the non-native English speakers through the novel. This thesis discusses the emergence of swear words in the Antologi Rasa novel written by Ika Natassa.
Using some English swear words for the non-native English speakers in the daily life is regarded as prestigious behavior. However, sometimes the meaning of the words they uttered is ignored. The researcher aims to show several types of swear words and the reasons (motives) why the main character swears in the Antologi Rasa novel, in order to give deeper understanding to the non-native English speakers and the English learners. Hopefully, they will understand when and where the swear words are proper to use.
This research used content analysis approach in order to ease the writer to conduct this research. In order to gain the answer, the first step was to sort and choose some parts of the English expressions in the novel containing of swear words. After that, the researcher classified the types and motives of swear words based on the related theories.
From the discussion of the research, the researcher found four types of swear words used in the Antologi Rasa novel. In addition, the researcher also found three reasons for swearing used by the main character in the novel. However, it was only a preliminary project and a premature judgment. It was possible for this study to be improved in the following future.
viii
ABSTRAK
Prawinanto, Adityo. (2016). A sociolinguistic analysis of the use of swear words in the „Antologi Rasa‟ novel written by Ika Natassa. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penggunaan swear words (kata-kata umpatan) sering kali terjadi dalam percakapan sehari-hari tanpa disadari diantara anak-anak muda bahkan orang dewasa sekalipun. Hal tersebut merupakan perilaku yang wajar karena kebanyakan orang menggunakan swear words untuk meluapkan emosi, meredakan frustasi, dan menunjukkan solidaritas satu sama lain. Penulis tertarik untuk menggali lebih dalam penggunaan swear words dalam bahasa Inggris yang pada umumnya digunakan oleh pembicara yang bahasa aslinya bukan bahasa Inggris melalui sebuah novel. Penelitian ini mendiskusikan mengenai adanya beberapa swear words dalam sebuah novel Antologi Rasa yang ditulis oleh Ika Natassa.
Penggunaan swear words bagi pembicara yang bahasa aslinya bukan bahasa Inggris dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dianggap sebagai hal yang mewah. Namun, makna dari kata-kata yang mereka ucapkan seringkali tidak dihiraukan. Penulis bermaksud memaparkan beberapa tipe dan tujuan dari penggunaan swear words melalui sebuah novel Antologi Rasa, untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam bagi pembicara yang bahasa aslinya bukan bahasa Inggris atau pembelajar bahasa Inggris. Pada akhirnya, mereka akan benar-benar memahami kapan dan dimana kata-kata ungkapan layak digunakan.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan content analysis untuk mempermudah penulis dalam menyelesaikan penelitian ini. Untuk memperoleh hasil dari rumusan masalah, langkah pertama yakni memilah beberapa bagian dari ungkapan dalam bahasa Inggris yang ada dalam novel yang mengandung swear words. Kemudian, penulis mengklasifikasikan ke dalam tipe dan tujuan masing-masing berdasarkan teori yang digunakan.
Dari pembahasan, penulis menemukan empat tipe dari swear words yang sering digunakan oleh tokoh utama dalam novel Antologi Rasa. Selain itu, penulis juga menemukan tiga motif dari swear words yang sering digunakan dalam novel. Namun demikian, penelitian ini hanyalah sebuah tugas dan pendapat awal yang dapat dilakukan oleh penulis. Sangat dimungkinkan penelitian ini perlu diperbaiki di masa yang akan datang.
A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF
SWEAR WORDS IN THE ANTOLOGI RASA NOVEL
WRITTEN BY IKA NATASSA
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Adityo Prawinanto Student Number: 111214158
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
iv MOTTO
If you s
ay this word is “bad” and th
at word is
“
good
”,
Shame on you!
Nothing is wrong with words. The problem is on your mind.
vii ABSTRACT
Prawinanto, Adityo. (2016). A sociolinguistic analysis of the use of swear words
in the „Antologi Rasa‟ novel written by Ika Natassa. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
The use of swear words unconsciously happens in the daily conversation among the youths and even among the adults people. It is a natural behavior because most people use some certain swear words in order to express their emotion, to reduce their frustrated feeling and to show solidarity to others. The researcher was attracted to dig out the use of some English swear words which are commonly used by the non-native English speakers through the novel. This thesis discusses the emergence of swear words in the Antologi Rasa novel written by Ika Natassa.
Using some English swear words for the non-native English speakers in the daily life is regarded as prestigious behavior. However, sometimes the meaning of the words they uttered is ignored. The researcher aims to show several types of swear words and the reasons (motives) why the main character swears in the Antologi Rasa novel, in order to give deeper understanding to the non-native English speakers and the English learners. Hopefully, they will understand when and where the swear words are proper to use.
This research used content analysis approach in order to ease the writer to conduct this research. In order to gain the answer, the first step was to sort and choose some parts of the English expressions in the novel containing of swear words. After that, the researcher classified the types and motives of swear words based on the related theories.
From the discussion of the research, the researcher found four types of swear words used in the Antologi Rasa novel. In addition, the researcher also found three reasons for swearing used by the main character in the novel. However, it was only a preliminary project and a premature judgment. It was possible for this study to be improved in the following future.
viii
ABSTRAK
Prawinanto, Adityo. (2016). A sociolinguistic analysis of the use of swear words in the „Antologi Rasa‟ novel written by Ika Natassa. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penggunaan swear words (kata-kata umpatan) sering kali terjadi dalam percakapan sehari-hari tanpa disadari diantara anak-anak muda bahkan orang dewasa sekalipun. Hal tersebut merupakan perilaku yang wajar karena kebanyakan orang menggunakan swear words untuk meluapkan emosi, meredakan frustasi, dan menunjukkan solidaritas satu sama lain. Penulis tertarik untuk menggali lebih dalam penggunaan swear words dalam bahasa Inggris yang pada umumnya digunakan oleh pembicara yang bahasa aslinya bukan bahasa Inggris melalui sebuah novel. Penelitian ini mendiskusikan mengenai adanya beberapa swear words dalam sebuah novel Antologi Rasa yang ditulis oleh Ika Natassa.
