DEFENSE MECHANISM OF ANDY DUFRESNE IN STEPHEN KING’S RITA HAYWORTH AND THE SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION.

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THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree at English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities State Islamic University

of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Noerliz Isnaini

Reg. Number: A33212086

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

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Surabaya.

The Advisor: Wahju Kusumajanti, M.Hum

This thesis is conducted to analyze the novel written by Stephen King entitled Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption. This novel tells about Andy Dufresne who was innocence of murdering but Andy has been convicted spending the rest of his life in Shawshank State Prison. This research focuses on the one main character, Andy Dufresne, his defense mechanism and how he shows it.

The method of the research is descriptive qualitative because this research is to explain defense mechanism of the main character Andy Dufresne. The data is taken from the novel itself. The researcher uses the theory of Sigmund Freud about defense mechanism as primary theory and uses new criticism as secondary theory to conduct this study. There are nine types of defense mechanism; they are rationalization, intellectualization, displacement, projection, reaction formation, denial, sublimation, repression, and regression. The data itself is analyzed by reading, understanding and identifying the novel.

As the research finished, the researcher finds that Andy Dufresne uses

rationalization, intellectualization, projection, reaction formation, regression and repression. Andy Dufresne performs his defense mechanism to release his anxiety and his frustration. As a result, is Andy able to release his anxiety and his

frustration or not.

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Pembimbing: Wahju Kusumajanti, M.Hum

Tesis ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis novel yang ditulis oleh Stephen King berjudul Rita Hayworth dan The Shawshank Redemption. Novel ini bercerita tentang Andy Dufresne yang di dakwa membunuh, namun Andy telah

menghabiskan sisa hidupnya di Penjara Negara Shawshank. Penelitian ini berfokus pada satu karakter utama, Andy Dufresne, mekanisme pertahanan dan bagaimana ia menunjukkan hal itu.

Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif karena penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan mekanisme pertahanan dari karakter utama Andy Dufresne. Data tersebut diambil dari novel itu sendiri. Peneliti menggunakan teori Sigmund Freud tentang mekanisme pertahanan sebagai teori utama dan menggunakan kritik baru sebagai teori sekunder untuk melakukan penelitian ini. Ada sembilan jenis mekanisme pertahanan; mereka rasionalisasi, intelektualisasi, perpindahan, proyeksi, pembentukan reaksi, penolakan, sublimasi, represi, dan regresi. Data itu sendiri dianalisis dengan membaca, memahami dan mengidentifikasi novel.

Dengan penelitian ini, penulis menemukan bahwa Andy Dufresne menggunakan rasionalisasi, intelektualisasi, proyeksi, pembentukan reaksi, regresi dan represi. Andy Dufresne melakukan mekanisme pertahanan untuk melepaskan kecemasan dan frustrasi. Akhirnya, apakah Andy mampu melepaskan kecemasan dan frustrasinya atau tidak..

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of Research

The word "literature" is derived from the Latin word litteraturae means

"writings". Literature is the fictional and imaginative writings including

philosophy, history and even scientific works that are especially distinguished in

form, expression and emotional power addressed to a general audience. The kinds

of literature are poetry, prose, prose fiction and drama. (Abrams 177).

One of fictional prose is novel. Etymologically, novel is derived from the

Italian word novello means 'a small new thing'. Terminologically, novel is a

popular genre, its audience is not esoteric and peculiarly learned, but a

representative section of society. It is like an epic that has a certain mass to

qualify for the title and also has some characters, great complication of plot and

concentrates modes. The novel frequently offers a decision, the portrayal of

society and focuses on such issues as inheriting property and getting married.

(Mikics 209).

Novel is one of literature works. Since it contains intrinsic element which is

called character, novel can give an image of human personality. According to

Abrams, characters are the responds, in a dramatic or narrative work, endowed

with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say - the

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image of human's personality. This is why it can find a novel which tells about

human's psychological problem such as defense mechanism.

In nineteenth century, the types of the novel grow widely. One of the

examples is psychological novel. The psychological novel is a work of fiction in

which the thoughts, feelings and motivations of the characters are of equal or

greater interest than is the external action of the narrative (Kuiper 38). Since the

literature can be related to psychology, some criticisms use psychological

approach of defense mechanism in analyzing this type.

With all section about defense mechanism, the researcher shall first ask

whether research evidence shows that it actually occurs. The strength and

generality of this evidence must also be considered. If the defense mechanism is

supported in some sense, then the researcher must ask what the cognitive,

affective and behavioral processes are. A related question is whether there is

evidence of defensive motivation, as opposed to evidence of some merely

cognitive error or bias to qualify as a full-fledged defense.

Within Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption, many accurate

psychological concepts are present in compelling and captivating ways. The

researcher chooses this novel by Stephen King, from the first his 1982 collection

Different Seasons, subtitled Hope Springs Eternal. Another Different Seasons

collection are Apt Pupil subtitled Summer of Corruption, The Body subtitled Fall

From Innocence and The Breathing Method subtitled The Winter’s Tale. It was

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nominated for seven Academy Awards in 1994, including Best Picture. The

story's themes focus on issues of imprisonment and injustice.

Stephen King was born on September 21, 1947, in Portland, Maine. He

graduated from the University of Maine and later worked as a teacher while

establishing himself as a writer. John Swithen and Richard Bachman are

published work under the pseudonym name of Stephen King. Over the years,

King has become known for titles that are both commercially successful and

sometimes critically acclaimed. His books have sold more than 350 million copies

worldwide and been adapted into numerous successful films.

The works of Stephen King are often epic sweep with their apocalyptic themes

and sprawling cast of characters, his more recent works focus on the interpersonal

relationships and the often extreme behaviors that mark the relations between men

and women. Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption is the opening story

in the collection Different Seasons(1982) and classic King’s themes of fear,

confusion, and loss of control, albeit transformed, shifted to the fractured

domesticity of a high-security prison and also the conspiracy conflict on the novel.

King’s works share the certain consistent qualities and hallmarks, such as strong

evocation of setting, atmosphere, and character. The author, King has produced an

average of a book per year for nearly three decades.

