INTRODUCTION
Agriculture contribution plays a major role in the country’s economy. As the population of a country increases, the volume of the food required increases and in turn requires more water. In addition, factors like climatic changes, global warming, reduction in amount of ground water, and uncertainty in monsoon translate into increased crop water demand. This demands for the invention of efficient and advanced technologies to utilize the sources in an optimal way. In conventional agricultural systems, farmers supply the water manually at regular intervals and are tedious, labour intensive and not so accurate. Advanced engineering technologies in the agriculture field are to be adopted through efficient water management practices to minimize man power and to maximize the profit.
The proposed system (Sriram, Sharmau, Reddy,
& Anand Babu, 2019) supplies a precise quantity of water by monitoring the soil moisture. To gain savings in energy and to maximize crop productivity, the soil parameters are updated to the website at regular intervals of time. A system (Barkunan, Bhanumathi, &
Sethuram, 2019) has been implemented for automatic drip irrigation with sensors for paddy cultivation. It consists of temperature sensor, light sensor, humidity sensor, and rain sensor. The environmental conditions are monitored by collecting the physical parameters. Authors have shown nearly 13% and 41.5% of water savings in comparison with drip irrigation and conventional flood and methods respectively. The hardware in (Choudhary, Rajarathnam, Alekya, Prithiv Hari, & Selva Kumar, 2020) study uses linear guides in the x, y and z directions that allows agricultural practices like watering, sensing ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Internet of Things Smart Irrigation Soil Moisture Sensor
Wireless Sensor Network RB Article History:
Received: April 12, 2022 Accepted: February 6, 2023
*) Corresponding author:
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The aim of research is to reduce the utilization of water by irrigating the agricultural fields that have low moisture level through the implementation of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The ARM-based irrigation solution consists of a Solar Tracking System, Wireless Information Unit (WIU), WSN and Remote Access. The Solar Tracking System utilizes maximum solar energy by using Light Dependent Resistor(LDR) to track the sun. The electric energy produced is stored in the battery which powers the ARM processor. Wireless Information Unit will collect the sensor information from Wireless Sensor Network through the use of Wi-Fi. The system monitors soil-moisture and controls the flow of water using a solenoid valve depending upon the set threshold. In the tank, Ultra Sonic sensor identifies the water level controlled by the WIU. An Android application helps the farmer to monitor the water flow and soil moisture remotely. The proposed water management methodologies for agriculture optimizes the water usage and such practices maintain the crop health, keep yield intact, and avoids human intervention. In this proposed system, soil moisture is maintained appropriately to ensure that a good harvest is obtained which in turn preserves different types of nutrients.
ISSN: 0126-0537
Cite this as: Yatnalli, V., Shivaleelavathi, B. G., Bhusare, S. S., Sheetal, C., Reshma, B., Swetha, M. & Yashaswini, H. N. (2023). Design and development of solar powered automatic irrigation system for modernization of agriculture.
AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(1), 173-187. http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v45i1.3753
Design and Development of Solar Powered Automatic Irrigation System for Modernization of Agriculture
Veeramma Yatnalli1*), B.G. Shivaleelavathi1), Saroja S. Bhusare1), C. Sheetal2), B. Reshma2), M. Swetha2), and H. N. Yashaswini2)
1)JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
2)Students in Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JSS Academy of Technical Education Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
of humidity, and seed injection with precision, thereby the increasing the crop in an economical way. This automated system handles the activities starting from sowing of seeds up to watering them. A semi-automated irrigation system (Gowda & Minavati, 2018) was designed to enable continuous and efficient irrigation systems making use of resistive sensors. Temperature, moisture, water level and pest details were monitored and controlled through Renesas microcontroller and transferred to the user end via GSM. In the sudy of (Patil
& Shah, 2019), electrical signal was sent through the soil senses moisture content. As water conducts electricity, the output resistance determines the moisture content.