Penggunaan swear words bagi pembicara yang bahasa aslinya bukan bahasa Inggris dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dianggap sebagai hal yang mewah. Namun, makna dari kata-kata yang mereka ucapkan seringkali tidak dihiraukan. Penulis bermaksud memaparkan beberapa tipe dan tujuan dari penggunaan swear words melalui sebuah novel Antologi Rasa, untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam bagi pembicara yang bahasa aslinya bukan bahasa Inggris atau pembelajar bahasa Inggris. Pada akhirnya, mereka akan benar-benar memahami kapan dan dimana kata-kata ungkapan layak digunakan.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan content analysis untuk mempermudah penulis dalam menyelesaikan penelitian ini. Untuk memperoleh hasil dari rumusan masalah, langkah pertama yakni memilah beberapa bagian dari ungkapan dalam bahasa Inggris yang ada dalam novel yang mengandung swear words. Kemudian, penulis mengklasifikasikan ke dalam tipe dan tujuan masing-masing berdasarkan teori yang digunakan.
Dari pembahasan, penulis menemukan empat tipe dari swear words yang sering digunakan oleh tokoh utama dalam novel Antologi Rasa. Selain itu, penulis juga menemukan tiga motif dari swear words yang sering digunakan dalam novel. Namun demikian, penelitian ini hanyalah sebuah tugas dan pendapat awal yang dapat dilakukan oleh penulis. Sangat dimungkinkan penelitian ini perlu diperbaiki di masa yang akan datang.
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This piece of work is swansong as a student of Sanata Dharma University, and hereby, I humbly present my gratitude to all people who have backed me up during my effort in finalizing this research.
My first and greatest gratitude goes to Allah SWT, for His never-ending blessing upon me and to keep me in a good shape like all the time which enables me to carry on my task. I would like to address my special thanks to my advisor, Agustinus Hardi Prasetyo, S.Pd., M.A. for his time, willingness, and guidance during my effort in finishing this research.
I respectfully express my gratitude to my academic advisor, Yuseva Ariyani Iswandari, S.Pd., M.Ed. for giving support during studying in Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta. I also sincerely address my greatest thanks to my mother and my father, Sri Widyastuti and Supraminto, my beloved sister Wardani Prawinandi, my aunts dr. Irianiwati, Adianawati, S.Pd., and Susilowati for their marvelous love, support, patience, compassion, sacrifice financial and moral support.
The same expression also goes to all my rivals, comrades, brothers and sisters in arms, Yosua Adi Wicaksana, Hanung Yulianto, Leonardus
Indramarwan, Fa’adillah Malik Akbar, Gregorius Gyan Puruhito, Gilang
x
Finally, my special thanks go to Agnes Febrian Harlan for her time and willingness to support and to stand by me during my effort to finish this research, with great patience and always be there for me despite all the ups and downs that I have gone through, so that I can stand on my feet and never lose hope when I was about to quit.
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGE ... ii
MOTTO ... iv
STATEMENTS OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... vi
ABSTRACT ... vii
ABSTRAK ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi
LIST OF TABLES ... xiii
LIST OF APPENDIX ... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Research Background ... 1
B. Research Problem ... 6
C. Problem Limitation ... 6
D. Research Objectives ... 6
E. Research Benefits... 7
F. Definition of Terms... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 11
A. Theoretical Description ... 11
1. The Concept of Taboo ... 12
2. Taboo Words ... 14
3. The Use of Taboo Words and Swear Words ... 17
4. Types of Swear Words ... 18
5. Motives of Using Swear Words ... 24
xii
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 30
A. Research Method ... 30
B. Research Setting... 31
C. Research Subject ... 31
D. Research Instruments & Data Gathering Techniques ... 32
E. Data Analysis ... 34
F. Research Procedure ... 35
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 36
A. Findings... 36
B. Discussion ... 38
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 54
A. Conclusions ... 54
B. Recommendations ... 56
REFERENCES ... 58
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Page Table 3.1 Format of the Data Sheet of the Types of Swearing and Motives for Swearing in the Antologi Rasa Novel ……… 33 Table 4.1 The Data Findings of the Types of Swearing ……….. 37
xiv
LIST OF APPENDIX
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides the introduction of the research. It consists of six parts. The first part is research background. It deals with the explanation of the underlying reasons for choosing swear words as the topic of the research. The second part is research problems. This part can be seen in the research questions of this research. The third part is problem limitation. It limits the scope of the research related to the research questions that have been formulated. The fourth part presents the research objectives. This part answers the research questions of this research. The fifth part is research benefits, which explains the benefits and the contributions of the research for people or parties that have relationship with the topic. The last part of this chapter is definition of terms. In this part, there are definitions and explanations given for some terms which are important to understand this research.
A. Research Background
A novel is one way of communication because in the novel the authors might write their idea through the stories and let the readers guess the purposes of the stories. Frank Dance states “communication intentionally is a situation in which a source transmites a message to receiver with conscious intent to affect the latter‟s behavior” (as cited in Littlejohn & Foss, 2011, p. 3). In the novels, the
perception as the latter‟s behavior because language has several functions while
they are applied both in written or spoken. Chaika (1982, p. 2) states that people use language to reveal or conceal personal identity, character and background without realizing that they are actually doing so. Moreover, people have their own way to choose the language variation which might confirm one‟s identity.
Consequently, some people may prefer to use language that has a strong impact when they are sad or angry. For example, people sometimes use certain kind of words that are considered as bad language. In every culture, the use of bad language is mostly considered as inappropriate or impolite. However, each culture has its own bad language and it must be different one another. One of the ways to express their feeling is by producing taboo or swear words. People usually produce taboo words to swear because this might be the strongest way to express their dissatisfaction, anger and frustration.
3
people talk about sex. It is generally regarded as taboo while the act itself is not forbidden if it is done by the appropriate person in suitable place and time. Therefore, words that are related or linked to taboo act will automatically become taboo words (Allan & Burridge, 2006, p. 2).