This novel is unique because the story tells about mutual relationship of two

convict build the relation together who have opposite characters in Great

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Dufresne is thrown in prison named Shawshank for a crime he did not commit,

while his friend, Red is the only person in prison truthful enough to admit that he

innocent. In prison, they are placed at the mercy of "honest" wardens and guards

who are totally corrupt and make money on scams that should put them inside the

walls with the prisoners that exploit and brutalize. In this case, novel Stephen

King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption to psychoanalysis and

describe the character of Andy Dufresne to be analyze, the psychoanalysis theory

about defense mechanism is used in the novel.

Finally, by defining the whole body of background statement above, the

researcher entertained in the novel and intends to analyze more deeply defense

mechanism represented in the story of Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The

Shawshank Redemption.

1.2Statement of Problems

Related to the background of the research, the researcher likes to focus the

analysis of the main character. In this case, the researcher formulates the research

question as follows:

1. How is Andy Dufresne’s character described in the novel Stephen

King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption?

2. What form of defense mechanism does Andy Dufresne show in the

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1.3Objectives of the Research

Based on the statement of the problems above, the researcher formulates the

purposes of the research as follows:

1. To describe the character of Andy Dufresne in the novel Stephen

King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption.

2. To describe the forms of defense mechanism that Andy Dufresne used

in the novel Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank

Redemption.

1.4Scope and Limitation

In order to prevent non-relevant problem, the research will be limited to the

novel of Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption. Then,

the research will be focus on describing Andy Dufresne’s defense mechanism.

The researcher uses defense mechanism theory.

1.5Significance of the Research

Through this research, the researcher hopes that this research will be useful to

the ones who research about literature especially in Defense Mechanism theory.

Then, the researcher divides the significance into two categories. Both are

theoretically and practically categories.

Theoretically, the results of the research are expected to give contribution to

develop the research and analysis on literary research related to Defense

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by Stephen King. The researcher expects that it can give knowledge about the

characterization and character’s life.

Practically, the researcher also expects this research will give an inspiration

for other studies especially in English Letters Department of State Islamic

University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Also, the researcher hopes that this research

can be a helpful reference for other researchers who are interested in conducting

further research on analyzing novel Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank

Redemption by Stephen King.

1.6Method of the Research

Stephen King, the author, connects each character in Rita Hayworth and The

Shawshank Redemption to multiple defense mechanism stages and theories.

Throughout the novel, characters are put through the various and sundry tests of a

state penitentiary and subsequently exhibit traits that can be analyzed.

To support the analysis, the researcher mainly used descriptive qualitative

method. The research follows the following steps:

1. Reading the novel to get the complete and well understanding on the

whole story.

2. Selecting and collecting the data in form of narration and conversation

from novel related to the problem.

3. Analyzing the data collected by firstly categorizing them into two

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each point is analyzed using related theories which refer to the

objectives of the research.

4. Making conclusion based on the result of data analysis.

1.7 Definition of Key Terms

To avoid any different perceptions between the writer and the readers in

understanding the research, it is essential to give some definition of key terms

used in this research. Here are the key terms explained:

Pseudonym : A name other than his own taken by a writer. Also known as a

pen-name. A pseudonym can also be an alias used by people or

groups, like sports stars or criminals. (Cuddon 1999)

Shawshank : The name of prison in the Stephen King’s novel Rita Hayworth

and The Shawshank Redemption. Shawshank have the

license-plate factory, a big industrial laundry, Kittery Receiving

Hospital and the Eliot Nursing Home. There might be eighty to

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE OF REVIEW

As explained above, in this chapter the researcher provides defense

mechanism theory in order to relate the literary work, in this case is the novel

Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption to psychoanalysis

and describe the character of Andy Dufresne to be analyze, the psychoanalysis

theory about defense mechanism is used in this research.

The researcher uses psychological approach by applying some related

defense mechanism theory: denial, rationalization, repression, suppression and

regression to answer the statement of the problem. For this analysis, the

application of those theories helps the researcher make a deep and logical analysis

and finally makes the researcher achieve the purpose of the research.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

This research is using some theories to analyze the novel. The researcher

explains about the theories that are going to be used to analyze Andy Dufresne,

the main character in Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption. In

analyzing this subject, the new criticism theory, which are about character and

characterization cannot be separated one another. Also, this research uses

psychological theory by Sigmund Freud. The researcher uses psychological theory

to explain the character and to find out the answer to the statement of the problem.

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mechanism theory is coined by Sigmund Freud. The theory will be used to

analyze the defense mechanism which appears in Andy Dufresne who is the main

character in the novel.

2.2 New Criticism

The life and times of the author and the spirit of the age in which he or she

lived are certainly of interest to the literary historian, new critics argued, but they

do not provide the literary critic with information that can be used to analyze the

text itself (Tyson 135). Although the author’s intention or the reader’s response is

sometimes mentioned in New Critical readings of literary texts, neither one is the

focus of analysis. The readers can know if a given author’s intention or a given

reader’s interpretation actually represents the text’s meaning, all the evidence

provided by the language of the text itself: its images, symbols, metaphors, rhyme,

meter, point of view, setting, characterization, plot, and so forth, which, because

they form, or shape, the literary work are called its formal elements (Tyson 137).

Since novel as a literary work is inseparable with human’s life as a

representations where the author tries to serve some of human phenomena in the

world through the written words. It is known that sometimes an author writes a

story based on the true story (Holman 299). So the character which is appearing in

the story is a shadow from a real person who lives in the real world character has

important role in a story, besides as a means of story that makes the story alive,

character also represents a person becomes something interested in the story.

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dynamic (Di Yanni 54). Bennet and Royle say that characters are considered as

the life of literature: characters become the objects of the reader’s curiosity and

fascination, affection and dislike, admiration and condemnation (60).

Talking about character means that we refer to a person in a fictional story.

Characters are the people who appear and experience life stories in fictional

works. It can be simply said that characters are people who are included in the

story. Character is a brief descriptive sketch of a personage who typifies some

definite quality (Holman 74). Just like us in the real world, characters act, speak,

think, also face some problems, and so on. Besides, they can be characterized as

good, bad, kind, generous and any other types of human quality.

Character only is not enough to build a story. It must be clear how the

author imagine the character in order to be more alive in a story that is what is

called as characterization. Holman says that characterization is the author show

the character of imaginary person. Characterization is an essential component in

writing a good fiction because characterization have ability to characterize the

people of one's imagination successfully is a primary attribute of a good novelist,

dramatist or short-story writer (75).

Those two, character and characterization cannot be separated.

