_____________________________________________________________________________
Xcalak Urban Landscape Design Manual
_____________________________________________________________________________ Matt Hogan, Jessica Johnson, et al.
1998
Citation:
Hogan, M., J. Johnson, et al. 1998. Xcalak Urban Landscape Design Manual. Syracuse, New York: State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Dept. of Landscape
Architecture. 26pp.
For more information contact: Pamela Rubinoff, Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island. 220 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882 Telephone: 401.874.6224 Fax: 401.789.4670 Email: rubi@gso.uri.edu
This five year project aims to conserve critical coastal resources in Mexico by building capacity of NGOs, Universities, communities and other key public and private stakeholders to promote an integrated
approach to participatory coastal management and enhanced decision-making. This publication was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development’s Office of
Guidelines for Development
Xcalak
by Matt Hogan, Jessica Johnson, Tim Schreiber, and the Residents of Xcalak, Quintana Roo, Mexico
December 23, 1998
2 Introduction
4 Community Planning Process
8 Development Districts
10 Centro District
14 Residential District
18 Coastal District
22 Recommendations
24 Next Steps
Thank you to the people of Xcalak for your participation, enthusiasm, and making us feel a part of your community!
Table of Contents
Thanks, Dana Wusinich, for your dedication, assistance, helping us fit in, and, of course,
your friendship.
Thanks, Professor Cheryl Doble, for the continuous advice, encouragement,
and understanding.
Thank you, Carlos Lopez, and Amigos de Sian Ka’an, for supporting the Xcalak
communities within the area. Accord-ing to the complicated zonAccord-ing maps accompanying the plan, Xcalak is slated for commercial tourism devel-opment, while the existing community is to be relocated to an area further inland, near the newly constructed airport.
Amigos de Sian Ka’an, a non-profit group that coordinates environ-mental projects in and around the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, has taken an interest in conserving both the unique ecosystems and the residential community of Xcalak. In an effort to help residents take an active role in this region’s growing tourism indus-try, Amigos has established programs to teach English and natural history to the residents. These programs are already proving beneficial to the community. Residents are working to have their coral reef declared an offi-cially protected area, are developing programs and activities for tourists, and are playing an active role in the development of Xcalak.
Introduction
Xcalak is a small fishing village on the Caribbean Coast of the
Yucatan Peninsula. Despite the ex-tensive tourism development along the Cancun-Tulum corridor to the north, Xcalak has experienced little tourism development due to its re-mote location.
Recently, the government of the state of Quintana Roo has turned its eye toward the coral reef and un-spoiled shoreline of the southern coast as another potential tourist destination on a scale with its north-ern coast. In 1993, Govnorth-ernor Mario Villanueva sanctioned a plan for the development of this area called The Costa Maya Plan. This plan lays out development zones along the coast from the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Re-serve south to Xcalak.
While The Costa Maya Plan
displays a degree of sensitivity to the natural resources by calling for sus-tainable energy sources and limiting size of construction, it overlooks the importance of preserving existing The Yucatan Peninsula
(map courtesy of Amigos de Sian Ka’an)
Meetings were held with the residents and vistors to review progress and to discuss revisions. This document, Guidelines for
Development, is the result of a col-laborative effort between Amigos de Sian Ka’an and the Faculty of Land-scape Architecture at the State Uni-versity of New York College of Envi-ronmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse, New York, USA. Three landscape architecture students worked with Amigos’ staff and the residents of Xcalak to develop a strat-egy for growth that protects the resi-dents’ valued resources and reflects their future vision of the community. This document records the planning process and the community’s pre-ferred development plan. The text and graphic images present the community’s vision and illustrate design strategies that can be used to manage development appropriate to that vision. It is intended that this document be used to guide future planning and to facilitate discussions with local, state, and federal officials.
participatory process in which the students learned from the residents and the residents in turn evaluated design proposals developed by the students. The findings and recom-mendations are the result of several community-wide meetings, many individual conversations and an un-derstanding of the community gained through the students’ three-month residency in Xcalak. This document,
Guidelines for Development, is a summary of the planning process, community vision, and proposed design strategy.