People tend to use some taboo words to swear while swearing itself is also considered as taboo act or attitude. Related to that case, it must be underlined that all swear words are taboo words, but not all taboo words can be used to swear. Besides, taboo words are always associated with inappropriate or impolite language and it should be avoided in daily conversations by language users around the world. It depends on the culture or society they belong because people have the right to speak anything they want which is called as freedom of speech. Pinker (2007, p. 1) states that freedom of speech is the foundation of democracy because without it citizens cannot share their observations on folly and injustice or collectively challenge the authority that maintains them. However, still freedom of speech cannot be guaranteed in every circumstance. In practice as well as in theory, the prosecution of obscene speech is just like a puzzle. Throughout history, some people have been killed for criticizing their leaders and it becomes the fate of freethinkers in many parts of the world (Pinker, 2007, pp. 1-2).
language, society, and things which are related to social sciences, especially psychology, anthropology, and sociology. The idea proposed by Yule is also in line with Trudgill. He states that the study of sociolinguistics is related to cultural phenomenon so that it can affect the way people speak or talk since it is determined by the social context (Trudgill, 2000, p. 32). Therefore, the use of taboo and swear words is studied in sociolinguistics. The existence of taboo words can be seen in various sources such as in movies, song lyrics, television shows, and novels. The existence of various taboo words in those sources is caused by the fact that some people believe that employing taboo words is an appropriate way to express a strong feeling and emotion, especially in the form of swearing.
5
that case, the researcher intended to investigate the classification of swear words and also the possible reasons why people swear in English, through analyzing the use of swear words in the Antologi Rasa novel, which are used by the main character. The main character was chosen because there are no differences among the swear words which are used by the other characters. Therefore, the main character can be a representative among the other characters.
According to the researcher‟s opinion, the understanding of the use of swear words is really needed for non-native English speakers, especially English learners. Both the non-native English speakers and English learners need to understand the classification of swear words and also the reasons why some people swear while having conversation. Some theories related to swear words will be discussed further in the following chapter to support the researcher‟s idea in conducting this research.
In the Antologi Rasa novel, the examples of swear words that mostly appear are fuck, hell, and shit such as in these following sentences, “Welcome to my fucked up life, darling.” (p. 18) and “What did I do wrong to be stuck in this
B. Research Problem
Since this study discusses swear words, the researcher formulated some questions to be discussed. Those questions are:
1. What are the types of swear words used by the main character in the Antologi Rasa novel?
2. What are the reasons for swearing used by the main character in the Antologi Rasa novel?
C. Problem Limitation
As stated in the title, the limitation of this research was around the use of swear words in the Antologi Rasa novel, which is written by Ika Natassa. All the characters in this novel, both men and women, often use swear words. However, there are no differences between men and women characters in terms of using swear words. That is the reason why the researcher chose the main character only to be analyzed in terms of using swear words. Besides, the researcher wanted to categorize all the swear words in the novel into types of the use of swear words based on the related theories. The motives of the use of swear words are also discussed to answer the second research question.
D. Research Objectives
Based on the research problems above, this research is expected to come with two objectives. Those two objectives are stated as follows:
7
2. To analyze and classify the motives why the main character employed swear words in the novel so that enables the readers, teachers, and ELESP students to have deeper knowledge about the motives why people swear.
E. Research Benefits
Considering the problem occurred and the objectives of this study, the researcher expected that this study might be able to give some benefits to:
1. Readers
There are three benefits for the readers after reading this study. Those three benefits are:
a. The readers understand the types of the use of swear words. b. The readers understand the reasons of the use of swear words.
Thus, the readers will have deeper knowledge about swearing words. It will help the readers not to use swear words carelessly. They may not just imitate the use of swear words with lack of knowledge.
2. English teachers, lecturers, and educators
For English teachers, lecturers, and educators who read this study they can share the knowledge of swear words in the right way to their students. Hence, it enables their students not to use swear words without having knowledge about the use of swear words whether in spoken or in written expression.
3. Author
using swear words in her novel. Therefore, the novels that she is going to write will not just amuse the readers, but also give more knowledge to the readers in improving their skill in English, the deep understanding of swear words is included.
4. ELESP USD
By realizing that language is always developed, as the English Department, it will be much better if the lecturers are up to date to English vocabularies; some swear words are included, so that they can share their understanding to the students who will become the candidates of teachers in the future. Besides, this research is useful for the English Education Study Program students who are interested in learning about swear words in depth. This research contains the accumulation knowledge about swearing words. Hopefully, by reading this research, the students will obtain more understanding about the types and possible reasons for the use of swear words in English.
5. The Future Researchers
The author hopes that this research can give sufficient information for future swear words researcher. This research is able to guide the future linguistics researchers to find out the other swear word phenomena or other language phenomena in society.
F. Definition of Terms
9
1. Swear Word
In this study, swear word is a word or phrase that is generally considered blasphemous, obscene, vulgar, or otherwise offensive (Karjalainen, 2002). It is usually used both in written and spoken expression in the conversation. In western culture, swear words are commonly used by the youth to express their feeling or emotion whether it is self-conversation or with their community.
2. Character
Character is an intrinsic element in literary fiction. Character is an imagined person in story. As stated by Gill (1997, p. 10), character is a person in a literary work. Besides, character can be defined as the aggregate of traits and features that form the nature of some person or animal. Character also refers to moral qualities and ethical standard and principles. It can be concluded that character can be defined as any person, animal, or figure represented in a literary work. There are actually many types of character that exist in literature, and each of it has its own development and function. In the Antologi Rasa novel, there are four characters, however, the researcher observed the language that is used by the the main character only.
3. The Antologi Rasa Novel
In this study, the Antologi Rasa novel is an Indonesian novel which is written by an Indonesian novelist, Ika Natassa. The author of this novel wrote the stories through every character‟s point of view. Almost all the novel she wrote use
11 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the literature review of the study. Therefore, it is divided into two parts, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description focuses on the relevant theories underlying the study. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework focuses on answering the problem formulation of the study based on theoretical description which is used as the guideline or explain the thread of theories to formulate the orientation of the study.