Characterization is the means by which writers present and reveal character in the

novel (Di Yanni 38). The character also has characterization. The author shows

the revealing main characters by uses six methods in the fiction. They are

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explicit judgment, surface details of dress and physical appearance, character’s

action what they do, character speech-what they say and how the way they say it,

and character’s consciousness-what they think and feel (39).

2.3 Psychoanalysis

The researcher chooses psychoanalysis theory to analyzing Andy

Dufresne’s character and his defense acts. Wellek and Waren states that we may

mean the psychological research of the researcher, as type and as individual, or

the research of the creative process, or the research of the psychological types and

laws presented within works of literature, or finally, the effect of literature upon

its reader (81).

Psychoanalysis was grown by Sigmund Freud in Wina in the last of 1900s.

He was the discoverer of psychoanalysis theory by the year of 1856 until 1939.

Similar to Freud, Ratna also states in her book Teori, Metode, dan Teknik

Penelitian Sastra that the psychoanalysis theory is a research of thought which

emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior (62-63).

2.3.1 Human Personality

In the psychoanalysis theory, Freud believes that the human mind is

composed by three elements: Id, Ego and Superego. The first is id that contains

the libido or sexual energy and the instinct that come from the unconsciousness.

These desires that usually ignore the consequences so that they are forbidden by

the social convention. The second is ego, the part of consciousness. The ego

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through the sense. So that, ego usually causes the conflict between the id and the

superego. The last is superego, the moral and the ideas aspect of personality. The

superego is the core that determines the id's desire and also produces the feeling of

guilt when the id is opposed to superego (Tyson 25). These cores of personality

also relate to anxiety because the ego usually feels anxious when there are

conflicts in the personality. As a result, Freud also elaborates the anxiety in his

theory. The id, ego and superego relate with anxiety because every person have an

internal conflicts. The internal conflicts between id and superego can make the

ego feels anxious.

Freud (as cited in 1934) stated that the ego's job was to satisfy the id's

impulses, not offend the moralistic character of the superego, while still taking

into consideration the reality of the situation. Freud also stated that this was not

an easy job. Think the id as the bad side and the superego as the good side.

People don't want either one to get too strong so people usually talk to both of

them, hear their perspective and then make a decision. This decision is the ego

talking, the one looking for that healthy balance.

It is very important to explain ego because ego is the executive of the

personality, controlling and governing the id and the superego and maintaining

commerce with the external world in the interest of the total personality and its

far-flung needs (Hall 28). Instead of the pleasure principle the ego is governed by

the reality principle. In other words, the ego is the unique element of the person’s

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thus the person needs an ego as the mediator between an egoistic id with the real

world. The ego will work based the reality principle which delays the action of id

until it becomes appropriate to be expressed in society’s rules. This agency will be

the negotiator between the id and the superego.

In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it

can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into

consideration the reality of every situation. It is easy jobs by any means, but if the

id gets too strong, impulses and self -gratification take over the person's life. If the

superego becomes too strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would

be judgmental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world.

2.4 Defense Mechanism

In order to be able to respond to any kind of an attack, the first thing one

should do is to prepare psychologically for possible confrontation. One should

become aware that in any given moment he could face a danger coming from

another human being. Emotional and mental readiness must be viewed as an

absolutely necessary element in the process of the defense mechanism.

These processes are called defense mechanism, in Freud's theories these

are tactics which the Ego develops to help deal with the Id and the Super Ego. Ego

defenses are normal, it is so usual that everybody uses them. In others word,

defense mechanisms are psychological strategies by which persons reduce or

avoid negative states such as conflict, frustration, anxiety, and stress. Because it is

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have devoted considerable attention to the identification of defense mechanisms

and a wide variety of mechanisms have been suggested.

Defense mechanism may be useful to reduce anxiety and facilitate coping

behavior or may be harmful because of denying, displacing or repressing anxiety

and preventing useful coping (Hartman 13). Because anxiety is painful, the one

tries to reduce it as quickly as possible. Usually the one tries to cope it with

anxiety by avoiding dangers. Defense is used especially in the both conscious and

unconscious mind, where the individual tries to cope with his or her own

unacceptable wishes (Mischel 347).

Defense mechanism can be an unconscious and conscious mental process

such as repression that makes possible compromise solutions to personal problems

or conflicts. The compromise generally involves hiding the problem inside and it

drives threatening feeling and provokes anxiety. The major defense mechanisms

are repression, the process by which unacceptable desires or impulses are barred

from consciousness; reaction formation, a mental or emotional response that

represents the opposite of what one really feels; projection, the attribution of one's

own ideas, feelings or attitudes, especially blame, guilt or sense of responsibility

to others; regression, reversion to an earlier mental or behavioral level; denial, the

refusal to accept the existence of a painful fact; rationalization, the substitution of

rational and creditable motives for the true but threatening ones; and sublimation,

the diversion of an instinctual desire or impulse from its primitive form to a more

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Defense mechanisms are psychic processes that are generally related to the

ego. They organize and maintain an optimal psychic condition in a way that helps

the subjects to confront and avoid anxiety and psychic annoyance (Zaviera 98).

Defense mechanism according to Freud cited by Harry Munsinger

(426-428). The forms as below:

2.4.1 Denial

Denial is kind of defense mechanism which simply refusing to

acknowledge that an event has occurred. The person simply acts as if nothing has

happened, he or she behaves in ways that there is no uncomfortable event has

happened. It is subconscious and the one who suffers this may be confused by the

behavior of people around them (426). It may also have a significant conscious

element, where the one is simply turning a blind eye to an uncomfortable

situation. For example: a man hears that his wife has been killed and yet refuses to

believe it, still setting the table for her and keeping her clothes and other

accessories in the bedroom. Alcoholics vigorously deny that they have a problem.

Another example is Optimist deny that things may go wrong while pessimists

deny they may succeed.

2.4.2 Displacement

Displacement is the shifting or changing the one's emotion or unacceptable

feeling to the others target when there is some reason why the first target is not

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and simply shifting the target of that action. Phobias may also use displacement as

a mechanism for releasing energy that is caused in other ways.

