DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS ON TRANSLATED TEXT OF
SURAH AN-
NISA’ IN QUR’AN
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
NUR AFITA KHOIRUN NISAK Reg. Number A03212059
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
ABSTRACT
Nisak, Nur Afita Khoirun. 2016. Directive Speech Act on Translated Text of surah An-nisa’ in Qur’an. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor : Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M.Pd
Key words : Directive, Speech Act, Translated Text of The Qur’an
Directive is a kind of illocutionary act that tries to make hearer do something what the speaker wants. Directives are frequently used in everyday speech. The aim of this research is to examine the types of directives and their function.
The method of this research was descriptive qualitative by using the source of the data translated text of Surah An-Nisa’ on the Qur’an. The researcher is the main instrument to collected and analysed data. The collected data are analysed by identifying the data, classifying the data based on each type, describing the classified data and drawing a conclusion.
INTISARI
Nisak, Nur Afita Khoirun. 2016. Directive Speech Act on Translated Text of surah An-nisa’ in Qur’an. Skripsi. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing : Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M.Pd
Kata Kunci : Direktif, Tindak Tutur, Text Terjemahan Qur’an
Direktif adalah salah satu jenis tindak tutur ilokusi yang mencoba untuk membuat pendengar melakukan sesuatu yang penutur inginkan. Direktif sering digunakan dalam pembicaran sehari-hari. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji macam-macam direktif dan fungsinya.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan sumber data terjemahan surat An-Nisa’ dalam Al-Qur’an. Peneliti merupakan instrumen utama untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data. Data yang telah dikumpulkan dianalisa dengan cara mengidentifikasinya, mengklasifikasikannya berdasarkan tipe masing-masing, mendeskripsikan klasifikasi data dan menarik kesimpulan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ... i
Inside Title Page ... ii
Declaration Page ... iii
Motto ... iv
Dedication Page ... v
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page ... vi
Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page ... vii
Acknowledgement... viii
Table of Contents ... x
Abstract ... xiii
Intisari ... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of Study ... 1
1.2Research Problems ... 4
1.3Research Objectives ... 4
1.4Significance of the Study ... 4
1.5Scope and Limitation ... 5
1.6Definition of Key Terms ... 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Pragmatics ... 7
2.2Speech Acts ... 9
2.4Directive Speech Acts ... 13
2.5Types of Directive Speech Acts ... 14
2.6Translation Work ... 15
2.7Qur’an Surah An-Nisa’ ... 16
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1Research Design ... 17
3.2Data Collection... 17
- Data and Data Sources ... 17
- Instruments ... 18
- Techniques of Data Collection ... 18
3.3Data Analysis ... 19
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1Findings ... 24
4.1.1 The Types of Directives ... 24
4.1.1.1 Requirements... 25
4.1.1.2 Questions ... 28
4.1.1.3 Prohibitions ... 28
4.1.1.4 Permissions ... 31
4.1.1.5 Advices ... 34
4.1.2 The Function of Directives... 38
4.1.2.1 Command ... 39
4.1.2.3 Permit ... 42
4.1.2.4 Forbid ... 44
4.1.2.5 Suggest ... 47
4.2 Discussions ... 49
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1Conclusion ... 52
5.2Suggestion ... 53
REFERENCES ... 54
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter includes the background of the study, research problem, research objectives, significance of the Study, scope and limitation, and definition of key term.
1.1 Background of Study
Pragmatics is one of linguistic studies. One of the main studies in pragmatics is concern how people understand what the speaker utters. When the speaker produces the utterance, it is as a form of activity or action. The components of communication itself are speaker, message and hearer. It means that if there is no one of the components, there will not be communication. Communication occurred between two people or more. In the speech or communication, there are three process, those are what we say (locutionary), what we mean when we say (illocutionary) and what we perform by saying it (perlocutionary). This process could be called speech acts.
Since speech acts found by Austin, many studies on illocutionary acts have been done. This research is a partial study of illocutionary acts, with a particular focus on directives. Searle classified illocutionary act into five classes, they are: assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives.
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make the hearer do what they want. Situation in conversation can be seen in some aspects, such as who is the hearer, what things speaker wants to say, and time of conversation.
In recent years, there are some studies in directive speech acts that have been done by some researchers in various genres. Such examples are analyzing Arabic-English bilinguals (Atawneh, 1991), Slovak Carpathian Romani (Racova, 2005), children (Alexandra, 2012), Iranian Nursery School Children (Arani, 2012), tembang dolanan (Winarti, et. Al. 2015), and movies (see Oktoberia (2012), Minasih (2015), Dukhan (2015)). All of them examine the directives speech acts in different methods and problems.
Alexandra (2012) found that the respond of the directive, children usually initiate with the debate before do what their parents order. Then, Racova (2005) found directive having a form of order, command or request. The content directive illocutionary act may be formulated by various means: grammatical (imperative) and lexical (specific performants, particles, conjunctions) and also by modal verb, modal particles and interrogative, indicative and conditional sentences.
Whereas, the previous study which related with this research is the research that was conducted by Lidya Oktoberia (UNP, 2012) entitled Directive
Speech Acts Used in Harry Potter – The Deathly Hallow and Bride wars Movie
Script. The research used the source of data two movie that have different genres
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film Harry Potter-The Deathly Hallow is command. In the comedy film Bride
Wars, the dominant type of directive speech act is request.
