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Presented in
2
ndInternational Conference in Education, Psychology, and Social Science (ICEPSS)
International Research Enthusiast Society Inc. (IRES Inc.)
May 22‐23, 2015
Open Access
ISSN 2423‐1924
Health, Illness, And Cancer In Balinese Female
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya Department of Psychology, Medicine Faculty
Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia amsirak_22@yahoo.com
Abstract
The concept of healthy and illness is an important thing to understand. Both the concept of healthy and illness in general, and the concept of healthy and illness associated a particular disease, as known to influence attitudes and behavior indicated healthy individuals. The purpose of this study is to explore the concept of healthy, illness, and its relation to cancer in Balinese female. Balinese female roles include three roles that domestic role, the public role, and social role related to the culture of Bali, which tend to be different from the females roles in general, which includes the role of domestic and public roles.
This research was conducted in early adulthood Balinese female aged 20 to 40 years. The method used in this study was a cross-sectional survey, with a simple random sampling technique. Data concept of healthy, illness and its relation to cancer collected, covering the general perception of Balinese female about health and illness, specific perceptions about health and illness associated with cancer, risks behavior, and determine the relationship between the concept of healthy and illness on demographic variables such as age, occupation, marital status, monthly income, and social activities. The results of the study can be used as initial data to explore on female’s health, especially the health of Balinese females. In addition, the results can also be a consideration for female's health services program, which is based cultural characteristics, especially the culture of Bali.
Keyword: perception on health and illness, perception on health and illness and relation to cancer, perceived risk behavior, Balinese female
Luh Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya* amsirak_22@yahoo.com
Introduction
Health is essential to human life. Most people would agree that health is an important asset to be able to perform a variety of activities, will have a positive impact on all aspects of an human life. Health is not only associated with better physical functioning, but also related to the state or condition of a mental health and social interaction are good. This is consistent with health definitions according to World Health Organization (WHO) is health or wellbeing are physical, mental and social aspects (Lu, 2002; Taylor, 2006). According to the WHO definition of health, health of wellbeing regulated in The Indonesian Enactment of Health number 36 in 2009, which is a condition in physical, mental, social, and spiritual, which allows individuals to be able to live productive in economic and social.
The word health is often paired with the word good or bad, which indicates a health condition optimally, or conversely, poor health indicates a diseased condition. Ill defined etiology naturalistic is a condition caused by a problem of individual body systems. Health and illness can be said to be related between the ability or inability of the individual to adapt to the environment, either biological, psychological, social and cultural (Soejoeti, 2008). There have been many studies conducted on health and illness concept of the individual, both health and ilness concept in general, and based on the specific context. The concept of health and illness are believed influence to the attitudes, perceptions and behavior of individuals on health, health care seeking behavior, preventive measures and health promotion for individuals (Boruchovitch & Mednick, 2002).
The concept of health and illness, is closely related to social and cultural influences. The concept of health and illness have begins from the perception of illness and heatlh, which is of course influenced by the socio-cultural values and certain beliefs (Soejoeti, 2008; Harjati, 2012; Nayak, Sharada, & Geroge 2012). One of the results of research that shows the influence of socio-cultural values and certain beliefs about the health and illness society is research conducted by Nayak (2012) to the urban community in Udupi Manipal area. The study showed that 45% of adults believe that the pain from a disease believed to be the wrath of God, or as "karma", while in some particular disease believed to be caused by a ghost.
Similarly in Balinese culture has values, certain cultural mores, which makes Bali has its own uniqueness. Particularly in Balinese female, which has a multirole in life. The female roles particulary Balinese female, likely to be different in women in general who has a duality role that domestic role or the role of household and public role or work. While Balinese female has three roles there are domestic role, the role of the public, and social roles, especially for Balinese female who have been married. The changing role of female occurs when single women generally are teenagers, turned into a married female, who generally have early adult life. Early adult age range was 20 years to 40 years (Papalia et al., 2007).
Domestic role is the role of female in performing or completing household such as cooking, cleaning, wiping and other clothing, while the public role is the female role in completing work outside the home, that work in order to increase family incomes. Furthermore, the female social roles in society that implement custom and religion (Mosser in Suyadnya, 2009). Increasing number or multirole undertaken by the individual, in this case female, are likely to require good management responsibilities, and can be the source of its own stress (Taylor, 2009). Female identified with the stereotype of weak, soft, smooth, tend to be emotional, and identical with the housework alone. Although in fact, many female who was work outside the home to increase the family income, in addition to its role as a housewife and roles related social and religious customs. Even doing the work that tends to require great strength and muscle strength. Women's overall health is also an important concern. This is partly because of the stereotype of female as living beings than men tend to be weak, but because the power of female is also in management responsibilities regarding gender roles held by female.
