UNIT OPERASI BIOPROSES (UOB)

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UNIT OPERASI

BIOPROSES (UOB)

TPE4211

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MATERI KULIAH

No Pokok Bahasan Sub Pokok Bahasan Waktu (Jam) 1. Pengantar

2. Satuan dimensi 2 x 50

3. Pengantar dasar-dasar teknik  Sistem satuan, dimensi dan konversi

 Pernyataan suhu dan komposisi

 Hukum gas ideal dan tekanan uap

 Konservasi massa dan neraca massa

 Konservasi energi dan neraca energi

2 x 50

4. Neraca massa 2 x 50

5. Neraca energi 2 x 50

6. Dasar-dasar perpindahan momentum  Viskositas dan macam-macam fluida, fluida statis, aliran fluida, tipe aliran dan faktor gesekan

2 x 50

7. Lanjutan  Pengukuran aliran fluida, kebutuhan tenaga untuk aliran, persamaan Bernoilli dan penerapannya

(3)

Unit Conversions

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Today's Objectives

1) Importance of unit conversions

2) Parts of a measurement

3) Units in equations

(5)

Are Units important?

(6)

Are Units important?

"The 'root cause' of the loss of the spacecraft was the failed

translation of English units into metric units in a segment of ground-based, navigation-related mission software, as NASA has previously announced," said Arthur Stephenson, chairman of the Mars Climate Orbiter Mission Failure Investigation

Board. "The failure review board has identified other

significant factors that allowed this error to be born, and then let it linger and propagate to the point where it resulted in a major error in our understanding of the spacecraft's path as it approached Mars."

(7)

Dimensions



Dimensions are concepts of measurement in

engineering works. The

basic dimensions

we are

familiar with are

length

,

mass

,

temperature

and

time

.



Other dimensions are called

derived dimensions

,

(8)

Dimension Symbol

Length

Mass

time

force

electric current

absolute temperature

luminous intensity

[L]

[M]

[T]

[F]

[A]

[q]

[/]

(9)

Relation between basic and derived

dimensions

Time

Length

Mass

Area

Volume Volume Flow Rate

Density

Mass Flow Rate

Velocity

(10)

Units

Units are the means of

expressing the

dimensions

such as

metre(m)

for length,

kilogram(kg)

for mass,

degree Celcius

(˚C)

for temperature and

second(s)

for time.

Derived units are those that can be developed

in terms of fundamental units such as

Newton(N)

for force,

Pascal(Pa)

for pressure, Joules(J) for

(11)

Fundamental Dimension Base Unit

time

electric current

absolute temperature luminous intensity amount of substance

second (s) ampere (A)

kelvin (K) candela (cd)

mole (mol)

(12)

Fundamental Dimension Base Unit

length [L] mass [M]

time [T]

electric current [A]

absolute temperature [q] luminous intensity [l] amount of substance [n]

meter (m) kilogram (kg)

second (s) ampere (A)

kelvin (K) candela (cd)

mole (mol)

(13)

Dimensions Units Symbols for units

Length foot ft

Mass pound mass lb_m

Time second, minute, hour, day s, min, hr, day

Temperature degree Rankine or degree Fharenheit

R or F

Force pound force lb_f

Molar amount pound mole lb mol

Energy British thermal unit Btu

Power horsepower hp

Density pound mass per cubic foot lb_m/ft3

Velocity feet per second ft/s

Acceleration feet per second squared ft/s2

Pressure pound force per square inch psi

Heat Capacity Btu per pound mass per degree F Btu/lb_m F

(14)

Common Dimensions and Units (SI)

Dimensions Units Symbols for units

Length metre m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

Temperature Kelvin K

Force Newton N

Molar amount mole mol

Energy Joule J

Power Watt W

Density kilogram per cubic metre Kg/m3

Velocity metre per second m/s

Acceleration metre per second squared m/s2

Pressure Pascal Pa

(15)

MEASUREMENTS



There are different types of measurements that can be made in

the laboratory like mass, time, volume, and length.



These measurements can be made using either the metric system

or the English system. The metric system is based on increments of 10.

1 base = 100 centibases “c” = centi

1 base = 1000 millibases “m” = milli 1 kbase = 1000 bases

1 base = 106_microbases_{“m” = micro}_{k = kilo}

1 base = 109_nanobases_{“n” =}_nano

 The first step to understanding measurements is to learn the

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MEASUREMENTS

•

There are different

types of

measurements that

can be made in the

lab for length,

mass, volume,

temperature, area,

time, heat and

pressure.