The first community-wide meet-ings encouraged residents to look at their town and to consider and iden-tify what they valued about the com-munity, as well as what makes Xcalak unique from any other place. Resi-dents considered the physical, social, and historic character of the village, and described their images of the community.
With a clear understanding of the community, the residents then consid-ered the issues associated with future change and listed the opportunities
Community Planning Process
The people of Xcalak were the cornerstone of this project.
Working with the Amigos staff and the residents of Xcalak, the land-scape architecture students facilitated a community-based process to identify local resources, to articulate a commu-nity vision for future growth, and to identify a design strategy that would fulfill that vision.
This community planning process took place in Xcalak over a three-month period from September-No-vember of 1998. It was based on a
and constraints that might influence the way change occurs. These issues, opportunities, and constraints then formed the framework for developing a vision for the town.
Once the vision had been clearly articulated, meetings focused on how the community could move toward achieving this vision. Goals to meet the vision were established, as well as preliminary objectives. The student design team then identified five alter-native development schemes and, working with the residents, measured them against the community vision, goals, and objectives. Schemes that did not meet the goals and objectives were removed from further consider-ation. The remaining schemes were further discussed and evaluated, and ideas in those plans were integrated into a single plan that addressed com-munity concerns and met their desires. That plan is the basis of this booklet,
Issue
Opportunity
Constraint
Challenge
Issues are matters of concern to the community as they think about the growth of Xcalak. Issues can be opportunities, constraints, and chal-lenges. Opportunities are conditions that the community can capitalize on, while constraints are circumstances that limit change. Challenges are situations that are presently problem-atic but could be resolved.
A vision is a clear statement of the community’s desired future--a realistic dream of what it wants to be. The community uses the vision to guide ensuing growth, development, and change. Goals are broad, action-oriented statements that describe what the community needs to do to move toward its vision. Objectives state the actual steps of how the community will achieve goals.
The community’s vision for Xcalak is “to become a thriving town where the needs of both long-term residents and tourists happily coincide while retaining its character of a tranquil Caribbean fishing village.” Goals were defined to achieve this vision and are listed on the next page. The objectives for these goals are stated as recommendations in the “Next Steps” section of this document.
Time new development is not imminent and there is time to prepare...
to have a clearly thought out strategy in place which people are prepared to implement
however, time is limited
a large portion of the land is owned by non-residents who may not be aware of the community vision there is a substantial amount of
vacant and undeveloped land
some lands are ecologically sensitive, thus limiting development types
Growth Area
Waste Management lack of organization, expertise, and
money people realize it is a problem and
want to fix it
none
Infrastructure existing infrastructure encourages
low-impact and self-sufficient development
existing infrastructure is unreliable and somewhat random
to acquire assistance and funding to organize and construct a reliable, cohesive system
access to and from other towns is currently limited and laborious remote location has preserved
Xcalak’s unique, attractive character
providing better access for visitors while retaining remote character
Access
Support ongoing and strong relationships with Amigos de Sian Ka’an, World
Wildlife Federation, University of Quintana Roo, etc.
to take a stronger role and partner more vigorously with government and non-government organizations
none
Services opportunities to develop new busnesses
lack of trained personnel and opportu-nities for them to serve once they are trained
none
The Vision of
Xcalak
To become a thriving town where the needs of both long term resi-dents and tourists happily coincide
while retaining its character of a tranquil Caribbean fishing village.
Goals to Achieve the Vision
Maintain Centro as community center. Maintain public access to beach.
Maintain diversified economy. Conserve the natural environment.
Maintain sandy streets. Continue architectural styles.
Retain public spaces (soccer field, park, beach). Preserve history and culture.
Centro: Spanish for “down-town”, the Centro refers to the existing village. This area will continue to be the social and civic center of the community and will main-tain the current mix of residential and commercial activities. Future develop-ment will occur through renovation of existing buildings, and construction on cleared and vacant lots.
Development Districts
Residents identified three types of development that they expect to occur in and around Xcalak — residential, tourist and expanded commercial ac-tivities. Based on the proposed land uses, the students delineated three distinct development areas within the plan: Centro, Residential, and Coastal.
The three sections that follow describe the desired development patterns and built character of each area through text and graphic images. This information is intended to iden-tify significant design, planning and infrastructure issues for each area and to provide a framework to guide future decision making by the community, planners and developers.
