The Origin of Solar System

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Outline Origin of Solar system The Sun

The Origin of Solar System

Yudhiakto Pramudya, Ph.D

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Outline Origin of Solar system The Sun

1 _{Origin of Solar system}

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Outline Origin of Solar system The Sun Islamic point of view

QS Fushshilat 41:11

Then He turned straight to the sky, while it was a smoke, and said to it and to the earth, ‘Come (to my obedience) both of you, willingly or unwillingly.” Both said, We come willingly

QS Al-Sajdah 32:4

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Outline Origin of Solar system The Sun The model

Nebular hypothesis by Emmanuel Swedenborg, Kant (1755) and developed by Laplace and others.

Another model :

Catastrophe theories, isolated sun had a close encounter with another star

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In the 1970’s, Soviet Astronomer Victor Safronov proposed the Solar Nebular Disk Model (SNDM).

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Due to the Sun’s radiation, the inner Solar System was too warm for volatile molecules like water and methane to condense.

Planetesimals which formed there were relatively small and composed largely of compounds with high melting points, such as silicates and metals.

The terrestrial planets : Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

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As the temperature fell further away from the Sun, volatile icy compounds could remain solid-beyond what is called the frost line. Jupiter and Saturn captured far more material than the terrestrial planets and overlaying their icy/rocky core were layers of metallic and molecular hydrogen.

Jupiter and Saturn become gas giants and contain the largest percentages of hydrogen and helium.

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Outline Origin of Solar system The Sun The evidence

Basic features of Solar System :

The planets orbits lie nearly in a plane with the sun at the center The planets all revolve in the same direction

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Outline Origin of Solar system The Sun The evidence

Solar System composition

Initially

hydrogen and helium

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Outline Origin of Solar system The Sun Size

Diameter

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Outline Origin of Solar system The Sun Size

angular diameter =linear diameter

distance

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Outline Origin of Solar system The Sun Black Body Radiation

Wien’s Displacement Law

λmax =b/T

b= 2.897x10−3m K

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

σ= 5.67x10−8_Wm−2_K−4

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Outline Origin of Solar system The Sun Solar Wind

The atmosphere of the Sun :

Corona : Thin gases and are visible only during total solar eclipse.

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Photosphere

The photosphere is less than 500 km deep. The average temperature is about 5800 K.

The density is low. It is about 34000 less than the air. The air at sea level and 15C is 1.225 kg/m3

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The layer of the sun

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Outline Origin of Solar system The Sun Sunspot

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Magnetic Field is 0.15 - 0.3 Tesla compared to earth magnetic field is between 25 to 65 microTesla

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Outline Origin of Solar system The Sun Prominence, flare

Prominence

Bright columns of gas are often seen stretching up from the chromosphere into the corona.

The are caused by dense ionized gas that is suspended by the Sun’s magnetic field but rains back from the corona into chromosphere

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Flare

Originating in the Sun’s corona

The breaking and reconnection of the Sun’s magnetic field lines and the resulting release of magnetic energy. The energy up to 1 billion megatons of TNT

Tend to occur above the active regions around sunspots Tend to be more frequent at the time of solar maximum

Coronal mass ejections, which are the ejection of material from the solar corona consisting largely of electrons and proton with smaller quantities of heavier elements

The stream of highly energetic particles take 15 min to reach the Earth

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The solar wind existence was deduced from observations of the tails of comets.

The dust tail that is composed of grains material that are released as the Sun sublimates ice from the surface of the comet nucleus. The dust particles feel radiation pressure from the Sun and are pushed away from the Sun.

The ion tails is composed of ionized molecules, such as cyanogen (CN2) and CO.

If the Sun emitting a stream of charged particles would interact with the ions

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Aurora

Colored light display in north (Aurora Borealis) and south (Aurora Australis) magnetic poles

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The Origin of Solar System