Unit Metric English

Length Meter (m) Inches (in) or Feet (ft)

Mass Gram (g) Pounds (lb) Volume Liters (L) Gallon (gal) Temperature Celsius (°C) and

Kelvin (K)

Fahrenheit (°F)

Area Square meters (m2₎ _{Square feet (ft}2₎

Time Seconds (s) Minutes (min) or Hours (hr)

Heat Calories (cal) or Joules (J)

British Thermal Units (BTU) Pressure Atmospheres (atm),

Torr, or mmHg

(17)

International System of Units (SI)

Fundamental

Dimensions:

Derived Dimensions:

Length = m

Force = N (newton) = kg*m/s

2

Mass = kg

Energy = J (joule) = N*m

Time = s

Power = W (watt) = J/s

(18)

Derived Dimension

1.

Force (F)

In English system, “1 lb_f is a force required to accelerate a mass of 32.174 lb_m at a rate of 1 ft/s2”

or 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm ft/s2

In SI, “1 N is a force required to accelerate a mass of 1

kg at a rate of 1 m/s2_”

(19)

From the definition F = ma

When F = force, m = mass, and a = acceleration

Then, F = m(kg) x a(m/s2₎

 F(kg m/s2₎

While the definition of 1N is the movement of 1 kg-mass with the acceleration of 1 m/s2

(20)

Derived Dimension

2. Pressure (P)

Pressure is a force exerted by fluid per unit area

Or P = F/A

SI; Unit of pressure is Pascal (1 Pa =N/m2₎

English; Unit of pressure is psi, (1 psi = 1lb_f/in2₎

(21)

From the definition P = F/A When

P = pressure, F = force, and A= cross-sectional area

Therefore,

P = F(N)/A(m2_{)= F(kg m/s}2_{)/(A (m}2₎

P (kg/m s2₎

Or P (Pascal) since

1 Pa = 1 kg/m s2

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A. SI Prefix Conversions

1. Find the difference between the exponents of

the two prefixes.

2. Move the decimal that many places.

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mega-

M

10

6

deci-

d

10

-1

centi-

c

10

-2

milli-

m

10

-3

Prefix

Symbol

Factor

micro-



10

-6

nano-

n

10

-9

pico-

p

10

-12

kilo-

k

10

3

move

lef

t

mo

ve

right

(24)

1) 20 cm =

______________ m

2) 0.032 L = ______________ mL

3) 45



m =

______________ nm

4) 805 dm = ______________ km

0.2

0.0805

45,000

(25)

=

NUMBER

UNIT

NUMBER

UNIT

(26)





3

cm

g

cm

B. Dimensional Analysis

•

The “Factor

-

Label” Method

–

Units, or “labels” are canceled, or “factored” out

(27)

Converting units

•

Factor label method

•

Regardless of conversion, keeping track of

units makes things come out right

•

Must use conversion factors

• - The relationship between two units

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B. Dimensional Analysis

•

Steps:

1. Identify starting & ending units.

2. Line up conversion factors so units cancel.

3. Multiply all top numbers & divide by each

bottom number.

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Common conversion factors

•

English

Factor

– 1 gallon = 4 quarts 4 qt/gal or 1gal/4 qt

– 1 mile = 5280 feet 5280 ft/mile or 1 mile/5280 ft

– 1 ton = 2000 pounds 2000 lb/ton or 1 ton/2000 lb

• Common English to Metric

• 1 liter = 1.057 quarts 1.057 qt/L or 1 L/1.057 qt

or 0.946 L/qt

• 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds 2.2 lb/kg or 1 kg/2.2 lb

• or 0.454 kg/lb

• 1 meter = 1.094 yards 1.094 yd/m or 1m/1.094 yd

• or 0.917m/yd

(30)

MEASUREMENTS

TEMPERATURE

•

A physical property of matter that determines the

direction of heat flow.

•

Temperature is measured with a thermometer

.

Measured on three scales.

Fahrenheit

o

F

o

F = (1.8

o

C) + 32

Celsius

o

C

o

C = (

o

F - 32)/1.8

(31)

31

Temperature Exercise

•

You take water from the faucet (80

o

F)

and bring it to a boil on the stove.

•

What is the temperature change in

o

C?