A. Theoretical Description
Swearing is a natural behaviour of the use of language in spoken expression. While swearing, people mostly utter some certain words to express their frustration feeling which are called as swearwords. Generally, the use of swear words is prohibited in certain society. Even though the use of swearwords is prohibited and is considered as taboo by society, most people confess that they still swear in the certain situation. The use of swear words in communication becomes a language phenomenon that cannot be denied anymore. Crystal (1995) described “swearwords are a natural part of language, and they are undoubtedly
one of the most efficient ways to do away with extra frustation or anger in difficult situations. It has even been suggested that swearwords may be a factor in reducing stress” (as cited in Karjalainen, 2002, p.3). Besides, swearwords
proscribed. Before going further to the analysis of Swear and Taboo words in the Antologi Rasa novel, it is important to convey the concept of taboo and some topics related to it. The research which is included as the „Content Analysis‟ approach aims to show the readers, especially the English learners that there are some linguistics elements which are used in the Antologi Rasa novel related to the use of swear words. Therefore, there are some theories discussed in the research. Those theories are the concept of taboo, taboo and swear words, types of swear words, and the motives of why people swear.
1. The Concept of Taboo
Taboo is usually connected with something which is avoided to do and is considered also as impolite to be uttered. Allan and Burridge (2006, p. 1) describe that taboo originates from social restriction on one's behavior which can bring about uneasiness, harm, and injury. Since it brings uneasiness, harm and injury, people in the society are supposed to avoid taboo, especially which has a vulgar sense. To give a clearer explanation, Trudgill (2000, p. 18) defines taboo in the following way.
Taboo can be characterized as being concerned with behavior which is believed to be supernaturally forbidden or regarded as immoral or improper; it deals with behavior which is prohibited or inhibited in an apparently irrational manner. In language, taboo is associated with things which are not said, and in particular with words and expressions which are not used.
13
society has its own particular taboo behavior and taboo words. Taboo acts are related to any activities that should be avoided or forbidden both by society and religion, while taboo words are related to any words that should not be used both in spoken and written form. Several taboo acts are mostly related to taboo words while others are not. One of the popular cases of this phenomenon is the act of incest. Mostly, incest is considered as taboo because it refers to the sexual activity that is strongly forbidden in a society. In the same sense, any words which refer to incest activity such as motherfucker will also be categorized as taboo because it indicates the activity. However, there is a certain word that is said as taboo while the indicated activity is not regarded as taboo act. When people talk about excretion, it is often considered as taboo while the act itself is not forbidden if it is done by the appropriate person in a suitable place and time. Therefore, words that are related or linked to taboo act will automatically become taboo words (Allan & Burridge, 2006, p. 2).
each language. It means that each culture has its own taboos. Freud (1983, p. 20) has decribed the concept of taboo in the following way:
“The word „taboo‟ denotes everything, whether a person a place or thing or transitory condition, which is the vehicle or source of this mysterious attribute. It also denotes the prohibition arising from the same attribute. And, finally, it has a connotation which includes alike „sacred‟ and „above the ordinary‟, as well as „dangerous‟, „unclean‟ and „uncanny.‟”
However, the concept of taboo is adapted from the cultural contexts which bound the culture and society. The context also includes the moral value which is accepted and embedded by every society. As a result, the present understanding about taboo somehow differs from the context in which that word was firstly accepted by the society. People have a tendency to hide or deny things they are afraid or ashamed of. For example, death, which is the fact of a natural or unavoidable thing in our lives. In most cultures, death is something that causes pain and sorrow among relatives, so that people tend to avoid talking about death. One of the effects that case is that by switching the subject in euphimistic terms. Jay (2009) explains that the fear of taboo is not naturally embedded within each individual. At the institutional level, there are some authorities which own a power to regulate and define the taboo and have right to punish those who break the prohibition (Allan & Burridge, 2006, p. 154).
2. Taboo Words
a. The Concept of Taboo Words
15
and beliefs of the linguistics communities towards a certain topic. Supporting that idea, Trudgill (1986, p. 29) states that taboo language is simply a matter of agreement where the normal employment of an item in language is possessed by specific social value and belief.
In addition, Akmajian, Demers, Farner, and Harnish (2004, p. 303) also state that what is called as taboo is usually described by culture and not by anything which are usually attached in the language. In the same sense, Farb (in Fakuade et al., 2013, p. 120) states that any kinds of words including taboo words are at first only contain a mere collection of sounds but they are changing after the community gives them other connotation so that they cannot be employed in a certain speech situation. In detail, Farb explains that the words become taboo because the community encloses them with symbolic value which belongs to specific culture.
Since taboo and the words which denote it are related to a specific culture, people should learn about what things they “should” or “should not” do in a
The socialization process will allow the language users to know that every society has something that should not be said and certain words contain a strong connotation, so that those words cannot be used in a polite or formal situation. Uttering or doing taboo words is strongly against the social value because it will bring embarrassment and offensiveness to the members of the certain society. Embarrassment has a tendency to be connected with sexual activity. Offensiveness is identified with different substance like the body, and the distinctive forms of physical, mental, and social abnormality. Being more specific, Wardhaugh (2006, p. 239) defines taboo in the following way:
Taboo is the prohibition or avoidance in any society of behavior believed to be harmful to its members in that it would cause them anxiety, embarrassment, or shame. It is extremely strong politeness constraints. Consequently, so far as language is concerned, certain things are not to be said or certain objects can be referred to only in certain circumstances.
17
or expressions which are thought to be taboo usually depends on the values in one society, the relationship between the speaker and listeners, and also the atmosphere where the words are uttered.
Something that must be understood based on the theories related to the concept of taboo acts and taboo words is that people keep the taboo concept alive by continuing it in their children unconsciously. While children do not realize or even understand which words are inappropriate or taboo until they have said them and get a negative reaction such a warn from their environment, especially adults. Unconsciously, environment and society continue keeping the existance of taboo concept and taboo words. Besides, while people are talking about something which is regarded as taboo, shame is usually attached.