2.4.3 Intellectualization

Intellectualization is an effort where the person avoids uncomfortable

emotions by focusing on facts and logic. The situation is treated as an interesting

problem that engages the person on a rational basis, even as the emotional aspects

are completely ignored as being unrelated. Intellectualization differs from

repression in that with suppression the stress provoking thoughts is available but it

is ignored and blocked by other thoughts, rather than being completely

unavailable (426). It is important to note that, unlike most other defenses, in some

cases persons will consciously initiate suppression; that is, the person will

consciously say. “That is very upsetting and I’m just not going to think about it

anymore”, and then think or do other things as a distraction. If this is done

repeatedly, the avoidance response may become habitual and may be used without

awareness. For example when a woman has raped, then she will seek the

psychology in order to feel better.

2.4.4 Projection

Projection is such attitude when a person has uncomfortable thoughts or

feelings, he or she may project these onto other people, transfer the thoughts or

feeling that he or she need to repress to a convenient alternative target (427).

Projection may also happen to remove characteristic of other people with which

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own traits in other people, as in the false accord effect. For example, see friends as

being more like stranger then really are.

2.4.5 Rationalization

Rationalization is a defense mechanism that involves explaining an

unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true

explanation for the behavior. It also makes something more acceptable by relating

it to more acceptable causes (427). The target of rationalization is usually

something that we have done, such as being unkind to another person. For

example, a man buys an expensive car and then tells everyone, his old car was

very unreliable, very unsafe. Another example of rationalization is when a parent

punishes a child and says that it is for the child's own good.

2.4.6 Reaction Formation

Reaction formation occurs when a person feels an urge to do or say

something and then actually he or she does or says something that is effectively

the opposite of what they really want. It also appears as a defense against a feared

social punishment. If the one fears that he or she will be criticized for something,

then he or she acts in a way that shows he or she is personally a long way from the

feared position (427). In reaction formation the person usually uses excessive

behavior to show that he or she gets along with the uncomfortable situation, for

example using excessive friendliness when the person is actually feeling

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2.4.7 Regression

Regression involves taking the position of a child in some problematic

situation, rather than acting in a more adult way. This is usually in response to

stressful situations, greater levels of stress potentially leads to more regressive

acts (428). Regressive behavior can be simple and harmless, such as crying or

using petulant arguments. For example, a child who suffers stressful may acts

rocking and crying. An adult tries to be childish and crying when he or she gets a

problem.

2.4.8 Repression

Repression involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively

unreachable areas of the unconscious mind. When things occur that the one cannot

cope with now, then he or she pushes it away. The level of forgetting in repression

can vary from a momentary destruction of uncomfortable thoughts to a high level

of amnesia, where events that caused the anxiety are buried very deep (428).

Repressed memories do not disappear. A high level of repression can cause a high

level of anxiety, although this may also be caused by the repression of one

particularly traumatic incident. Repressed memories may appear through

subconscious means and in altered forms, such as dreams or slips of the tongue.

For example, a child is abused by a parent later has no recollection of the events,

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2.4.9 Sublimation

Sublimation is the transformation of unwanted impulses into something

less harmful. This can simply be a distracting release or may be a constructive and

valuable piece of work. When he or she is faced with the conflict of

uncomfortable thoughts, he or she creates psychic energy. Sublimation channels

this energy away from destructive acts and into something that is socially

acceptable and creatively effective (428). May sports and games are sublimations

of aggressive urges, as he or she sublimates the desire to fight into the ritualistic

activities of formal competition.

2.5 Review of Related Research

After surfing the internet and looking for in the university library, the

researcher does not find previous research which analyzes the same object and the

same theme that has conducted. The researcher just finds the same object but

different material. Hope, Life and Freedom in The Shawshank Redemption by

Adela Mesanza Garcia from Spain. This Mesanza’s thesis focused in the real life

of Andy Dufresne. This object is a movie that adopted from the novel Stephen

King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption for the screen in 1994

as The Shawshank Redemption by Frank Darabont. This thesis finds the perfect

cinematic equivalent to King's style. Based on Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and

The Shawshank Redemption, this is an engagingly simple, good-hearted film, with

just enough darkness around the edges to give contrast and relief to its glowingly

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Like much of King's work, Frank Darabont’s The Shawshank Redemption

is about an exceptional individual at odds with society, picked on or persecuted

for the gifts that set him apart. In Masenza’s thesis, focused in the main themes

(hope, life and freedom), the gifts that are not supernatural, but moral and

spiritual.

However, the researcher has different topics with that research. That

research discussed about the themes as represent in the title, hope, life and

freedom as the story of Andy Dufresne. That research deals with the chronological

story of Andy Dufresne to make defense for himself. Whereas, the researcher

analyzes Andy Dufresne with the defense mechanism term. It can be seen from

the problem statement that the researcher focuses on the defense that make Andy

Dufresne feels anxiety and how he cope his anxieties by doing defense

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CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

The focus of this chapter is to answer all the statement of the problem in

chapter one. This chapter is divided into two parts. First, this research analyzes the

character of Andy Dufresne. Second, this research analyzes types and also the

way how Andy Dufresne has undergone his defense mechanism by Sigmund

Freud in Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption novel.

The types of defense mechanism that are used by the major character

Andy Dufresne, there are six types that the researcher found in Rita Hayworth and

The Shawshank Redemption novel. Each type will be analyzed by using Sigmund

Freud’s defense mechanism theories. It is includes the types, and how the main

character perform the defense mechanism itself.

3.1 Character of Andy Dufresne

Characters in work of fiction are generally designed to open up or explore

certain aspects of human experience. Characters often depict particular traits of

human nature; they may represent only one or two traits – a greedy old man who

has forgotten how to care about others, for instance, or they may represent very

complex conflicts, values and emotions. Likewise, Knickerbocker and Reninger

explain that the nature and use of characters in any story are determined by the

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In similar views, a narrator may be external, outside the story, telling it

with an ostensibly objective and omniscient voice; or a narrator may be a

character (or characters) within the story, telling the story in the first person

(either central characters or observer characters, bit players looking in on the

scene). The worth taking point is that, “…when you know who the narrator is and

determine what position he is taking, you will add depth to your understanding of

the story”(Pucket, Sutton and Brown 4)

In Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption, Andy Dufresne is

included in the major character because Andy is often shown his story from the

beginning until the end of story. Before entering into the analysis of the character

of Andy Dufresne, important to know that in the story, there is one other character

which helps build the character of Andy Dufresne. There is Red, he is an inmate

of Andy Dufresne in Shawshank Prison and also the narrator of the story.