19.3% from some other types of cancer. Cancer predicted as the cause of disease morbidity and mortality of the most important in the whole world.
The illustration above shows that it is very important for female to pay attention, keep or take care of their health. Gender roles of female have an impact on female's health that is related to the quality of health services, reporting of symptoms experienced pain, relationships with healthcare practitioners, and health-seeking behavior support (Biaggio & Hersen, 2002).
Statement of Objective/Problems
An study to describe the concept of health and illness in general, the concept of health and illness associated with cancer, especially Balinese female were Hindu religion.
Methodology
The research method used is cross-sectional surveys, of the Balinese female population that is Hindu religion, who were aged 20 to 40 years. This study was conducted in Bali, with the sampling method by using probability sampling.
Perceived health and illness tool had 30 items on Likert scale, perceived risk factors had 22 risk factors are divided into three categories that is high risk, moderate risk, and low risk. Demographic variables consist of age, education, occupation, income per month, marital status, and social activity.
Perceived health and illness tool had 30 items on a Likert scale, perceived risk factors had 22 risk factors are divided into three categories that is high risk, moderate risk, and low risk. Respondents can determine the answer in four answer options Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D), Strongly Disagree (SD) on items Likert scale. While the category of perceived risk behavior is based on the frequency of risk behaviors conducted or the emergence of that frequency is always a category of high-risk behaviors, frequency often to sometimes as medium risk behavior categories, and the frequency was never as low-risk behavior. Furthermore, demographic variables consist of age, education, occupation, income per month, marital status, and social activity. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to the Balinese female with a predetermined characteristic that is aged 20 years to 40 years and Hindu. The questionnaire is 103 have been collected and descriptive analyzed.
Result and Discusssion
Tabel 1: Perception score in health and illness
Perception in health and illness Categorization Frequency Percentage
General
Tabel 2 Perception score in health and illness base on demographic data No Respondent
Amount in category Amount in category
3. perception health and illness cancer-related diseases was partially major in middle category is 93.2% (Table 1). Among 103 Balinese female, most of the shows are in the moderate categories of perceptions of health and illness in general and cancer-related diseases, which are based on demographic data, namely age, marital status, occupation, monthly income, education, and the presence or absence of social activity (Table 2).
Based on perceived risk behavior data showed that the variation of the number of risk behaviors Balinese female of moderate to low range, in other words, nothing that shows the behavior of the high-risk category. Risk behaviors include the following active and passive smoking, drinking alcohol, using drugs, soil and road dust, eating fast food, fumes, odors from garbage, firewood as fuel for cooking, stress, unsafe water and food, overweight, improper personal hygiene, noise, unbalanced nutrition diet , emotionally unstable conditions, excessive working hours, conditions weakened immune, family problems, routine health check, check for breast self-examination (BSE).
Conclusions
consistent with the general perception of health and illness and cancer-related diseases based on demographic data or respondents charactheristics, who tend to be in the category anyway.
This can give an idea that the general perception of health and illness and perception of health and illness cancer related disease in Balinese female, maybe can be quite good. That general perceptions of health and illness and perception of health and illness cancer-related disease, not solely based on the subjective perspective of the individual, in this case, Balinese female, but can also be based on scientific rationality. This is supported by Helman (2001) that the presence of social and cultural factors underlying individual differences in understanding the perspective of health and illness. The perspective is based on the differences in system-related objective evidence of health and illness, as well as various ways of conviction against treatment assessment.
Recommendations
Important for future research to determine the relationship between demographics or characteristics of respondents are Balinese female towards general perception of health and illness and cancer-related disease, including consideration of other demographic data such as living area. In addition, should also conducted an analysis of each statement or item scale, to be able to see a clearer of the respondents in each statement about the concept of health and illness in general, and related cancers.
Certain cultural characteristics are important parts that need to be considered to understand the concept of health and illness in general and the concept of health and illness related with certain diseases, which is also related to the daily health behaviors. It is also a consideration for the provision of health services, particularly for women's overall health.
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