3. The Use of Taboo Words and Swear Words
After regarding the concept of taboo words and swear words, it can be said that swearing words and taboo words are two different things. However, there is a similar concept related to swear and taboo words by looking at a certain way. Karjalainen (2002) states that even though all the swear words are taboo, not all taboo words are swear words. Cannibalism, for instance, is taboo in some cultures, but there is no swear word which is derived from that theme. On the other side, as stated before, swear and taboo words have different concept. Ljung (2011, p. 4) describes the criteria of swear words as follows:
a. Swearing (uttering swear words) is the use of swear words which is the taboo words are involved.
c. Many utterances that constitute swearing are subject to several lexical, phrasal, and syntactic constraints which suggest that most swearing qualifies as formulaic language.
d. Swearing is emotive language: its main function is to reflect, or seem to reflect, the speaker‟s feeling or attitude.
The second point of Ljung‟s criteria shows that taboo words have already
been transformed into swear words. Those taboo words might be used as metaphor to anything else which are possibly not taboo. However, one thing that must be underlined to be the basic concept of this research is that all swearing act is taboo act. It depends on the society‟s norms. Besides, the researcher of this
study only discusses the swear words, especially the types and the motives, which refer to taboo words and taboo concept because those two terms have the same concept considering that swearing is a taboo act.
4. Types of Swear Words
19
“curse event” is “coherent in that it fulfills specific types of needs and intentions
of the speaker and listener” (p. 2).
a. Cursing
Cursing enables someone to express strong emotions verbally in a manner that non-curse words cannot express such as emotional, sexual, and aggressive gestures. Because they have strong emotions and speech, they learn to use cursing to express their emotions. Besides, people choose words that come from culturally powerful categories and use them in contexts in which they are appropriate to use. As stated by Jay and Kristin (2008), people use culturally defined curse words to represent their strongest feeling or emotions and forbidden thoughts, but they learn how to inhibit forms of cursing that are illegal or censored by employers.
These expressions act like verbal assaults where a speaker targets a specific individual, group, or thing and clearly expects harm, pain, or other evil consiquences on him, her, or something. Generally, cursing is proscribed by the churches and most of societies for those reasons, so curses such as eat shit and die! are considered to be powerfully threatening utterances.
In some cases, people choose curse words because:
1. They repeat curse words that other people commonly use.
2. They choose curse words that their culture proscribes for specific practices and contexts.
3. They choose curse words from a small semantic pool which is considered as taboo or disgusting, profane or obscene.
5. They choose swear words purposefully that have the semantic features needed in the context.
6. They choose words that fit the semantic and syntactic rules of grammar. b. Profanity
Jay (1992) describes these expressions as using “religious terminology in a
profane, secular or indifferent manner” (p. 3). There is no intention on the speaker‟s part to denigrate God or anything associated with religion. Rather, the
speaker may be expressing his or her emotional reaction to a certain stimulus. Examples in this case would be Jesus Christ! Let‟s go; we‟re late or Good God!
he‟s ugly!
According to Battistella (2005, p. 72), profanity can be categorized as religious cursing because it usually includes the foul-mouthed use of what is considered to be sacred. Moreover, Jay in Doyle (2006, pp. 2-3) describes profanity as the expression involving the use of religious terms in a profane, secular or uncaring manner. The aim of the speaker is not to denigrate God or anything connected with religion but it may be used to express emotional response to certain motives. The words that belong to this type are Jesus Christ, hell, damn, goddamn.
c. Blasphemy
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Rushdie continues to remain in hiding from potential assasins because Islamic clergy had labelled him a blasphemer.
d. Taboo or obscenity
All obscene language is taboo language because the expressions are restricted in some ways because it is used in public. These restrictions exist explicitly, for example: the television network censors who govern language on television, or implicitly such as some parents who use euphemisms to describe sexual body parts or body processes when they are explaining to their children. As stated before, taboo words are not supposed to be uttered anywhere, anytime. Moreover, everyone hears those words in public places such on the streets, which is difficult to understand the degree to which they are taboo or not.
Obscenity refers to expressions that are prohibited from public use since they involve repulsion to the sense, abhorrent, impolite and detestable to morality (Jay, in Doyle, 2009, p. 1). Moreover, according to Batistella (2005, p. 72) profanity is defined as word or expression which involves sex differentiating anatomy or sexual and excretory function that usually uttered in rough manner. The words that belong to this type are „fuck‟ and „shit‟. Here is the example in a conversation.
Sol : You flipped it on him.
David : You got it, man. You're a „fucking’ genius Just make sure you serve this clown in the next round for me.
The word „fucking‟ in the conversation belongs to obscenity type because
does not actually mean “to have sexual intercourse” but it is used to exaggerate the word „genius‟.
e. Vulgarism
Generally, these are expressions which are considered crude, raw, and come from the streets. Vulgar language is used to debase or devalue the thing or individual reffered to or described. I have to take a crap and Wow, look at her tits! are two vulgar utterances that would in some contexts be regarded as insentive, distasteful, and offensive.
Vulgarity and obscenity have the same reference especially to words or expressions that contain sexual anatomy and excretory function in a rough manner (Battistella, 2005, p. 72). The difference between vulgarity and obscenity is usually related to the level of prurience. In other words, vulgarity demonstrates the raw expression of street language (Jay, in Doyle, 2009, p. 1). Moreover, Jay (in Mercury, 1995, p. 30) asserts that vulgarity is used to humiliate or bring down the thing or individual referred to or described. The words that belong to this type are such as ass, tit, cock, dick, and cunt.
f. Expletives
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Besides, Anderson and Trudgill (as cited in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4) also categorized swear words into four types. There are many types of swearing which are usually used in people‟s communication. Each type of swearing has its own
distinctive characteristics that make it different from others. They are expletive, abusive, humorous, and auxiliary swearing. Each point is described as below: a. Expletive swearing
Expletive swearing is not directed to other people. It is used to express personal emotions, such as anger, shock, and frustration. Besides, it can also be expressed the emotion of joy and sorrow. Expletive swearing actually does not have specific meaning. Some examples in expletive swearing are Fuck!, Hell!, Shit!, and Goddamn it!.
b. Abusive swearing
Unlike the expletive swearing, abusive swearing is directed towards others. This type of swearing includes name calling and other cursing expressions that are offensive and causing insult. The function is to attack the addressee verbally. Some examples of abusive swearing in this type are, You lucky bastard!, You are an asshole!, and Go to the fucking hell!
c. Humorous swearing
d. Auxiliary swearing
Swearing can also be in a form of auxiliary. Auxiliary swearing is used to emphasize the intention through using some taboo words. In this case, the swearwords are not addressed to other people or situations. Yet, auxiliary swearing is a way of speaking that is sometimes known as „lazy speaking‟ and
„often or always non-emphatic‟. Some examples from this type of swearing are
This fucking X! and The bloody Y!.