Residential: This develop-ment area is located inland from the existing village and the proposed coastal development area. This land has little appeal to developers as it does not front the coast and is therefore expected to remain available to local residents and newcomers who relocate to Xcalak seeking employment in the growing tourist market.
Coastal: The coastal devel-opment area is located on land fronting the Caribbean Sea to the north and south of town. For the most part, this land is cur-rently undeveloped and is owned by outside investors. It is expected that this area will be developed for tourist residences.
Public Space: This area overlaps each of the other three development areas and is discussed within the respective sections. Generally, the entire length of the coast is expected to remain an area accessible by all people. Other public spaces include the park, the soccer field, and the land south of the soccer field where the potable water and electric facilities are sited. Caribbean Sea
Lagoon Lagoon
T
o Aguada and
New Highway
Development Limit
North
Centro District
The location of the CentroDis-trict was one of the most important issues in strategizing the development of Xcalak. Residents were adamant that the Centro remain where it is, as it is: the geographic, social, and commercial center of the Xcalak area.
The Centro District comprises most of the existing Village of Xcalak, includ-ing stores, businesses, restaurants, public and educational services, and homes. Development in this area is welcomed, as long as it is sensitive to issues of beach access, community character, and local history.
Most importantly, as new devel-opment occurs the beach must remain accessible to the public. The beach is an essential part of Xcalak, for com-mercial reasons—fisherman launch their boats from the beach—as well as for social activities—evening soccer games are a regular cause for gather-ing on the beach. Designate the coast road and the streets leading to the beach as public access routes to the beach. If the coast road is maintained, and development is restricted to the area west of the road, the road will create a buffer between the public beach and the privately owned The existing main street of Xcalak (above) has ample space for growth.
Infilling empty lots and abandoned buildings (below) with businesses and homes will result in a strong, unified corridor that projects a the image and reality of a healthy, thriving town.
adjacent properties, allowing continued public access to the beach. Consider building a public bath and locker room on or near the beach. In addition, the exist-ing park near the beach should be fin-ished, and the soccer field improved, so these areas will become useful and attrac-tive public open spaces.
The Centro should remain a mixed-use area, where locals can continue to live and operate busi-nesses. Currently there are numer-ous undeveloped lots and abandoned buildings that provide ample space for growth in this area. Assess abandoned buildings for reuse, and develop
empty lots to accommodate new buildings. All new buildings should reflect the architectural character of Xcalak (see page 16). The lower level of structures could hold businesses, restaurants, stores, public services, and educational ser-vices, while upper levels could be used for office and residential space. The spaces around the buildings should be treated in a manner similar to the residential yards (see page 15), but adapted to the individual needs of the activity within the building.
By maintaining the coast road and limiting development to the area west side of the road, the village will be able to establish a public beach and the coast road will serve as a buffer edge between “public” and “private” lands. The road could remain a vehicular route, or it could be designed as a pedestrian walkway.
Encourage the use of golf carts within the Centro and use shuttle bus service to provide transportation between the Centro, the resorts and communities along the coast road. This will de-crease vehicular traffic in the Centro, while maintaining the slower-paced, pedestrian friendly way of life that is characteristic of Xcalak. This will also encourage interaction between visitors and locals, preserve the sand streets, reduce the fuel consumption, decrease pollution, and maintain the unique character of Xcalak.
Finally, there are three remaining structures, including the old light-house, which survived Hurricane Janet that should be preserved as a reminder Xcalak’s past. These are unique resources that provide a start-ing point from which residents and visitors are able to interpret the rich history of Xcalak.
Residential District
Tourism brings more than visitors— it also brings jobs. People will immi-grate to Xcalak looking for work and a place to make a home. The residential areas of Xcalak will have to expand, and issues of location, street patterns, lot layout, and architectural scale and char-acter must be addressed.
The first areas likely to be developed for new residential use are the empty lots within the Centro District. As this area becomes filled, residential growth will creep west toward the lagoons, and south past the windmills. The most densely populated residential areas will most likely ring the Centro District, and fol-low the road to the Aguada. Develop-ment should only occur on land suitable for construction. Be sure to delineate conservation easements around the la-goons and other sensitive areas before
they are threatened by development.