When resistance increases, it indicates that the moisture content is low. Arduino Uno microcontroller is used as the core control unit. Over irrigation or under irrigation can be eliminated by remotely monitoring the moisture content. The system uses a microcontroller, relay, DC motor and battery (Akter et al., 2018). The proposed system controls the motor according to the soil moisture level. The relationship between yield and water amount is studied. The system saves time, energy, minimizes water usage and benefits the farmer from the plantation.
The system has a temperature sensor node embedded with Wi-Fi interface (Swaraj & Sowmyashree, 2020). The system processes the data in real time by using portable wireless data logging system. Wireless temperature sensor in sensor node transmits certain temperature variations to the central processing device. This IoT based system assists in assembling the information related to climate, humidity, temperature and soil fertility.
The study of Abrishambaf, Faria, Gomes, & Vale (2020) is based on autonomous approach for improving the low efficiency of irrigation and data is obtained from the field for the supply of water. An autonomous model utilizes the field data like local temperature, soil moisture, local wind, precipitation forecast, and soil evapotranspiration calculation to meet the needs of the plantations. This system consists of solar powered water pump which is controlled according to the moisture sensor and solves energy crisis (Harishankar, Satish Kumar, Sudharsan, Vignesh, & Viveknath, 2014). The conservation of electricity and water usage is achieved with the help of solar panel embedded in the system.
Yatnalli et al. (2021) have provided the details of existing work in the field of smart irrigation system.
The survey includes information regarding the various processors, sensors and current technologies used for smart irrigation. Rehman et al. (2022) demonstrates potential solutions to smart agriculture, current obstacles, IoT applications, and benefits of smart agriculture. Five layered smart farming architecture consisting of IoT, edge layer, and Long Range Radio
(LoRa) is proposed for improved productivity and quality, an implementation of farming (Raja Gopal & Prabhakar, 2022). IoT based smart agriculture technologies and review of software defined networking, unmanned aerial vehicles, open-source IoT platforms, network function virtualization technologies, cloud/fog computing, and middleware platforms (Friha, Ferrag, Shu, Maglaras, &
Wang, 2021). The authors have also discussed about smart water management, smart monitoring, smart harvesting, and disease management. For IoT enabled smart agriculture, wireless sensor networks are currently used, that includes precision agriculture and soil farming, frost event prediction, irrigation sensor networks, among others (Kianat et al., 2021). Analog and digital outputs are captured through sensors. Based on the data collected through sensors, decision is made and compared with the set threshold levels. The soil moisture sensor regulates the operation of the irrigation system in an automatic way (Sharma, Tyagi, & Datta, 2020). The smart agriculture system consists of distributed network of temperature and soil moisture sensors at root level of the plant and rain sensors are located at various zones of the field. The collected sensor data and information is transmitted by the microcontroller. In addition, the amount of water supplied to the field is regulated (Fern, Mohd Rahim, Saba, Almazyad, & Rehman, 2017).
An intelligent irrigation monitoring approach supplies sufficient water to field crops based on the requirement and regulates water levels to minimize overflow or dryness (Abba, Wadumi Namkusong, Lee, & Liz Crespo, 2019). Emerging IoT capabilities have introduced an era of agri-food production called ‘Agri-Food 4.0’, where use of connectivity, automation, digitization, renewable energies, and the efficient use of resources are predominant (Boursianis et al., 2022). Sensor-based irrigation system collects data from WSNs increases the scale which is achieved through IoT capabilities. The system is cost effective (Atzori, Iera, & Morabito, 2017).
The study of Karar, Alotaibi, Al Rasheed, & Reyad (2021) explores on technologies such as embedded systems, Internet of Things (IoT), and an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in agriculture. Supply of water to fields irrigation is computed in the cloud based on the requirement of water.
The literature study shown in Table 1 indicates the previous work in the field of smart agricultural system.
The literature work focuses on smart farming and relies on embedded systems, UAVs, IoT, WSNs, mobile application to enable remote access and cloud platforms.