Considering Jay‟s and Anderson and Trudgil‟s classification of the types are almost similar, the researcher of this study used Anderson and Trudgil‟s concept as the basic theory to answer the research questions about the types of swearing words because it is more relevant to the use of swear words in the Antologi Rasa novel.
5. Motives of Using Swear Words
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a. Psychological Motives
Every day in lives, everything can always go wrong. Somebody get frustated or even angry when unexpected events occur out of control or do not go according to plans. The common reaction is to release and to express our strong feelings by doing something or the certain ways. The real example is that when someone stumble over the rock, he/she will show reflex such as stamping his/her toe or simply let out a more or less forceful “argh”. However, following upon
frustation or anger, arising from an unexpected reason, most people unconsciously resort to swearing for an immidiate vent of emotion and the swear words come out orally.
Swearing is believed to be evolved as a tool of expressing emotions and releasing stress (Harran, 2010, p.3). Psychological motives in swearing are dealing with someone‟s emotions. In everyday life, people may get angry or
frustrated on something unpleasant or unexpected. The reaction or strong emotion towards the frustration or anger is usually released through physical violence towards something or verbal swearing.
Verbal swearing is considered to be harmless, to replace physical violence, and restore the stability of someone‟s emotions or feelings (Montagu in
Karjalainen, 2002, p. 25). In line with Montagu‟s opinion, Jay states that the function of swearing is similar with the function of horn in someone‟s car.
Therefore, it can be used to express someone‟s emotion or feeling, for instance
feelings that are involved in the psychological motives of swearing include non-emphatic feeling, anger, frustration, surprise, sorrow, and also joy.
b. Social Motives
There are a number of social motives for swearing which might be complex and quite deliberate. For example, we may swear to assert our identity in a group, to shock, to amuse, to insult, to indicate friendship, to mark social distance or social solidarity. Crystal (in Karjalainen, 2002) described that social swearing is the most common swearing pattern. When swearwords are used for these purposes, there is not necessarily any frustration or anger present.
Social motives for swearing are closely related to someone‟s social relationships with others through interaction. As previously mentioned, swearwords may possess different functions when they are uttered in different social contexts (Holmes, 2013, p. 283). Therefore, there are many social motives for people to swear.
People commonly swear, for instance, in order to amuse, insult, and also to shock someone. Moreover, it can also be used to indicate intimacy or friendship, strengthen a group identity, show social distance or solidarity, etc.
c. Linguistic Motives
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situations. According to Andersson (as cited in Karjalainen, 2002, p. 30), people are free to employ any words in vocabulary as long as they are capable to convey the messages people want to communicate. For instance, both sentences of “What a very nice rocking chair” and “What a fucking nice rocking chair” are acceptable. People have various ways of speaking in expressing themselves using different lexicons, grammatical structures, and the like.
Therefore, linguistic motives of swearing are not directed to others. They seem to appear as pure motives on linguistic subjects or to give emphasize on what people try to communicate. Indeed, linguistic motives can also show someone‟s way of speaking in daily life. This concept was applied as the main theory in answering the second research question related to the reasons or motives for swearing.
Furthermore, another reference was also obtained from the previous study which was conducted by one of ELESP students. However, the previous research focused on the meanings and the offensiveness of swearing. While this research has different focus which is related to the types and the motives of swearing. B. Theoretical Framework
researcher aims to investigate two important points of the objectives. The types of swear words and why the character in the Antologi Rasa novel.
In answering the first research question, the researcher used Andersson and Trudgill (in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4) theory that categorizes swear words into four types, which are:
1. Expletive swearing is swearing that is not directed to others, usually used to express personal feeling or emotion, e.g. shit!
2. Abusive swearing is swearing that is directed towards others and offensive, including bad name calling and cursing, e.g. You asshole!
3. Humorous swearing is swearing that is directed towards others but is delivered in a playful way, not serious tone and offensive, e.g. Get your ass in gear!
4. Auxiliary swearing is swearing that is complementary, not addressed towards others, and usually used as a way of speaking, e.g. It is fucking awesome!
In describing why the main character of the Antologi Rasa novel swears, the researcher used Andersson‟s theory that categorizes reasons of swearing into three parts. Those reasons are psychological motives, social motives and linguistic motives.
1. Psychological motives: in swearing, usually psychological motives deal with the expression of the speaker‟s emotion, like anger, surprise, joy, sorrow, etc.
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2. Social motives: social motives in swearing deal with the intents of the speaker to maintain or destruct his/ her relationship with others, including an effort to show social identity, to amuse someone, to insult someone, etc. For instance, black people may say hey, nigga to their black friend to indicate the strong relationship between them.
30 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter will discuss the research methodology applied in the research. The discussion is divided into six parts namely: research method, research setting, research participants or subjects, research instruments & data gathering techniques, data analysis, and research procedure.
A. Research Method
This research was a qualitative research. According to Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002), “Qualitative research focuses on understanding social
phenomena from the perspective of the human participants in the study” (p. 22).
Moreover, qualitative research gives depth understanding of the phenomenon rather than only shows numerical data. In conducting the research, the researcher did not make any deception since the purpose of qualitative research was to obtain data as natural as possible.
The researcher conducted a content analysis in this research. Ary et al. (2002) mentioned that “Content Analysis is a technique that enables writers to
study human behavior in an indirect way, through an analysis of their communication” (p. 472). The documents are usually written documents, namely
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answer the research questions. The researcher believed that content analysis is the suitable method in addressing the two formulated research questions because it will provide the researcher an overview of the phenomenon related to swear words.