The future streets of Xcalak should reflect the existing streets in scale, mate-rial, and pattern. The streets of Xcalak form an elongated grid, with the major streets running north-south, parallel to the coast, and intersected at regular intervals by cross streets, running east-Xcalak has a very
close-knit community. Houses only a few feet apart, porches, narrow streets, and shared wells foster friendships. To retain the small-town, everyone-knows-everyone-else feel in Xcalak, maintain these elements in new residential development.
west. The main street is the widest, the coast road is not as wide, and residential streets are the narrowest. Both the main street and coast road have a sand surface, while the residential streets are practi-cally grass, with two sand tracks.
New residential blocks should be laid out in a pattern that reflects the existing blocks, which are formed by the street grid. The existing blocks are one lot wide, and vary in length according to the spacing of the east-west streets. Individual lots are only a bit wider than their respective houses, and have access from both the front and the rear. The area behind houses, and underneath, if applicable, is used for work and play, and tends to have a variety of sheds, clotheslines, and other structures for storage and workplaces.
Houses tend to be sited on the edge of the lot closest to main street and face the direction of main street. New build-ings built between the Centro District and the lagoons should follow this estab-lished pattern. Structures west of the soccer field along the road to the Aguada could either continue the pattern of
facing main street, or take on a new
Future residential development should follow the existing pattern with blocks that are only one lot deep and with structures facing the main street (above).
pattern of facing the Aguada road, which would become the east-west main street of Xcalak.
The majority of properties are fenced, by wood, wire, concrete block, rope, vegetation, or shells. Whatever material is used, marking property lines seems to be an important concept and certainly adds to Xcalak’s charac-ter. Maintain this pattern and encour-age variety in material and treatment.
Formal street plantings are not suggested for the residential areas, and single species plantings should be avoided. Instead, residents should plant the trees, shrubs, and other types of vegetation they want or need for privacy, shade, food, and aesthetics. The variety of forms, style, color, and species created by this method helps establish a richness that a predeter-mined plan could not easily achieve.
New homes—and in fact, all new construction—should reflect existing residential architecture in scale, mate-rials, and detailing. This will help distinguish the physical character of Xcalak, and will employ the skills and knowledge of local craftsmen and Wooden buildings on stilts are the type of architecture residents and visitors most associate with Xcalak (above).
Concrete houses can range from modest simplicity to intricate detail (bottom right and left). Some homes and businesses are built in the Mayan style, with stick and stone walls and thatched roofs.
builders. According to residents, wooden homes built on stilts are the architectural style that most contrib-utes to the character of Xcalak. Other types of architecture found in Xcalak include concrete block buildings, which some residents feel are most economical and durable, and Mayan wood-concrete-thatch structures, which seem to be used more for res-taurants and service buildings than homes. Thus, the variety of architec-ture in Xcalak should be maintained, with a predominance of wooden homes on stilts.
The height of structures should also vary, from one-story buildings resting on the ground, to structures aloft on stilts that may be three-meters tall. Houses are typically rectangular in shape, but additions and porches add interesting and varied forms. The scale of homes should be similar to existing houses.
All buildings should incorporate the typical details of the Xcalak archi-tecture: porches with patterned rail-ings, peaked roofs, shutter or slat windows, and brightly painted sur-faces.
This house has many of the common details unique to Xcalak’s architecture: the shuttered window (without glass), the plank fence, the lush vegetation, wooden construction, peaked roof, and stilts. The other photos depict some variations of the architectural details: clockwise, from the right, a porch, walled with decora-tive cast concrete blocks; a window with a panel shutter and trim; louvered windows; and a cut-piece wooden porch railing.
Coastal District
Coastal lands are expected to experience the greatest tourism devel-opment, as they offer proximity to Xcalak’s greatest tourist amenity, the Caribbean Sea. Currently there are large areas of undeveloped land along the ocean north and south of the Centro District which are designated as the Coastal District in this plan. Ideally there will be a mix of tourist and residential development in this area. Tourism development will
likely dominate, and residential devel-opment is most likely to occur west of the coast road.