(32)

32

Solution

•

For the temperature

change

, the best

solution process is to use degree

(33)

33

Solution

•

For the temperature

value

we use

temperature conversion:

(34)

•

Lining up conversion factors:

1 in = 2.54 cm

2.54 cm 2.54 cm

1 in = 2.54 cm

1 in 1 in

= 1

(35)

Line Mole Method

•

Process to convert from one unit to

another

•

Example: Convert 3.00 m to inch:

? = 3.00 m 100 cm 1 in

1 m

2.54 cm

ANSWER = 118 in

(36)

Line Mole Method

•

Process to convert from one unit to

another

•

Example: Convert 3.00 m/s to m/hr:

? = 3.00 m 60 s 60 min

s

min

hr

(37)

Example Metric conversion

mg

g

mg

kg

g

kg

mg

g

kg

000

,

000

,

1

1000

1

1000

1

1000

1

1000

1







(38)

•

How many milliliters are in 1.00 quart of milk?

1.00 qt

1 L

1.057 qt

= 946 mL

qt

mL

1000 mL

1 L

(39)

•

You have 1.5 pounds of gold. Find its volume in

cm

3

if the density of gold is 19.3 g/cm

3

.

lb

cm

3

1.5 lb 1 kg

2.2 lb

= 35 cm

3

1000 g

1 kg

1 cm

3

(40)

•

How many liters of water would fill a container

that measures 75.0 in

3

?

75.0 in

3

(2.54

3

cm

3

)

(1 in)

3

= 1.23 L

in

3

L

1 L

(41)

5) Your European hairdresser wants to cut your

hair 8.0 cm shorter. How many inches will he

be cutting off?

8.0 cm 1 in

2.54 cm

= 3.1 in

(42)

6) Taft football needs 550 cm for a 1st down.

How many yards is this?

550 cm

1 in

2.54 cm

= 6.0 yd

cm

yd

1 ft

12 in

1 yd

3 ft

(43)

7) A piece of wire is 1.3 m long. How many 1.5 cm

pieces can be cut from this wire?

1piece=1.5cm

1.3 m 100 cm

1 m

= 86 pieces

m

pieces

(44)

Converting Area and Volume

Caution:

Make sure the units cancel

Area: 150 ft2 to yd2

150 ft

2

1 yd 1 yd

150 ft

2

(10)2 yd2

OR

3 ft 3 ft

(3)

2

ft

2

Volume: 12 ft3_{to Liters}

12 ft

3

(12)

3

in

₃

(2.54)

3

cm

₃

(1)

3

m

₃

1000 L

(45)

Chemical Herbicide Spill

Line Mole Method - Example

Problem:

The permeability of sand is 1.0x10

-4

cm/s. If a

chemical herbicide is dumped on a sandy soil,

how long (in hours) will it take for the

contaminant to reach the well 150 feet away.

Permeability of Sand = 1.0x10-4_cm/s

t = Time (hours)

(46)

Factor Label Method - Example

Theory:

Permeability = Distance/Time

Assumptions:

Sand has constant permeability in area

Herbicide moves per permeability of sand

Solution:

(47)

Line Mole Method - Example

Theory:

Permeability = Distance/Time

Assumptions:

Sand has constant permeability in area

Herbicide moves per permeability of sand

Solution:

1.0x10

-4

cm 1 in

1 ft

60 s 60 min

s 2.54 cm 12 in 1 min

1 hr

(48)

Line Mole Method - Example

Solution:

Permeability = 0.011811 ft/hr

Time = Distance / Permeability

t = 150 ft

OR

t = 150 ft

hr

0.011811 ft/hr

0.011811 ft

t = 12700 hours = 13000 hours

How many years is that?

t = 12700 hr

1 day

1 yr

= 1.4 yr

(49)

As an individual, solve...

Water Tower Problem

Problem Statement:

•

Your home town is growing so rapidly that another

water tower is necessary to meet the needs of the

community. Civil and environmental engineers predict

that the water tower will need to hold 1.00 x 10.0

6

kilograms of water. The engineers also estimate the

density of the water to be 999 kilograms per cubic

meter.

•

If this tower is 50.0 meters high and spherical, what

volume (gal) of water will the tower hold and

what will the diameter (ft) of the tower have to

be?

(50)

Diagram:

฀ mass of water = 1.00 x 106_kg

฀ density of water = 999 kg/m3

฀ tower height = 50.0 m

฀ ? volume of water (L)

฀ ? diameter (ft)

Theory:

₄

Volume of a sphere r3

3

diameter 2 r 23 3 V www.algonquin.org/pw.htm

4

Assumptions:

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