There are many media can be analyze using directive, such as Qur’an. In
this research the researcher uses the translated text of the Qur’an, surah An-Nisa’
by Abdel Haleem. Abdel Haleem’s translation has been known by many people.
Moreover, there are some people was comments Abdul Haleem’s translation, one of them is Shah (2010). He states that the language of Abdul Haleem’s translation is easy to read and comprehend and always opts for contemporary usage and sentence structure and avoids confusing phrases. The researcher uses Abdul
Haleem’s translation because the usage of language and structure is easy to
understand. So this is why the researcher uses this translation.
Surah An-Nisa’ contains 176 verses that revealed in Medina. Its contents discusses inheritance, marriage law, how to deal with children and orphans, legal practice, and the others. The subject of this surah are marriage, equitable distribution of property after death, the necessity of obeying leader and so on. Some of the verses discuss about women and family affairs suitable with the name of the surah, An-Nisa’ means women.
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Qur’an, especially surah An-Nisa’. So that is why the researcher uses this surah as
the object of the research.
Based on the explanation above, the researcher intends to study directive
speech acts on the Abdel Haleem’s translated text of surah An-Nisa’ using the
theory of directive by Bach and Harnish (in Ibrahim, 1993).
1.2Research Problems
The writer makes some statement of problems, so that can make the writer easy to do the research. The some problem statements of this research are:
1. What are the types of directive speech acts used on the translated text of
An-Nisa’ in Qur’an?
2. What are the functions of directive speech acts implied on the translated text of An-Nisa’ in Qur’an?
1.3Research Objectives
Based on the research problem above, the objectives of this research are as follow:
1. To find out the types of directive speech acts used on the translated text of
surah An-Nisa’ in Qur’an.
2. To know the functions of the directive speech acts implied on the translated
text of surah An-Nisa’ in Qur’an.
1.4Significance of the Study
The writer shows the importance of directive speech acts analysis to
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hopes that the result of the research is expected to be used as one of source information about directive speech act, especially types and functions of directive
speech acts in Qur’an and enlarge knowledge about directive speech act. And the
researcher hopes that this research will be useful for further research.
The result may help the readers of the Qur’an, especially surah An-Nisa’
to understand more about the content of the surah particularly the directive which includes commanding and forbidding.
1.5Scope and Limitations
This research is primarily taken with the scope of studying of the directive speech acts are used on the translated text of surah An-Nisa’ in Qur’an. In order to make the research more specific. That is why the writer wants to limit the problems to the analysis of the data that focused on directive speech acts and function of directive speech acts used on the translated text of surah An-Nisa’ in
Qur’an. The researcher applies directive speech act theory proposed by Bach and
Harnish (in Ibrahim 1993).
1.6Definition of Key Terms
- Speech acts are the unit of the language used to express meaning, act and
an expression that expresses the intention.
- Illocutionary speech act related to the communicative effect of an
utterance.
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter, the researcher presents some theories that related with the field.
2.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is one of linguistic studies that concerns to the intention of utterance not the sentence spoken. There are so many definition of pragmatic that presented in any source through idea of many expert. Such as, Yule (1996:3) states that pragmatic concerns with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by hearer (reader). It is possible if speaker’s utterances can be interpreted in various ways relate to some aspect. Those aspects are context, culture, situation and the closeness relationship between speaker and hearer.
Kreidler (1998:18) states that pragmatic is another branch of linguistics that is concerned with meaning. While peccei (1999:5) states that pragmatic concentrates on the aspect of meaning that could not be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and take into account our knowledge about physical and social world. The focus of pragmatic analysis is on the meaning of words or sentence.
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From the definitions above, it can be drawn that pragmatics is the study of
speaker’s intension to the hearer which relates to the context how the language is
used.
According to Yule (1996:129-133) pragmatics study covers: a. Entailment
Entailment is the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (A) requires the truth of the other (B)
b. Implicature
Implicature is the relationship between two statements where the truth of one suggests the truth of the other, but distinguishing implicature from entailment does not require two statement.
c. Presupposition
Presupposition is an assumption about the word whose thruth is taken for granted in discourse.
d. Speech Act
Speech act is the study of how we do things with utterance. There are three basics in saying utterance namely: Locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.
e. Deixis
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2.2 Speech Acts
The speech act theory firstly founded by Austin in 1962 and further developed by Searle in 1969. Speech acts are acts of communication. Speech acts theory explain how the speaker use language intended action and how the hearer intended meaning form what the speaker said. According to Peccei (1999:43) speech act is an act that a speaker performs, when making an utterance.
Austin (in Levinson, 1983:236) describes that there are three kinds of speech act, those are:
Locutionary is the performance of an utterance. It also called the act of
saying something.
Example: “Will You pay my tuition?”
From the sentence above, we know that this utterance is kind of interrogative utterance, it is consist of 5 words.
Illocutionary is performing an act in saying something. It is also called the
act of doing something. Example: “Leave me alone!”
From the sentence above, the speaker demands that the hearer carry out the action desired by the speaker.
Perlocutionary is the effect of what the speaker said. It is also called the
act of affecting someone.
Example: “Jones is a disreputable businessman.” From the sentence above, the speaker effect the hearer:
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- Hearer avoids Jones.