There's a guy like me in every state and federal prison in America, I guess--I'm the guy who can get it for you. …. As I said, I've been the guy who can get it for you here at Shawshank for damn near forty years. (King 1)

Anyway, it's not me I want to tell you about; I want to tell you about a guy named Andy Dufresne. But before I can tell you about Andy, I have to explain a few other things about myself. It won't take long. (2)

From the quotation above, Red is the first-person narrator of the story and

the major character. Red is the man who can smuggle almost anything into

Shawshank State Prison from the outside world for forty years. Red’s narrative

focuses only on Andy Dufresne.

(32)

a minor character in your own story. But you know, that's just not so. It's all about me, every damned word of it. Andy was the part of me they could never lock up … (King 81)

From the quotation above, there is implicit meaning that Andy Dufresne is

the part of Red. At one point, the researcher found a sense that Andy is actually

only an aspect of Red’s personality rather than a different character. They are the

major character, Andy Dufresne and Red. Andy is the true agent of the action in

this story. Andy is presumably nothing but the sum of the projections of the

narrator, Red. This story restricts itself to the perspective of the first-person

narrator, Andy exists independently of the narrator’s discourse. Andy appears to

exist only discursively. This story is about Andy Dufresne and Red, both of them,

but Andy's still at the center of it.

Nurgiyantoro (117) states that the main character in the story may be more

than one person, although its superiority level is not the same. Their superiority is

determined by dominance, mostly appearance and influence toward the whole

development in the story. By the meant, Red and Andy Dufresne are the major

character but Andy is dominance and mostly appear and influence toward the

story, also this analysis is going to focuses on Andy Dufresne.

As said by Di Yanni, the characters are not only divided into major and

minor, but also static and dynamic. Andy Dufresne in here is major character and

also static character, this is because his attitude is stable and same, also from the

beginning until the end of the story, the flat character is only described by one

(33)

change. Static or flat character, in Perrine’s (71) views, is the same sort of a

person at the end of the story as he was at the beginning.

Andy Dufresne took the stand in his own defense and told his story calmly, coolly, and dispassionately. (King 5)

I knew him for close to thirty years, and I can tell you he was the most self-possessed man I've ever known. What was right with him he'd only give you a little at a time. What was wrong with him he kept bottled up inside. (5)

From the quotation above, explain that Andy Dufresne is flat. He has

monotonous characteristic and his attitude is stable. He is like to the point and the

man that no waste the time. His expression represent that he did not want to be

attractive person. But in other side, he shows an authority-person that becomes his

identity and makes him different with the other prisoners in Shawshank.

You may also have gotten the idea that I'm describing someone who's more legend than man, and I would have to agree that there's some truth to that. To us long-timers who knew Andy over a space of years, there was an element of fantasy to him, a sense, almost, of myth-magic, if you get what I mean. (King 24)

He had not asked to be sent to Shawshank, he went on; he was an innocent man who had been victimized by colossal bad luck, not a missionary or a do-gooder. (36)

From the quotation above, Andy is the protagonist of the story. There is an

element of fantasy infuses the characterization of Andy, at one point, Red refers to

the mysterious “myth-magic” that Andy’s protagonist seemingly possesses. In

truth, Andy is an anomalous figure who stands out to become legend from the rest

of the inmates at Shawshank Prison, but not for any mythical or spiritual reason,

(34)

3.1.1 Self-Possessed

Andy Dufresne is a self-possessed. possessed is an adjective.

Self-possessed is the action that showing control of feelings or actions, especially in

difficult situation. Self-possessed implies an ease or coolness under stress that

reflects perfect self-control and command of one’s powers. It prove that

self-possessed is composed in Andy’s mind or manner. When Andy came to

Shawshank State Prison for murdering his wife and her lover, Andy was

innocence of murdering but Andy has condemned spending the rest of his life in

prison.

Andy didn't flip out like that when he came to The Shank in 1948, but that's not to say that he didn't feel many of the same things. He may have come close to madness; some do, and some go sailing right over the edge. Old life blown away in the wink of an eye, indeterminate nightmare stretching out ahead, a long season in hell. (King 74)

From the quotation above, Andy was different from most prisoners; he

was quieter but he never lost his mind like many new prisoners. He was able to

overtake himself from terrible something that happened. He states his mind or a

manner marked by easy coolness and freedom from uncertainty and

embarrassment.

"What do I think?" He laughed-but there was no humor in the sound. "I think there was a lot of bad luck floating around that night. More than could ever get together in the same short span of time again. I think it must have been some stranger, just passing through. Maybe someone who had a flat tire on that road after I went home. Maybe a burglar. Maybe a

psychopath. He killed them, that's all. And I'm here." (King 10)

From the quotation above, Andy Dufresne experienced bad luck in his life,

(35)

from the complexities of his bad luck, he is endocrine himself that there is

someone out there who murdering his wife and her lover that are exist “… maybe

someone who had a flat tire on that road after I went home. Maybe a burglar.

Maybe a psychopath. He killed them, that's all. And I'm here”. He was still being

able to laugh at his life and his self-possessed implies an ease or coolness under

stress that reflects perfect self-control and command of one’s powers. Once again,

he states his mind or a manner marked by easy coolness and freedom from

uncertainty and embarrassment.

In Shawshank, Andy was the frequent target of sexual abuse from prison

gang known as The Sisters, led by Bogs Diamond, the gang who rapes many

prisoners that they feel they can rape and Andy is no exception.

Because of his small size and fair good looks (and maybe also because of that very quality of self-possession I had admired), the sisters were after Andy from the day he walked in. If this was some kind of fairy story, I'd tell you that Andy fought the good fight until they left him alone. I wish I could say that, but I can't. Prison is no fairy-tale world. (King 17)

From the quotation above, Andy faces The Sisters with his „self

-possession’ that Red explains, the meaning of self-possession that Andy has the

state or feeling of being calmly, confident and in control of one’s feelings. He is

composed an ease or coolness under difficult situation that reflects perfect

self-control and command of one’s powers to faces The Sisters. Despite these

(36)

3.1.2 Anti-Social

Most of the other inmates think that Andy is cold and snobbish because

Andy is always so calm and composed, rarely revealing his inner thoughts or true

character. Especially, Andy has his own life and he did not want to keep in touch

with the other prisoners for keeping his secrets in Shawshank but Red, even when

in the cell, Andy had no any cellmate.