The Coastal District would be typified by small resorts, beach areas, natural areas, and some hotel-sup-ported services such as restaurants and dive shops. All other services would be located in the Centro Dis-trict to encourage visitors to support local businesses and decrease the need for further development in the Coastal District. New development should address issues of scale and character, environmental impact, and the variety of offered services.
Xcalak already has several good examples of coastal
development—Marina Mike’s (above) and Costa de Cocos (right). As seen from the ocean and up close, the buildings blend beauti-fully into the environment due to their low height, small scale, and natural materials.
Construction should occur at a reasonable distance from the coast, retaining as much vegetation as possible along the shoreline to prevent excessive erosion and damage during storm
surges. Environmentally sensitive areas along the coast should be preserved to protect the shore from erosion, provide space for the continuation of existing ecosystems, and improve the visual character of the area from both sea and land. These areas would also provide buffers
between developments, maintain-ing the remote character of the area.
Building types, construction methods, and materials selection should be consid-ered to conserve the distinctive architec-tural character of Xcalak (see page 16), and to enable local craftsmen and build-ers to participate in construction.
New construction should be limited in size and no buildings should be larger
than two stories in height, which is roughly a bit shorter than the existing vegetation. The people of Xcalak prefer cabana-type construction for resorts and hotels, the accommodations being split into a number of small buildings rather than a single, large building.
Beyond the Centro, the coast road will remain the major route to the north and south of Xcalak, connecting small hotels and homes to the services in the Centro District. As density increases and land availability decreases, secondary roads may be constructed behind and parallel to the coast road.
Developers in the Coastal District will find it useful to manage their own power, water, and waste pro-grams as the existing infrastructure is extremely limited. Windmills and solar cells, combined with a diesel generator, currently provide electric-ity for Xcalak. Power lines carry electricity from the energy converter to homes and businesses between the bridge at the north end of town and the windmills. Residents augment the town electricity with personal solar cells and generators. Hoteliers out-side of town rely on their own power systems, much like Xcalak’s, but of a smaller scale. Rainwater collection can provide water for bathroom uses and “living machine” gardens can be used as effective wastewater filters doubling as an aesthetic element.
If the resort developers are re-sponsible for power, water, and waste, there will be a de facto limit to the size of growth in the coastal area. Each of these “alternative” infrastruc-ture systems has a limited capacity, beyond which they become either uneconomical or impractical. This practice, therefore, will discourage Wind mills, solar cells, and a generator provide
the electric for Xcalak. Presently the power lines (above) do not extend much beyond the edge of the village. By developing individual power systems rather than extending the lines, new development will occur on a smaller scale and in a scattered pattern, which will help to retain the coast’s remote character.
unsustainable developments, protect-ing the natural environment. If
Xcalak’s power system continues to be based on sustainable energy, develop-ment will occur at a slower and more manageable pace than if powerlines are extended from Chetumal or a neighboring town. This will permit Xcalak to manage the new develop-ment more effectively. Not only will Xcalak be able to boast that it is one of few communities in the world that is truly environment-friendly, but it will it will be a forerunner in environ-mental living and ecotourism—a community the world can learn from.
Between the lack of proper disposal facilities and the amount of trash washed upon the shore, waste management is currently a problem in Xcalak. Facilities are needed for separating trash, and most importantly, people need to be educated so that they understand the effect their actions on their town and its natural environs.
Recommendations
Until recently, Xcalak has been at the end of a long jostling road, and only the few who knew what was there made the journey. Now the construction of a new highway and other improvements have brought new development pressure and the community is at a critical turn-ing point. The residents are aware that they have a valuable commodity in the unique natural resources of their loca-tion and they would like to benefit from this without losing what they value. The people of Xcalak have seen what has happened along the Caribbean coast to the north, at places like Playa del Carmen and Cancun, and know how
tended to help them plan for and manage future change. Residents in Xcalak are preparing for their future by participating in educational and planning programs. Through this project, the residents of Xcalak con-sidered future growth alternatives and began to develop a strategy to guide that development. They clarified their image of the town and described their desired vision for its future. Issues, opportunities, and constraints were identified. A preliminary strategy for development was proposed suggesting where different development activities might occur and describing the desired those communities have been
dis-placed and forgotten. Some in Xcalak think this might be their destiny as well. However, others in the commu-nity have considered new directions and have a different vision for Xcalak; they see an alternative, an opportunity to manage change in a way that will benefit the community rather than eliminate it.