Whereas Yule (1996: 48) also divided speech acts into three categories. The first, Locutionary act is the basic utterance or producing a meaningful linguistic expression. The second, Illocutionary act is performed via communicative force of an utterance. And the last, Perlocutionary act creates an utterance with a function without intending it to have an effect.
2.3 Illocutionary Acts
Austin (Coulthard, 1985:18) states that Illocutionary acts are acts performed in saying something. Some linguists have attempted to classify illocutionary acts into a number of categories or types.
Austin divided illocutionary speech acts into five major classes, those are veridictives, exercitives, commissives, behabities and expositives.
According to Searle (Mey, 2001: 120-122), illocutionary speech acts divided into five categories.
- The first, representatives are assertions about a state of affairs in the world. It is also called assertives (leech, 1983:128). Here the speaker asserts a proposition to be true.
- The second, directives are speech acts embody an effort on the part of the speaker to get the hearer to do something, to direct him or her towards some goal of the speaker. It means that here the speaker tries to make the hearer do something.
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like in directive. Here the speaker commits him or herself to (future) course of action.
- The fourth, expressives are inner state of the speaker, the expression is essentially subjective and tells us nothing about the world. It means the speaker expresses an attitude to or about a state of affairs.
- And the last, declaration is speech act where the speaker brings about some state of affairs by the mere performance of the speech acts. The speaker alters the external status or condition of an object or situation.
Besides that, Yule (1996:53) also proposed the illocutionary into five types. The following are the explanation of each illocutionary acts:
a. Expressive
Expressive is a kind of illocutionary acts that represents the speaker feels. They express psychological state and can be statement of pleasure, pain, like, dislike, joy, sorrow and the others. The kinds of expressive, such as apologizing complimenting, condoling, congratulating, deploring, praising, regretting, thanking. In using an expressive, the speaker makes words fit the world (of feeling). It means that expressive is expression or statement related to particular psychological and emotional state that the speaker feels.
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and his belief. It means that expressive is a kind of illocutionary acts that has function to express the psychological state in the condition sincerely.
Examples of expressive are I’m sorry to hear that, thanks for everything,
congratulation for your engagement, etc.
b. Declarative
Declarative is a kind of illocutionary speech acts that change certain words via their utterance. It means that the speaker needs a special institutional role, in a specific context in order to show a declaration exactly.
In using a declaration, the speaker changes a circumstance via words. The kinds of declarative are approving, betting, blessing, christening, confirming, cursing, declaring, disapproving, dismissing, naming, resigning, etc.
Examples of declarative are I pronounce you, we find the defendant not guilty, etc.
c. Representative
Representative is a kind of speech acts that states what the speaker believes to be true or false. They are manifested in statement, prediction, state, suggest, lie, complaining, guess, predict, announce, report, claim, discriminate suggestion, fact and etc. In using a representatives, the speaker makes words fit the world (of belief). It means that representative relates to believe of the speaker about something.
In the other hand, Bach and Harnish (in Geis, 1995:18) state that
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his attention or desire that the hearer has or forms like a belief. It means that
representative is kind of illocutionary acts that is based on the speaker’s belief.
Examples of representative are It is raining, Columbus discovered America in 1492, etc.
d. Directive
Directive utterance is a kind of illocutionary speech acts that speakers use to get someone else to do something. It means that in directives utterance, the speakers express their desire for the hearer to do something. The kinds of directive speech acts are advising, asking, begging, challenging, daring, demanding, forbidding, insisting, inviting, ordering, permitting, recommending, requesting, suggesting, etc.
Examples of directive are would you come to my wedding’s party?, don’t
go anywhere, etc.
e. Commissive
Commissive is a kind of illocutionary speech acts that speakers use to express their some future action. They express what the intention of speaker. The kinds of commisive are committing, guaranteeing, offering, promising, refusing, threatening, volunteering, vowing. Commissive can be performed by the speaker alone, or by the speaker as a member of a group.
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2.4 Directive Speech Act
Yule (2006: 92) states directive speech acts are kinds of illocutionary speech act that used by speaker to get someone else to do something. In other words, the speaker tries to get the hearer perform some act what the speaker want. Besides that, Bach and Harnish (1979:47), Searle (1985:23), and Davies
(1986:35) state directive is a kind of illocutionary act that express speaker’s
attitude toward some prospective action by the hearer and his intention that his utterance, or attitude can be taken as a reason for the hearer’s action. It means that directive gives effect action to the hearer based on the utterances from the speaker.
The kinds of directive speech acts are advising, asking, begging, challenging, daring, demanding, forbidding, insisting, inviting, ordering, permitting, recommending, requesting, suggesting, etc.
2.5 Types of Directive Speech Acts
There are so many expert that divided types of directive into some types. Jucker and Taavitsainen (2008), divided into 20 classification: 1) Advising, 2) admonishing, 3) asking, 4) begging, 5) challenging, 6) daring, 7) demanding, 8) dismissing, 9) excusing, 10) forbidding, 11) instructing, 12) inviting, 13) ordering, 14) permitting, 15) recommending, 16) requesting, 17) requiring, 18) suggesting, 19) urging and 20) warning.
Kreidler (1998:190-191) explains that there are three kinds of directive utterances that can be recognized into:
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Request. Examples of request: could you bring my bag?, can you accompany
me?, etc.