I knew who he was, of course; he had a reputation for being a snob and a cold fish. People were saying he was marked for trouble already. (King 12)

… Andy had no cellmate, and I'd heard that was just the way he wanted it, although people were already saying he thought his shit smelled sweeter than the ordinary. But I don't have to listen to rumors about a man when I can judge him for myself. "Hello," he said. "I'm Andy Dufresne." He offered his hand and I shook it. He wasn't a man to waste time being social; he got right to the point. "I understand that you're a man who knows how to get things." (12)

Also, Andy was a model prisoner- quiet, well-spoken, respectful and non-violent. (77)

From the quotation above, having an anti-social personality does not mean

that Andy is unsociable, but he has others purpose that more important than being

social is find someone to trust who has an important role. It means that Andy is

indifferent to what others think of them. Andy’s quite typical man who does not

waste time being social. Although Andy quiets himself, he does not interfere with

other prisoner’s life, he still appreciates them and does not retaliate with violence.

3.1.3 Clever

Andy Dufresne is a clever person. Before imprison, he was a vice

(37)

understanding when he have some importance in dealing with a tax in Portland,

Maine. So he thinks, his experience will make a better difference after overhears

the conversation between the guard, Byron Hadley, that he has to pay his brother’s

tax.

“… It seemed that Hadley's older brother had gone off to Texas some fourteen years ago and the rest of the family hadn't heard from the son of a bitch since.” (King 27)

There was no reason, you see, why Hadley couldn't have given Mert the nod at that very minute, pitched Andy over side onto his head, and still taken Andy's advice. No reason. But he didn't. (King 31)

He was working in the library then, under a tough old con named Brooks Hatlen … Andy succeeded to Brooksie's job, and he was librarian for twenty-three years. (33)

But in all that time Andy never had a cellmate. (37)

From the quotation above, Andy negotiated with the guard, Byron Hadley

it shows that Andy is clever person. He gives a solution to Byron Hadley’s

problem by arranging his tax and Hadley agrees. His cleverness obtain

appreciation from the guards, anything that Andy request is pleasure to the guards

and as a result, the guards protect Andy from The Sisters, makes him the prison

library also he is allowed to be alone in his cell.

By April of 1951, Andy was doing the tax returns for half the screws at Shawshank, and by 1952, he was doing almost all of them. He was paid in what may be a prison's most valuable coin: simple good will. (King 35)

”… when we needed that second room back in 1957, I got it. Because they want to keep me happy. I work cheap. That's the trade-off.” (37)

From the quotation above, as word of the occurrence spreads, more of the

(38)

applications, and other financial advice at do not charge. He quickly becomes a

valuable asset to the prison staff because of his cleverness. Andy has feedback

from what he was doing in Shawshank, Andy realizes his new position and works

hard during the next two decades to significantly expand his happiness.

Characters of Andy Dufresne are included in the major character because

Andy is often shown his story in the novel. Andy Dufresne also static character,

this is because his attitude is stable and same, also from the beginning until the

end of the story, the flat character is only described by one certain characteristic.

This character has monotonous characteristic and does not change.

Characterizations of Andy Dufresne are self-possessed, anti-social and clever.

3.2 Defense Mechanism Used by Andy Dufresne

Andy Dufresne uses defense mechanism in many ways, this explanation in

below will give understanding to identify and to analyzes the forms of defense

mechanism that Andy Dufresne uses in Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank

Redemption novel and also his way to perform it. The ego has some tools that it

must be used in it, job as the mediator tools that help defend the ego. These are

called Ego Defense Mechanisms or Defenses.

3.2.1 Rationalization

Rationalization is strategy when a person uses provide rational explanation

for the unacceptable behavior. It means a person use supplying a logical and

(39)

In 1948, Andy Dufresne arrives at Shawshank Prison. In contrast to most

other convicts, Dufresne is not a hardened criminal but a soft-spoken young

banker, convicted of murdering his wife and her lover. Like almost everyone else

in Shawshank, Dufresne insists on his innocence. Before that accident, Andy has a

fight with his wife.

… in late August of 1947 Andy learned that Quentin and his wife had become lovers; that Andy and Linda Dufresne argued bitterly on the afternoon of September 10th, 1947 that the subject of their argument was her infidelity… He testified that Linda professed to be glad he knew; the sneaking around, she said, was distressing. She told Andy that she planned to obtain a Reno divorce. Andy told her he would see her in hell before he would see her in Reno. She went off to spend the night with Quentin in Quentin's rented bungalow not far from the golf course. (King, 3-4)

From the quotation above, it shows that Andy Dufresne performs his

Rationalization. Rationalization is strategy when a person uses provide rational

explanation for the behavior. It means a person use supplying a logical and

rational reason for opposing to the real reason. His unacceptable behavior is his

wife want a divorce. He uses logical explanation or rational reason as opposing to

the real reason about his wife infidelity, Andy told his wife that Andy would see

her in hell. It is to repress his stressful thought. So, he used rational explanation

for it.

Andy Dufresne also uses rationalization when Andy has a trial for his

convicted. The District Attorney’s officer ask him about the gun that Andy used

for murdering his wife and her lover, Andy defense himself.

(40)

then it seems to me decidedly inconvenient that the gun was never found." (King, 9)

From the quotation above shows that Andy uses Rationalization, the

narrator describes Andy Dufresne tells the DA’s officer about his testimony that

he is innocence. He uses logical explanation or rational reason as opposing to the

real reason about the gun that Andy uses is thrown in the river by him before the

crime happened. So, he used rational explanation as opposed to the real reason

about his testified.

3.2.2 Intellectualization

In Intellectualization, the person avoids stressful thought by not thinking

about stressful thought, but tries to think another non stressful thought which can

replace stressful thought.

In the night, before the crime happened, Andy stalking his wife after fight

and his lawyer asks Andy in the same trial about his testimony that did Andy kills

his wife and her lover but Andy defense himself.

"Mr. Dufresne, did you then go up to Glenn Quentin's house and kill the two of them?" his lawyer thundered.