B. Research Setting
This research was conducted at Sanata Dharma University as the requirement project of one of the compulsory subjects of the English Language Education Study Program, Thesis. The researcher obtained some books as the resources of the theories to answer the research questions in library where the access to some literature about linguistics is available. This setting was chosen in order to make the researcher easier to obtain the data and information needed for the research. Somehow, the place where this research was conducting is various such as boarding house, campus, library, café and anywhere at which the internet connection is available. Besides, the data were obtained in September 12, 2014. The data analysis itself was done in June 18, 2015.
C. Research Subject
D. Research Instruments & Data Gathering Techniques
In order to acquire the data to answer the two research questions, the researcher used two instruments namely human instrument and documents.
1. Human Instrument
An instrument is a tool or a device which is used to obtain the data. In this research, the researcher was the instrument of the research which was called as human instrument. The research could not be conducted without human instrument because it was the key instrument of the research. According to Poggenpoel and Myburgh (2003), the key in obtaining the data in a qualitative research is the researcher. Moreover, the researcher becomes the facilitator of the research. He or she facilitates the communication in order to gather rich data. In this research, the researcher did not only obtain the data, but also analyzed the data. Moreover, in this study, the research was continually driven from the planning stage, collecting data, analyzing and interpreting data, until reporting as well as concluding the research. Moleong also states that the researcher is directly and personally involved in the research which is conducted (2004, p. 56).
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types of swearing and the reasons for swearing. The format of the data sheet can be illustrated in the table below.
Table 3.1. Format of the Data Sheet of the Types of Swearing and Motives for Swearing in the Antologi Rasa Novel
No Page ES : Expletives Swearing PM : Psychological Motive ABS : Abusive Swearing SM : Social Motive
HS : Humorous Swearing LM : Linguistic Motive 2. Documents
novel was used to take some swear words existing in the novel. Meanwhile, the researcher also used other documents to answer the research questions. Those documents were some books borrowed from the library.
Besides, in order to ease the data gathering, the researcher then formulated the categories which were relevant to the investigation by coding. Fraenkel and Wallen (2006, p. 436) state that coding is a technique that is used in content analysis method. Coding is the analytic process through which data are fractured, conceptualized, and integrated to form theory. The table of the coding table can be seen in Table 3.1, which presents two objectives that became the main focus of the study, the types and of swearing and the motives for swearing. The format of the coding table shows how the researcher answered the first and the second research problems of the study.
E. Data Analysis
In order to analyze the data, the researcher followed several steps. Firstly, read all the content of the Antologi Rasa novel, and then, underlined the swear words which were used in the novel. The next step was to transcribe all the swear words that had been got from the novel. Then, the researcher classified the utterances which were used by the main character in the conversation with her friends or with herself (monologue).
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researcher analyzed the data and made a conclusion to answer the research questions.
F. Research Procedure
To answer the research questions, the writer had to undergone the systemic research procedure. This section described the several steps of finalizing this research.
36 CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part, the researcher answers the first research question about the types of swear words used in the Antologi Rasa novel. The second part, the researcher answers the second research question about the reasons for swearing in the Antologi Rasa novel. The data to answer those two research questions was obtained from the Antologi Rasa novel itself.
A. Findings
1. Types of Swear Words in the Antologi Rasa Novel
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Table 4.1. The Data Findings of the Types of Swearing
Types of Swearing Quantity Percentage (%)
Auxiliary Swearing (AUS) 26 56.5 %
Expletives Swearing (ES) 12 26.1 %
Abusive Swearing (AS) 4 8.7 %
Humorous Swearing (HS) 4 8.7 %
Total 46 100 %
From the table above, it can be seen that the Auxiliary Swearing (AUS) type is the most frequently appeared type among the other types, and it is followed by the Expletives Swearing (ES) type which is often used in the novel. Besides, the Abusive Swearing (ABS) type and Humorous Swearing (HS) type have the same quantity and percentage. Those are the classification of swear words based on the types which are used by the main character, Keara, in the novel. Based on the findings related to the types of swearing above, the auxiliary swearing takes the first position because the main character employed the auxiliary swearing in order to intensify the things she intended.
2. Motives for Swearing
Table 4.2 The Data Findings of the Motives of Swearing
Motives for Swearing Quantity Percentage (%)
Psychological Motive (PM) 23 50.00 %
Linguistic Motive (LM) 19 41.40 %
Social Motive (SM) 4 8.70 %
Total 46 100.0 %
Based on the table related to the motives for swearing above, it can be seen that the psychological motives take place at the first position because the main character mostly employed the swear words which were influenced by emotion. Besides, those psychological motives actually appeared in the monologue. Therefore, it can be seen that while the main character talked to herself (monologue), it has a tendency that she was influenced by the certain feelings such as anger, frustration, joy, regret, sadness, and surprise. However, in the novel the main character was mostly influenced by surprising things while she employed swearing words.
B. Discussion
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before, the researcher only focused on the main character. Furthermore, swearing expressions can be uttered by and directed to people from both the same and different social status. In the Antologi Rasa novel, most of the characters only swear to those who are from the same social status. One of the evidences of this act in the novel is that Keara as the main character swears to her best friend, Dinda, even though they come from the upper social status. The researcher might say that they are from the upper social because it is described in the novel that Keara and Dinda are working as bankers, but in the different offices.
Besides, swearing expressions can also be uttered among the people from different social statuses in their communication. For instance, people from upper social status can also swear to people from lower social status. However, this phenomenon cannot be found in the novel because there are only four characters in the novel and they come from the same social status. Thus, in answering the formulation of problems in Chapter I, discussions on the objectives of the study are explained below.
1. Types of Swear Words
that is used by Keara as the main character. Anderson and Trudgill stated that auxiliary swearing is utilized as a way of speaking or is known as „lazy speaking‟. It is expressed in often or always non-emphatic tone (as cited in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4). Besides, it is complementary, not addressed towards others. Based on this theory, Keara often uses auxiliary swearing because she uses those words in order to intensify something she is telling about. The words she uttered which are included in auxiliary swearing are not addressed to other characters in the novel. In addition, each type of swearing will be discussed below.
a. Expletives Swearing
The first swear word type that can be found in the novel is that expletive swearing. As stated in Chapter II, Anderson and Trudgill describe expletive swearing is not directed to other people. It is employed to express personal emotion and feeling such as anger, surprise, shock, and also joy (as cited in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4). The following dialogue is an example of this type of swearing.