Suggestions. Examples of Suggestion: you should stay here, you have to study,
etc.
Besides that Bach and Harnish (in Ibrahim, 1993) classified directive into six main categories, that are requests (requesting, begging, inviting,), questions (asking, investigating, interrogating), Requirements (commanding, ordering, instructing, demanding, arranging, dictating, directing), Prohibitions (forbidding, restricting), permissions (permitting, dismissing, allowing, forgiving and granting), and advices (suggesting, advising, admonishing, recommending, urging, counseling).
2.6 Translation Work
The Holy Qur’an is a divine book revealed to the Prophet Muhammad
(peace be upon him) and is accepted as the last scripture for human guidance by the adherents of Islam. It has been translated into various languages by both Muslims and non-Muslims. The translation is intended to go further in accuracy, clarity, flow, and currency of language. It is written in modern, easy style, avoiding where possible the use of cryptic language or archaisms that tend to
obscure meaning. The intention is to make the Qur’an accessible to everyone who
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1.7 Qur’an Surah An-Nisa’
An-Nisa’ means women. It is fourth surah in Qur’an. It is a second length
of surah in Qur’an after surah Al-Baqarah. It is revealed in Medina. Surah
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter concerns methods that used in this research. It consist of research design, data collection, data analysis and Research Time Frame
3.1Research Design
In doing this research, the researcher used descriptive qualitative research. Bongdan (1992) states that qualitative research is always descriptive that the data collected are in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. It means qualitative research In this research, the research adopted descriptive qualitative to collect and analyzed data of directive speech acts on translated text of surah
An-Nisa’ in Qur’an. The focus of this study is to find and analyze the verse of surah
An-Nisa’ that contained types and function of directive. Besides, this research is also to seek out and interpret the verse of the surah using directive theory.
3.2Data Collection - Data and Data Sources
The data source of this research was the translated text of surah
An-Nisa’. This surah is the fourth chapter of the Qur’an, with 176 verses. The
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speech act. The writer used the translated text of Abdul Haleem. The translated text of this surah were downloaded from Google.
The data of this research were the form of words, phrases and sentences which contain the directive speech acts that used on translated text of surah An-Nisa’ in Qur’an. The data will be analyzed by using directive act theories.
- Instruments
In doing this research, the writer needed some instruments which help the writer in working on this research. The main instrument of this research is the writer itself to analyzing the data. In finding the data source, the writer used hand phone, laptop and internet connection to get the translated text of surah An-Nisa’. After that, to collect the data, the writer used writing equipment to write down all that contains directive speech act. The writing
equipment were laptop, note book, and pen. The writer also used Qur’an to
match the translated text with Qur’an. - Techniques of Data Collection
According to above, the data source of this research is translated text of surah An-Nisa’. To make the writer easy to search the data, the writer did some steps bellow:
1. Close reading
The researcher read the translated text rapidly to know the implicit
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(the exclamation of passages of Qur’an by supplying additional
information) to increase the researcher’s understanding.
2. Selecting the data
The researcher focused on the each verse of the surah to know which the verses that consist of directive acts.
Figure 1 3.3Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the data were analyzed. Data analysis is the step of the researcher doing the study which is the researcher identified, classified and described the data. Mahsun (2005: 229) states that in this step the writer classified, equalized the data that the same and distinguished the data that differ. There were some steps as follows:
1. Identifying the data
The researcher identified the selected data that contain of directive speech acts.
- Identifying types of directive
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prohibitions, permissions and advices. And for each types of directive act given the different code,
- Requests Requ - Requirements Reqr - Questions Que - Prohibitions Pro - Permissions Perm - Advices Adv
Such as the picture below, thus some example in giving code:
Figure 1
Figure 2 - Identifying the function of directive
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Such as below:
- Command Co - Request Re - Ask Ask - Permit Perm - Forbid Forb - Suggest Perm
Such as the picture below, thus some example in giving code:
Figure 3 2. Classifying the data
After identifying the data, the writer classified the data which were contain of kinds and functions of directive speech acts. The data were inserted based on its page and type.
- Classifying types of directive
Types of directive Data Frequency Percentage
Requests
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Questions
Prohibitions 2-II, 5-I, 6-II, 19-I,… Permissions 3, 4-II, 24-II,… Advices 6-IV, 9, 11,…
Total
- Classifying the function of directive The functions of
directive
Data Frequency Percentage
Command 33, 34, 35, 36-I, Request
Ask
Permit 24-II, 25, 101,…
Forbid 20, 22, 23, 24-I,… Suggest 15, 34, 74, 92,
Total
Note: 1-I means verse 1 and first data at the verse 1 3. Describing the classifying the data
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4. Drawing conclusion
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the findings and discussion of the result of data analysis that connected with the answer of the research problems in chapter I.
4.1Findings
Based on the data analysis the writer found the types of directive and its function which exists in translated text of surah An-Nisa’ by using Bach and Harnish theory. The findings are presented as followings.