"No, I did not," Andy answered. By midnight, he said, he was sobering up. He was also feeling the first signs of a bad hangover. He decided to go home and sleep it off and think about the whole thing in a more adult fashion the next day. "At that time, as I drove home, I was beginning to think that the wisest course would be to simply let her go to Reno and get her divorce." (King 7)

From the quotation above shows that Andy uses Intellectualization, one

(41)

stressful thought, but tries to think another non stressful thought which can

replace stressful thought. Andy perform it when he tries not to think about divorce

and he feels not comfortable with his wife being with her lover, so he goes to

drinks at the bar, has drunk and focusing about divorce and he does not want some

irrational thought disturb him. As a replace stressful thought, Andy comes home

and starts to think to divorce.

After a long trial, Andy is convicted for murdering and imprisoned in

Shawshank State Prison. There is a gang of aggressive homosexual prisoners in

Shawshank called "The Sisters", led by Bogs Diamond, a gang-rape and Andy is

no exception. The Sisters frequently attack and rape him in the laundry room

while the guards look the other way. Andy fights the sisters, even though it always

makes him bartered.

He decided to fight. When Bogs and two of his buddies came after him a week or so after the laundry incident … Andy slugged it out with them. He broke the nose of fellow named Rooster MacBride. (King 18)

Andy said, "Anything of yours that you stick in my mouth you're going to lose it." …

… "I understood what you said. I don't think you understood me. I'm going to bite whatever you stick into my mouth. You can put that razor into my brain, I guess, but you should know that sudden serious brain injury causes the victim to simultaneously urinate, defecate . . . and bite down." (19)

From the quotation above shows that Andy uses Intellectualization. Andy

perform it when he tries not to think about a gang-rape and their action that trying

to rape him, so he focus on fact and he does not want some irrational thought

(42)

After a few years, Andy Dufresne is escape. Nearly twenty-seven years

Andy spending his life being imprison in Shawshank for the crime he did not

commit. His estimation of succeed escape became his redemption.

In 1975, Andy Dufresne escaped from Shawshank. He hasn't been recaptured, and I don't think he ever will be. In fact, I don't think Andy Dufresne even exists anymore. (King 66)

Based on the quotation above, in the end, Andy Dufresne shows his

Intellectualization, Andy perform it when he tries not to think about being ignored

and unworthy of being normal members of society, for a few years he has patience

and confidence stand out from the rest of the prisoners and he does not want some

irrational thought disturb him. Andy tries to think another non stressful thought

which can replace stressful thought, Andy escapes from Shawshank.

3.2.3 Regression

Regression involves taking the position of a child in some problematic

situation, rather than acting in a more adult way. This is usually in response to

stressful situations, greater levels of stress potentially leads to more regressive

acts.

After helping the guard for tax returns, Andy becomes a valuable financial

resource to those who run the prison and becomes the prison librarian at

Shawshank.

(43)

selections to us at a special cheap rate … He began to write to the State Senate in Augusta in 1954. (King 33-34)

Andy's requests for library funds were routinely turned down until 1960, when he received a check for two hundred dollars-the Senate probably appropriated it in hopes that he would shut up and go away. Vain hope. Andy felt that he had finally gotten one foot in the door and he simply redoubled his efforts; two letters a week instead of one. In 1962 he got four hundred dollars, and for the rest of the decade the library received seven hundred dollars a year like clockwork. By 1971 that had risen to an even thousand. (34)

From the quotation above, it shows that Andy Dufresne performs his

Regression, Regression is a part of defense mechanism it is involves taking the

position of a child in some problematic situation, rather than acting in a more

adult way. The problematic situation is after Andy takes charge of the library,

Andy feels there are things the prisoners have serious problem about. He used

Regression to avoid his broke-library, he is taking the position of a child and he

writes two letters a week to State Senate in Augusta, Maine for money for books.

Like when Andy did before, he always writes so much send applications to the

Maine State Senate. It makes him feel better than do nothing in Shawshank. It

makes him a little bit satisfaction.

In November of 1962, a new inmate named Tommy Williams arrives at

Shawshank and one day, Tommy tells Andy that he served time in another prison

with Elwood Blatch, a man whose former cellmate who privately admitted to

murdering a rich golfer and some hot lawyer's wife (Andy latches onto the idea

that the word "lawyer" could easily have been mixed up with "banker", the

professions being similarly viewed by the general public) and framing the lawyer

(44)

could be brought before a court, he could be given a new trial and a chance at

freedom.

Blatch told Tommy the man who got sent up was a hotshot lawyer, and Andy was a banker, but those are two professions that people who aren't very educated could easily get mixed up. (King 46)

He began by refreshing Norton on the details of the crime he had been imprisoned for. Then he told the warden exactly what Tommy Williams had told him. He also gave out Tommy's name, which you may think wasn't so wise in light of later developments, but I'd just ask you what else he could have done, if his story was to have any credibility at all. (47)

When Andy asks Norton to request a retrial, his request has been denied,

the warden Norton dismisses Andy’s claims and puts him in solitary (a hole)

confinement for twenty days on the diet of bread and water.

"What's the matter with you?" Andy said, and Chester told me he was very nearly screaming by then. "It's my life, my chance to get out, don't you see that? And you won't make a single long-distance call to at least verify Tommy's story? Listen, I'll pay for the call! I'll pay for-"

Then there was a sound of thrashing as the guards grabbed him and started to drag him out.

"Solitary," Warden Norton said dryly. He was probably fingering his thirty-year pin as he said it. "Bread and water." (King 49)

However, as soon as possible warden Norton makes sure Tommy is moved

to another lower security, prison, Chasman State Prison, presumably as

compensation for promising that Andy never talks about his new trial anymore of

fear that Andy would expose the warden Norton’s money laundering operation if

paroled. Andy is too useful to the warden Norton to be allowed to go free and

(45)

Andy Dufresne: I think we can put it together, With Tommy Williams and with my testimony and corroborative testimony from records and employees at the country club, I think we can put it together.

Warden Norton: Tommy Williams is no longer an inmate of this facility.

Andy Dufresne: What?

Warden Norton: He's been transferred.

Andy Dufresne: Transferred where?

Warden Norton: Cashman. (King 52-53)

From the quotation above, Andy Dufresne performs his Regression still,

after warden Norton visit Andy in solitary (a hole) confinement, Andy feels still

want to testify that his innocence about murdering his wife and her lover. He used

Regression to avoid his innocenceparticularly frustration being imprisoned in

Shawshank, so doing avoid the present frustration, Andy went to the warden

Norton and told him about the new evidence from Tommy’s testified. But the

warden Norton still underrated his testified. So Andy taking the position of a child

in some problematic situation, rather than acting in a more adult way, he resigns

himself from his dirty work to help the warden Norton’s corrupt.