Tapi harus kuakui, Haris hari ini….. ya bolehlah. Tubuhnya yang tinggi tegap dibungkus T-shirt putih bergaris blue cross seperti bendera Finlandia dan tulisan Raikkonen, celana pendek khaki selutut, dan brown leather. Puma sneakers tanpa kaus kaki. Pandangan matanya yang tajam ditutupi sunglasses Tag Heuer, produk yang di-endorsed oleh Kimi juga, pembalap favoritnya. Ganteng-ganteng atletis.
Craaaaap, I started to sound like one of his fans. Males banget. (Monologue) Page 36
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However, she describes it in her mind. After that, she realizes what she has done, If she is doing so, she is like one of Haris‟s fans. It is showed at the sentence
„Craaaaap, I started to sound like one of his fans‟. In this monologue, the word „Crap‟ is uttered, although it is only in her mind. In English, the word „crap‟ has the same meaning with „shit‟. This word does not have any correlation with the
following sentence. Therefore, the word „crap‟ in this sentence does not have any
specific meaning. It is not even directed to Haris or other characters in the novel. It is just employed to express shocked emotion while realizing that she is just like one of Haris‟s fans.
Another example of Expletives Swearing (ES) is in a dialogue. It is one of the short conversation containing swear words utterances while Keara and Haris are having a short vacation in Singapore.
Keara: “Oh, shiiit, Cosmopolitan-nya nendang gila.” Haris : “Slow down, Key.”
(Dialogue) Page 78 In the dialogue above, Keara and Haris had arrived in Singapore. Haris is also one of Keara‟s best friends and at that time they were having vacation in
Singapore. After arrived in there, Keara was amazed by the condition of the certain city in Singapore. It seems so different from the situation in Indonesia. Here, the term „shit‟ was uttered by Keara, as the main character of the novel,
b. Abusive Swearing
The second swear word type found in the Antologi Rasa novel was abusive swearing. As what Anderson and Trudgill stated in Chapter II, abusive swearing is usually directed to others, derogatory or insulting, and causing offense. This type of swearing includes name-calling and other cursing expressions (as cited in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4). The following dialogue/monologue illustrate the employment of this type of swearing in the novel.
“I‟ve always been wanted by dozens and dozens of men, you didn‟t want me, you son of a bitch.”
(Monologue) Page 82 In the monologue above, the type of abusive swearing is applied. Even though this is a monologue, the used of swear words, especially the type of abusive swearing is still possible. The phrase „son of a bitch‟ is uttered by Keara as the main character in order to curse the man, Ruly, who she loves. In the novel, Keara falls in love with Ruly, however, unfortunately Ruly does not give any special reaction which shows that he loves Keara. Therefore, with having full of frustrated feeling, she applied swear words in order to curse Ruly instead. However, she did not want to directly say so in front of Ruly. That is why she just tries to release her feeling by talking to herself. Here, the swear words „son of a bitch‟ belong to abusive type, but it did not cause any insult.
“This, I could get used to. Menikmati rayuan dan perhatian Panji tiga atau empat kali seminggu sebagai dosis yang tepat untuk meyakinkan diriku sendiri bahwa aku a great catch dan hanya si Ruly saja laki-laki buta di dunia ini yang tidak bisa melihat ini. I am such as an angry yet pathetic little bitch, aren‟t I?
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In the monologue above, she described that she could make men fall in love with her easily. It was showed how easy it was to get Panji‟s attraction. She even explained that she meets up three up to four times in a week with Panji. At the same time, she also complained that it is only Ruly, the man who cannot fall in love with her. In this case, it can be seen that Keara meets up with Panji in order to forget about Ruly for a while. However, while meeting up with Panji, they did not just go to somewhere such as watching movie and having dinner. They behave like they are in relationship. They are kissing one another, flirting, and doing activities which refers to sexual activity. Therefore, she realized that she is just like a pathetic bitch. She calls herself as a bitch. The word „bitch‟ is said by
herself and directed to herself. Here, the swear word which was used by Keara is a bit different with the previous example. Even though it is a monologue, but it caused insult which means that the insulted expression will effect herself.
c. Humorous Swearing
The third swear word type found in the Antologi Rasa novel is humorous swearing. As what has been stated by Anderson and Trudgill, humorous swearing occurs when swearing expression is uttered in a playful and humorous way (as cited in Lindahl, 2008, p. 4). It does not cause offense although it can be directed to others. The use of humorous swearing can be illustrated in the following examples.
sama nggak mau repotnya. Just two cool bitches strutting their stuff hahaha.
(Monologue) Page 66 In the monologue above, Keara says that she likes going somewhere and doing anything with boys while she was studying in the formal education. She thinks that having close relation with girls is complicated, sometimes girls talks behind someone‟s back and gossiping. However, she has one mate which happens
to be a girl who has the same thought with her, Dinda. She often calls Dinda as a bitch, but in this sentence she calls Dinda and herself as two bitches. Keara and Dinda do not take it as serious problem in calling one another as a bitch because they have very close relation. The word „bitch‟ does not refer to the word „whore‟.
But it is uttered and expressed in a playful and humorous situation.
Aku ingat Dinda pernah bilang bahwa mungkin aku jatuh cinta kepada Ruly karena dia itu sosoknya seperti seorang ayah yang selalu melindungi, yang ngemong, yang dewasa.
“Don‟t „freud‟ me, bitch,” kataku tertawa waktu Dinda menganalisis begitu.
(Dialogue) Page 186
In the dialogue above, Dinda is trying to find the main reason why Keara falls in love with Ruly. After knowing Dinda‟s opinion, Keara gives very short
comment “Don‟t „freud‟ me, bitch”. Here, the swearing term “bitch” is uttered by Keara. In general, the word “bitch” is not acceptable in daily conversation in
western culture. Somehow, it can be accepted if it is uttered towards friends in certain community. The Keara‟s reaction here does not offense Dinda at all and she does not regard Dinda as the real bitch, which means „whore‟. Besides, she is