4.1.1 The Types of Directives
In the translated text of Surah An-Nisa’ in Qur’an that consist of 176 verses, the researcher found 76 data. The data are shown in the following chart:
Chart 1 Directive Speech Act Percentage 1%
49%
31% 7%
12%
Types of Directive Speech Act
Questions
Requirements
Prohibitions
Permissions
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There are five types of directives that the researcher found in the data source, they are, questions, requirements, prohibitions, permissions and advices. The dominant of directive speech act is Requirements with which is 49% (37 data), followed by Prohibitions with 31% (24 data), then Advices with 12% (9 data), furthermore Permissions with 7% (5 data), and the least on number of the directive speech act is Questions with 1% (1 data) of all data.
4.1.1.1 Requirements
Requirements include commanding, ordering, instructing, demanding, arranging, dictating, and directing (Bach and Harnish, in Ibrahim 1993). The researcher found 34 data in the form of Commanding.
Sample 1 Datum 1
1. People, be mindful of your Lord, who created you from a single soul, and from it created its mate, and from the pair of them spread countless men and women far and wide; be mindful of God, in whose name you make requests of one another. Beware of severing the ties of kinship: God is always watching over you.
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of it, Allah also commands people to keep the good relationship with others to strengthen this problem. This verse gives the effect to Muslims, in order to always obey Allah and always keep the good relationship to others.
Sample 2 Datum 59
59. You who believe, obey God and the Messenger, and those in authority among you. If you are in dispute over any matter, refer it to God and the Messenger, if you truly believe in God and the Last Day: that is better and fairer in the end.
In the verse above, Allah commands to people who believe to obey Him. It
can be doing with practicing the contents of Qur’an and implementing the laws that
have been settled by Allah. Because Allah’s commands contain advantages and his
prohibitions contain disadvantages. Allah also commands to obey His Messenger and implement the teachings of the prophet brought. And Allah also command to obey
ulil amri with the condition, they do not command to do bad things. Ulil Amri include
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Sample 3 Datum 71
71. You who believe, be on your guard. March [to battle] in small groups or as one body.
The verse above include the category of commanding. Allah commanded the believers to always be alert. It can be prepared with weaponry and equipment, including making a small team or group to fight the infidels, and weaken their strength. Here can be prepared in any way such as training, making of defense, weapons, trenches, archery or practicing to ride a horse and exercising military.
Sample 4 Datum 84
84. So [Prophet] fight in God’s way. You are accountable only for
yourself. Urge the believers on. God may well curb the power of the disbelievers, for He is stronger in might and more terrible in punishment. The sentence which typed bold is a command. It addressed to the Prophet Muhammad and His servants (Muslims). It commands the Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam and Muslims to fight in the way of Allah and rekindle the spirit of war to other. But sometimes there are servants who do not want to do it and there is no enforcement for them, whether jihad or others. This verse gives the
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maintaining the truth, because in this era there is no warfare like in the previous era.
It is in Prophet’s era.
4.1.1.2 Questions
According to Bach and Harnish (in Ibrahim, 1993), questions consist of asking, investigating, and interrogating. On the source of the data, the researcher found questions which is to ask a question.
Sample 1 Datum 21
21 How could you take it when this is unjust and a blatant sin? How could you take it when you have lain with each other and they have taken a solemn pledge from you?
The verse above contains an asking of a question. The asking which contains that is “what with the way?”. It means what with the way someone to take
back whereas some of you (man) have been associated with the other (women) as the husband and wife. This verse above gives the impact to the Muslims, so that the husbands will not take back the dowry that they had given to their wives.
4.1.1.3 Prohibitions
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Sample 1 Datum 6-II
1. Test orphans until they reach marriageable age; then, if you find they have sound judgement, hand over their property to them. Do not consume it hastily before they come of age: if the guardian is well off he should abstain from the orphan’s property, and if he is poor he should use only what is fair. When you give them their property, call witnesses in; but God takes full account of everything you do.
The sentence which typed bold above, Allah forbids to consume their property when they was a child, where they cannot take it from you and cannot prevent you to consume it. They in this context are orphans. Based on the directive speech act, it can be considered as forbidding. This verse gives the effect to the Muslims, so that they
will not eat the orphans’ property. Because this action can makes you get sin.
Sample 2 Datum 20
20. If you wish to replace one wife with another, do not take any of her bride-gift back, even if you have given her a great amount of gold.
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the dowry. In granting this dowry required to provide perfectly and do not delay. The word not became a lingual sign of directive speech act in the form of forbidding. The verse gives the impact in order to the husband will not take back the dowry that he had given for his wife in any way.
Sample 3 Datum 140
140. As He has already revealed to you [believers] in the Scripture, if you hear people denying and ridiculing God’s revelation, do not sit with them unless they start to talk of other things, or else you yourselves will become like them: God will gather all the hypocrites and disbelievers together into Hell.
In this verse, Allah forbids the Muslims to be with the unbelievers and those who mock the verses of Allah. Because as a Muslim must believe in the revelations of Allah, glorify, honor and respect it (revelations of Allah). In the case of sin, he showed you the pleasure of their disbelief and their attitude pleasure to make fun of Allah, while pleased with the immoral people like him who did it. This verse also contains a prohibition attend the vices and wickedness event. Thus whoever is attending that there do evil, then the Muslims should go out from the event.
Sample 4 Datum 144
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The statement above, intends that Allah forbids the Muslim to make the disbelievers as a protector, helper or friends, because such actions are the same as the characteristics of the hypocrites. This verse gives the impact to the Muslims so that do not make disbeliever as a protector or leader. Moreover as a role guide where they do bad things Muslims will do it. It is not true.