Time continued to pass-the oldest trick in the world, and maybe the only one that really is magic. But Andy Dufresne has changed. He had grown harder. That's the only way I can think of to put it. He went on doing Warden Norton's dirty work and he held onto the library, so outwardly things were about the same. (King 55)

After losing his job with the warden over the issue and spending a couple

of months in solitary as a result, Andy resigns himself that the purpose for his

retrial legal vindication has become non-existent, Warden Norton is reminding

(46)

warden Norton is going to keep Andy’s mouth shut by denied Andy’s request for

new trial and then, Andy is still employed by the warden Norton to take care of

his dirty money.

3.2.4 Repression

Repression involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively

unreachable areas of the unconscious mind. When things occur that the one cannot

cope with now, then he or she pushes it away.

When Andy questioned about his work with the warden Norton, Andy

never wants to discuss about it.

He never wanted to talk about that part of his life, and I don't blame him. I got parts of it from maybe half a dozen different sources. I've said once that prisoners are nothing but slaves, but they have that slave habit of looking dumb and keeping their ears open. (King 41)

The researcher also found that Andy Dufresne performs his Repression,

Repression is selective forgetting of material associated with conflict and stress.

Andy tries to blocking his memory about his dirty work with warden Norton, if he

remembers it will cause some negative statement in himself, but when Red want

to discuss his work with warden Norton, Andy remembers everything about his

job to helps warden Norton to deals with laundering money and selective

forgetting by prefer not to talk about it with him because he does not want to

(47)

3.2.5 Reaction Formation

Reaction formation occurs when a person feels an urge to do or say

something and then actually he or she does or says something that is effectively

the opposite of what they really want.

Not only financial responsibilities start with filing the guard’s tax returns,

but they also soon expand to laundering money for the warden Norton, also

realizes that Andy's skills is useful. Warden Norton has started a program called

"Inside-Out" where convicts do work outside the prison for minimum wages.

Normal companies outside cannot compete with the cost of Inside-Out workers

and sometimes they offer warden Norton not to bid for contracts. This cash has to

be laundered somehow, Andy has no moral objection to hiding the money that

Norton receives from construction companies and Andy makes himself useful

here as well.

They just set him to work washing dirty money instead of dirty sheets He funneled it into stocks, bonds, tax-free municipals, you name it. (King 36)

Andy Dufresne was his right hand in all of this, his silent partner. The prison library was Andy's hostage to fortune. Norton knew it, and Norton used it. (41)

From the quotation above, it shows that Andy Dufresne performs

his Reaction Formation, Freud comes up with the idea that if there a possibility

that threatening repressed material might return to consciousness, a person might

attempt to reinforce the repression by using behaviors opposed to the kinds of

(48)

the kinds of behaviors that helps the warden Norton to processes his money or

work washing dirty money.

3.2.6 Projection

Projection is such attitude when a person has uncomfortable thoughts or

feelings, he or she may project these onto other people, transfer the thoughts or

feeling that he or she need to repress to a convenient alternative target.

An Andy dream of escaping, after a few years, Andy Dufresne is escape.

Nearly twenty-seven years Andy spending his life being imprison in Shawshank.

His estimation of succeed escape became his reflected to the other inmates.

All I know for sure is that Andy Dufresne wasn't much like me or anyone else I ever knew since I came inside. … It was a kind of inner light he carried around with him. (King 32)

"It was hoping for the best and expecting the worst-nothing but that. The false name was. just to keep what little capital I had untainted. It was lugging the paintings out of the path of the hurricane. But I had no idea that the hurricane . . . that it could go on as long as it has." (60)

And he strolled off, as if he were a free man who had just made another free man a proposition. And for a while just that was enough to make melees free. Andy could do that. He could make me forget for a time that we were both lifers, … (62)

From the quotation above, the researcher found Andy Dufresne performs

his Projection, Projection is such attitude when a person has uncomfortable

thoughts or feelings for being imprisoned, Andy project these to the other inmates,

transfer the thoughts or feeling that Andy needs to repress to a convenient

alternative target. Andy is share determination to maintain his own sense of

(49)

Eventually, achievement of Andy is escape, his seemingly impossible goal for

nearly twenty-seven years. Shawshank redefines the passage of time for the

inmates, especially for the “lifers” like Andy and Red, who can only look forward

to death. Projection involves the attribution of personality characteristic or

motivations to the other persons as a function of one’s own personality

characteristic and motivations, Andy sets about making hope a reality in the form

of his estimation of succeed escape. This hope reinvigorates Andy and spreads too

(50)

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption tells about the main

character, Andy Dufresne’s journey in Shawshank State Prison. The journey

began when Andy came to Shawshank for murdering his wife and her lover, Andy

was innocence of murdering but Andy has condemned spending the rest of his life

in prison. The researcher did this research to answer his uncertainty about the

forms of defense mechanism that Andy Dufresne used in his journey from the

novel. The researcher uses theory from Sigmund Freud.

By analyzing the characterization the researcher can tell if Andy Dufresne

is not only major character but also static character, this is because his attitude is

stable and he is characterized as self-possessed, anti-social and clever. The

findings from the previous chapter, it could be seen that there are six out of nine

forms of defense mechanism that are performed by Andy Dufresne. The most

often used is using Intellectualization with occurrence 3 times of 19 utterances,

then Rationalization twice, follow with using Regression twice. Next use is

Reaction Formation, projection and Repression, those occurrences are once. In

contrast, use Displacement, Denial, and Sublimation are not found in these

speeches.

In addition, the explanation above shows the flow of the defense

mechanism. The strongest defense mechanism that Andy used is

(51)

Then, Andy Dufresne performed rationalization by use logical explanation

or rational reason as opposed to the real reason, because the real reason makes his

anxiety. Moreover, Andy Dufresne used by taking the position of a child in some

problematic situation, rather than acting in a more adult way. Also Andy Dufresne

used repression to repress his anxiety and forgetting his uncomfortable thoughts.

The last are reaction formation and projection to acts in a way that Andy shows

personally a long way from feared position and to project his uncomfortable

thoughts onto someone else, transfer the thoughts or feeling that Andy need to

(52)

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