Due to the relatively limited land area on the peninsula, maintain the scale and pattern of existing development in all new construction.
3
character of that development. Withinthis plan are several recommendations that set the foundation for community growth in a manner desired by resi-dents.
All new development should be considered in light of the following recommendations:
ment by building on vacant lots. The current mix of uses should be contin-ued and “sacred places”—like the beach, the main street, the tiendas, and the ruins of Hurricane Janet—should be preserved.
Do not relocate the existing community. Maintain the present location and character of the Centro District. The Centro should remain the commercial and civic center of Xcalak. This area can grow to accommodate new
develop-1
Maintain the beach road and ensure public access along the length of the beach.
2
Require new and existing development to use renewable resources and follow sus-tainable development practices.
4
The government should continue to request and encourage the public’s involovement in planning and decision-making. The public should fulfill the government’s request as strong, motivated partners.
5
Next Steps
Planning is an on-going pro-cess; it is never done. Guidelines for Development looks specifically at the physical development of the commu-nity—how and where it might grow. The following actions are suggested as the next steps in this process. In some cases they suggest the continua-tion of ongoing activities and in other cases they suggest additional studies that are needed to provide the detailed information necessary to make re-sponsible decisions.
Secure the futures of your children.
Because of the dense settle-ment patterns in the Centro, it will be necessary to carefully man-age solid waste, septic and water systems. Hire a professional to study and develop a proposal for infrastruc-ture in Xcalak. The study should explore different alternatives, provide cost estimates, and suggest funding strategies. Seek financial assistance from appropriate institutions to assist in the implementation.
1
final strategy, all the people of Xcalak should get in the habit of separating organic from inorganic waste, collect-ing waste rather than throwcollect-ing it out the window, and organizing periodic community clean-ups. Most impor-tantly, educate the community about trash—what happens to it, what can be done with it, and how it affects Xcalak’s image and the world’s envi-ronment.
Organize a committee to plore solutions for handling waste and to obtain professional help. While the committee searches for a
2
The community has care-fully studied environmental issues and concerns in earlier plan-ning studies and developed the
Normas Practicas to guide appropri-ate planning and development activi-ties. The findings and recommenda-tions of Guidelines for Development
plan need to be considered in rela-tionship to the earlier studies and either coordinated or integrated to assure that a consistent and compre-hensive approach to planning is main-tained.
3
Strengthen relationships with government and non-government organizations that have political and legal standing, such as Amigos de Sian Ka’an, World
Wild-4
From all of Xcalak’s efforts to pre-serve the coral reef, to develop rela-tionships with supportive organiza-tions, and to participate in this plan-ning process, it seems the community has made its decision as to which way it will go along this new road of
change. Following the recommenda-tions within Guidelines for Develop-ment will help Xcalak to put its best foot forward on the journey to achiev-ing its goals and its vision:
“to become a thriving town where the needs of both long-term residents and tourists happily coincide while
retaining its character of a tranquil Caribbean fishing village.”
life Federation, etc. They have pro-vided valuable assistance in the past and their support will be important as Xcalak begins to move forward with planning initiatives. Xcalak will have to work for what Xcalak wants— these groups will help.
Prepare review procedures and guidelines for new
develoment within the town. These guidelines should complement or be incorporated in the Normas
Practicas.
5
Continue to develop and offer tourist services. Identify strategies to provide the services and acquire/build necessary resources. Begin with small projects, such as building a trail or boardwalk so the nature guides have a place to offer their program. Small projects are easier-to-handle, less expensive, and can often be accomplished with local resources. Help service providers gain experience now, while there are only a few tourists, to prepare for the future, when there will be many more.
6
Continue to offer educational training programs to town
7
residents to help them prepare for and deliver tourist services. In addition to the courses in English and Field
Biology offer courses in business management, marketing and service provision.
Identify funding sources to support planning and commu-nity development projects and seek assistance to prepare applications for these funds.