4.1.1.4 Permissions
Bach and Harnish (in Ibrahim, 1993) states that permissions consist of permitting, dismissing, allowing, forgiving and granting. On the source of data, there are 9 data that having a form of permitting. Permitting means allow (someone) to do something. There are 9 data of permitting directive speech acts.
Sample 1 Datum 3
3. If you fear that you will not deal fairly with orphan girls, you may marry whichever [other] women seem good to you, two, three, or four. If you fear that you cannot be equitable [to them], then marry only one, or your slave(s): that is more likely to make you avoid bias.
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Prophet before Prophet Muhammad. This verse restricts polygamy to four women. Polygamy is a rukhshah (dispensation) that conditional, the husband is able to do justice. If he was afraid of not being able to justice, just have one wife.
The reasons of Islam allow this rukhshah, because Islam is a religion that always view the realities and the needs of society. And it always maintain the moral and the good of society. Polygamy is the situation of a problem society, such as sexual acts outside of marriage and so on. This verse is a kind of women protection which can prevent the men to be arbitrary for the women.
Sample 2 Datum 24-II
24. women already married, other than your slaves. God has ordained all this for you. Other women are lawful to you, so long as you seek them in marriage, with gifts from your property, looking for wedlock rather than fornication. If you wish to enjoy women through marriage, give them their bride-gift- this is obligatory- though if you should choose mutually, after fulfilling this obligation, to do otherwise [with the bride-gift], you will not be blamed: God is all knowing and all wise.
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with a previously menstruating if not pregnant). If slaves were sold or granted married although be ravished by the purchaser or grantee, but the marriage remained canceled because the owners are second only position the first owner. This verse give the effect to the Muslims that they marry the widow after idda. In fact, the women that have been left by their husband, they will not marry again at least until their idda
has finished.
Sample 3 Datum 25
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women of the believers of the slaves that you have. The word of may is a lingual sign of directive speech act as form Permitting.
Sample 4 Datum 101
101. When you [believers] are travelling in the land, you will not be blamed for shortening your prayers, if you fear the disbelievers may harm you: they are your sworn enemies.
In this verse, Allah permits his servants to shorten his prayers an. The words "not sin" to get rid of anxiety shorten the prayer because it is not commonly performed. Qashar means shorten the prayer, could sum up the number, with the prayer that four rakaat into two rakaat (essential unit of prayer ritual). Doing two
rakaat of prayer which is performed for four rakaat in the course. According to Imam
Shafi'i, qashar is rukhshah (easiness) so it is not mandatory. However, that does not deny preferential qashar. Doing qashar even more important for several reasons: First, the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam always shorten his prayers when he was traveling. Second, shorten the kind of flexibility and grace (mercy) of Allah to His servants. In fact, this verse gives the effect to the Muslims that always do the prayer wherever they is, although they are in the journey. Because of this verse that permits do Qashar.
4.1.1.4 Advices
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the writer found one kind of advices, it is suggesting. Suggesting is the utterances or statement to other persons to give our opinions as to what they should or should not do. According to Wulan (2005: 25) there are three characteristic of suggestion: delivered speakers as if it is a best solution offered to the hearer, on any disclosure of which always contains a marker linguistic such as the use of the word "should, accordingly, be better and should and the last is indicating to the hearer if disclosed the speaker is just an opinion of the speaker. There are 9 data of suggesting directive speech act.
Sample 1 Datum 9
9. Let those who would fear for the future of their own helpless children, if they were to die, show the same concern [for orphans]; let them be mindful of God and speak out for justice.
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children. When managing others, suggested a way to take care of in line with devotion to God, not degrade them, not let them and told them to be cautious.
Sample 2 Datum 34
34. women already married, other than your slaves.God has ordained all this for you. Other women are lawful to you, so long as you seek them in marriage, with gifts from your property, looking for wedlock rather than fornication. If you wish to enjoy women through marriage, give them their bride-gift- this is obligatory- though if you should choose mutually, after fulfilling this obligation, to do otherwise [with the bride-gift], you will not be blamed: God is all knowing and all wise.
In this sentence, Allah intends to suggest to husband so that explain to their wives about law of waiting for her husbands, give the urge to obey him, scare them with the punishment of God if disobedient to her husband. This verse gives the impact to the husbands that always remind their wives do the goodness.
Sample 3 Datum 74
74. Let those of you who are willing to trade the life of this world for the
life to come, fight in God’s way. To anyone who fights in God’s way,
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In this sentence which typed in bold, Allah suggests to Muslims to prioritize the hereafter life than the world life. Possibly, they fight to maintain the truth in
God’s way and will obtain the goodness. If they were death in war, they will get
reward as syahid (martyr or warrior killed while fighting for Islam principles) in the
God’s way. And if they are win, they will get advantages in the world. In that
conditions, Allah will give them the rewards that are sublime in the hereafter. This verse gives the effect to the Muslims in order to always prioritize the hereafter with the manner doing the goodness and avoiding the badness.
Sample 4 Datum 102
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In this sentence which types in bold, God gives advice on how to do prayer while in a state of war in which when the war they faced serious big benefits that are merge between prayer, jihad and be on the alert against the enemies who are trying to find a gap time when Muslims off guard, even in a state of war, prayer should be done. This proves that prayer is an obligation that should not be abandoned.
From all the explanation above, the researcher found out the translated text of surah An-Nisa’ performed the types of directives speech acts Requirements includes commanding, Questions includes asking, Prohibitions includes forbidding, Permissions includes permitting, and Advices includes suggesting.
4.1.2 The Functions of Directives
Every type of directive speech act has function to influence the hearer to do something what the speaker want, in terms of emotion, feeling and behavior.
The functions of directive Frequency Percentage
Command 37 49%
Ask 1 1%
Permit 5 7%
Forbid 24 31%
Suggest 9 12%
Total 76 100%
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Based on the table above, the researcher found 76 data from 176 verse of translated text. The function of directive speech act that most frequently number is command with 37 data. After command, forbid with 24 data. Then suggest with 9 data. Followed permit with 5 data. And the last function of directive that less frequently number is ask with 1 data.
4.1.2.1 Command
Command is order someone to do something (Oxford Learner’s Pocket
Dictionary, 2011). There are 37 data found type of commanding directive speech act that have command function.
Sample 1 Datum 4
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Sample 2 Datum 19
19. You who believe, it is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will, nor should you treat your wives harshly, hoping to take back some of the bride-gift you gave them, unless they are guilty of something clearly outrageous. Live with them in accordance with what is fair and kind: if you dislike
This verse has the function as a command, which is the husband have to be good to his wife that in speaking and action. This verse has fallen to eliminated
Jahiliah (age of pagan ignorance preceding the Islam era) tradition. The tradition is
being a woman like thing that can be heir when her husband was death. Husband’s
son and his family have a right on the woman who has been left death by her husband.
Sample 3 Datum 36
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The verse above contains the function of directive command. The function of directive command be found at the bold sentence. Through this speech Allah commands to worship Allah and do not consider as an ally with anything. This verse also contains that Allah commands to be kind with others both in communication and action. Others means parents, family, orphans, and poor men, neighbor both far or near, travelers in need and the slaves.
Sample 4 Datum 135
135. You who believe, uphold justice and bear witness to God, even if it is against yourselves, your parents, or your close relatives. Whether the person is rich or poor, God can best take care of both. Refrain from following your own desire, so that you can act justly- if you distort or neglect justice, God is fully aware of what you do.
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4.1.2.2 Ask
Ask is a one of function directive speech act which mean put a question to
someone in order to get information (Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. 2011). The
researcher just found 1 data of ask function. Sample 1 Datum 21
21. How could you take it when this is unjust and a blatant sin? How could you take it when you have lain with each other and they have taken a solemn pledge from you?
The function of directive in the verse above is ask. The verse consist of asking to denouncing and go back, with asking what with the way?.
4.1.2.3 Permit
According to Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary (2011), permit is allow
someone to do something. For permit function, he researcher found 6 data. Sample 1 Datum 4-II
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This verse has a function permits. The intention of the verse is allow the husband to take or use the dowry that he has given to her wife, on the condition that the wife gives her husband a part of the dowry willingly and gladly.
Sample 2 Datum 25
25. If any of you does not have the means to marry a believing free woman, then marry a believing slave- God knows best [the depth of] your faith: you are [all] part of the same family- so marry them with their people’s consent and their proper bride-gifts. [Make them] married women, not adulteresses or lovers. If they commit adultery when they are married, their punishment will be half that of free women. This is for those of you who fear that you will sin; it is better for you to practice selfrestraint. God is most forgiving and merciful,
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4.1.2.4 Forbid
Forbid is a kind of directive speech act which is mean order someone do not something. The researcher found 9 data.
Sample 1 Datum 19
19. You who believe, it is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will, nor should you treat your wives harshly, hoping to take back some of the bride-gift you gave them, unless they are guilty of something clearly outrageous. Live with them in accordance with what is fair and kind: if you dislike them, it may well be that you dislike something in which God has put much good.
In this verse Allah forbids to inherit women by force. In that era, if there is a man who is death, their guardian comes to his wife and throws the cloth to her or her tent. After that, they are be the person who have the most right of her. They can marry her without the dowry, besides the dowry from the husband before. Or they can also marry her with other man, then take her dowry. Or they can make difficult with arrest her in the home without marry her, up to her able to redeem herself with the property that she get from her husband. Or until the woman is death, so they can inherit her property. Nevertheless, if the woman goes before thrown the cloth, so she have a right to herself. This tradition occurs as far as the death of Abu Qays bin
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Sample 2 Datum 23
23. You are forbidden to take as wives your mothers, daughters, sisters, paternal and maternal aunts, the daughters of brothers and daughters of sisters, your milk-mothers and milk-sisters, your wives’ mothers, the stepdaughters in your care- those born of women with whom you have consummated marriage, if you have not consummated the marriage, then you will not be blamed- wives of your begotten sons, two sisters simultaneously- with the exception of what is past: God is most forgiving and merciful-
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to marry under Islamic law. Because it has the impact to the baby that was born, the baby will be born defect. So that is why this kind of marriage rarely happen, not only the religion forbids it, but also the science of medicine forbids. Because it has the impacts.
Sample 3 Datum 105
105. We have sent down the Scripture to you [Prophet] with the truth so that you can judge between people in accordance with what God has shown you. Do not be an advocate for those who betray trust.
This verse has forbid function. Allah forbids to defend on the people who you know their treachery, people who think a thing which was not theirs, people who deny the rights of their responsible, whether you know it or based on your estimation. This verse also forbid to defend the falseness and be lawyer of the false people.
Sample 4 Datum 129
129. You will never be able to treat your wives with equal fairness, however much you may desire to do so, but do not ignore one wife altogether, leaving her suspended [between marriage and divorce]. If you make amends and remain conscious of God, He is most forgiving and merciful,
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wife that fells her husband is unfair. The more important thing, the husband has to be fair in material.
4.1.2.5 Suggest
At the function of suggestion directive speech acts, the researcher found 9 data. Suggest is kinds of function directive that is give an idea for someone.
Sample 1 Datum 15
15. If two men commit a lewd act, punish them both; if they repent and mend their ways, leave them alone- God is always ready to accept repentance, He is full of mercy.
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Sample 3 Datum 102
102. When you [Prophet] are with the believers, leading them in prayer, let a group of them stand up in prayer with you, taking their weapons with them, and when they have finished their prostration, let them take up their positions at the back. Then let the other group, who have not yet prayed, pray with you, also on their guard and armed with their weapons: the disbelievers would dearly like you to be heedless of your weapons and baggage, in order for them to take you in a single assault. You will not be blamed if you lay aside your arms when you are overtaken by heavy rain or illness, but be on your guard. Indeed, God has prepared a humiliating punishment for the disbelievers. The function of the using directive in the verse above is suggest function. Allah suggests that Muslims establish prayer with in congregation even better in a safe and worrying condition, such in state of war. Because prayer congregation has reward twenty four level than prayer oneself.
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4.2 Discussion
The researcher discussed the finding of data analysis. Directive is kind of speech act that often used by speaker in different way in daily conversation. Such as when we request or order someone to do something, and so on, all of them are not escaped from our daily conversation. Based on the finding, the researcher found that translated text of Surah An-Nisa’ in Qur’an performed five directive speech act. From the five kinds of directive speech act, the most significant occurrences number is Requirements (37 time or 49%). It is followed by prohibitions (24 times or 31%), advices (9 times or 12%), permissions (5 times or 7%) and questions (1 times or 1%).
The researcher found 76 data the function of directive speech act from. The most frequently number performed is command (37 data or 49%). After command, forbid (24 data 31%), then suggest (9 data 12%), followed permit with 5 data and the last function of directive that less frequently number is ask (1 data or 1%).
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As the example of the commanding bellow.
1. O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam), and from him (Adam) He created his wife [Hawwa (Eve)], and from them both He created many men and women and fear Allah through Whom you demand your mutual (rights), and (do not cut the relations of) the wombs (kinship). Surely, Allah is Ever an All-Watcher over you.
In the verse above Allah commands people so that they obey Him and keep the good relationship with others. If they do not obey Him, Allah will put them (who not obey Him) in the hell. Therefore people have to use the Qur’an as the guideline, so that they will not make mistakes that caused them come in the hell.
As the verse bellow, it shows that Qur’an is the guideline of Muslims.
لسط
“ThaaSin. These are the verses of the Qur’an, and (it is) a book (that makes
things) clear (1). A guide (to the right path) and glad tidings for the believers
[who believe in the oneness of Allah (i.e. Islamic monotheism)].
From the verse above clearly explain that Qur’an is the guideline of people in
the world. And who use Qur’an as the guideline, they will be in the right way which
Allah has mercy. At the verse 185 of surah al-Baqarah also explains that Allah
mankind and clear proofs for the guidance and the criterion (between right and
wrong). So whoever of you sights (the crescent on the first night of) the month
(of Ramadhan i.e. is present at his home), he must observe saum (fasts) that
month, and whoever is ill or on a journey, the same number [of days which one
did not observe saum (fasts) must be made up] from other days. Allah intends
for you ease, and He does not want to make things difficult for you. (He wants
that you) must complete the same number (of days), and that you must magnify
Allah [i.e. to say Takbir (Allahu-Akbar, Allah is the Most Great)] for having
guided you so that you may be grateful of Him.”
This verse explains that Qur’an derived as the guideline for humans and
explanations about direction between right and wrong. Besides that the Qur’an has
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
This chapter is the last chapter of this research. This chapter consist of two part, they are conclusion of findings and suggestion for future research.
5.1 Conclusion
The researcher presents conclusion of the study. First, the researcher studied about types of directive speech acts in Surah An-Nisa’ by using the theory of directive speech act Bach and Harnish as guidline. The researcher also explain the function of type directive speech act.
Based on the findings and discussion, it was found that Surah An-Nisa’
used five types of directive speech act based on Bach and Harnish’s classification.
Surah An-Nisa’ used questions, requirements, prohibitions, permissions and
advices.
There are 76 data of directive speech act. The percentage of questions 1% (1), whereas requirements is 49% (37), prohibitions is 31% (24), permissions is 7% (5) and advices is 12% (9).
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5.2 Suggestion
The present study has focused on the types of directive speech act and the function to analyze translated text of Surah An-Nisa’, it is a research that wish another research will analyze directive speech act more broadly with using different method, such as quantitative. The study about directive speech with quantitative method is rarely found. Another suggestion for future research can
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