However, the integration of network technologies, WSNs, WIUs, mobile application to enable remote access, self- sustainable solar powered system is not available that enhances the productivity with minimum infrastructure.
Table 1.Comparison of existing smart agricultaral systems Referenc
e
Smart Farming TParametersResearch PurposeAdvantages echnologies
Sriram, Sharmau, Reddy
, & Anand Babu, 2019
Internet of Things, Cloud computing Temperature, humidity
,
carbon dioxide concentration
Water waste Reduction
System responds according to scenario (soil, crops, climate, etc.)
Barkunan, Bhanu-
mathi, & Sethuram, 2019 Microcontroller, GSM, Smart Phone Temperature, Soil Moisture, Humidty
,
Smart Irrigation System for efficient water management system 13% and 41.5% of savings in water compared to conventional drip and flood irrigation methods respectively
. Battery operated System. Choudhary, Raja-
rathnam, Alekya, Prithiv Hari, & Selva Kumar
, 2020
Agriculture automation system
Soil moisture
Automated Agriculture System
Autonomous System
Gowda & Minavati, 2018 Renesas microcon- troller, GSM Temperature, Moisture, W
ater
level and Pest Control Smart irrigation and Pest detection Semi-automated irrigation system.
Patil & Shah, 2019IoT, MATLAB, Wi-FiSoil MoistureAutomated Watering and irrigation System Avoids human intervention Akter et al., 2018Arduino UNOSoil Moisture Intelligent irrigation system
Small scale system
Swaraj & Sowmyashree, 2020
Wi-Fi, IoT
Temperature Soil Moisture
Smart IrrigationSmall scale system
Table 1. (continued) Reference Smart Farming TParametersResearch PurposeAdvantages echnologies
Abrishambaf, Faria, Gomes, & V
ale, 2020
Irrigation scheduling approach, Central Pivot system
Soil Moisture
Autonomous agricuture ststem Low cost, reduction in the operational costs, PV arrays supply power wherever necessary
Harishankar, Satish Kumar, Sudharsan, Vignesh, & Viveknath, 2014 Automatic valve regulation
Soil MoistureSmart Irrigation System
Solar power based automatic irrigation system. Small scale implementation.
Karar, Alotaibi, Al
Rasheed, & Reyad, 2021 Drone technologies, IoT
, Cloud Computing
Moisture, temperauter
, Rain, Lidar
Information and communication technology in agriculture with Mobile-based application Mobile-based application of modern information and communication technology in agriculture
Raja Gopal & Prabhakar
, 2022LoRa, IoT, Five
layered Agriculture Architecture, Cloud temperature, humidity
, and soil moisture
Auto irrigation and Smart farming Five layered architecture including edge computing
Kianat et al., 2021IoT, Wi-Fisoil moisture
Monitoring of field parameters and smart irrigation system Mobile Application Developed
Sharma, Tyagi, & Datta, 2020IoT, Embedded System, UAV temperature, humidity and soil moisture Smart irrigation System Remote farm monitoring
Autonomous System
To enhance the productivity with minimum infrastructure, the proposed system aims the development of self-sustainable solar powered system with the integration of network technologies, WSNs, WIUs, mobile application to enable remote access that enhances productivity.
To optimize crop watering, the proposed system is based on WSN. The moisture sensors are located at various locations to read the soil moisture. Based on the information received, water is supplied to only the part of the field where the moisture of soil is less than the threshold. The smart irrigation minimizes human intervention through an Android application which enables the farmer to monitor the water flow and soil moisture remotely.
A smart irrigation system would make use of an automatic Solar Tracking System that generates renewable electricity which tracks the sun from east to west automatically for maximum intensity of light and is eco-friendly.
The aim of research is to reduce the utilization of water by irrigating the agricultural fields that have low moisture level through the implementation of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The design and the development of solar powered automatic irrigation system for modernization of agriculture was carried out at JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bengaluru Campus, India during 2021-2022.
The block diagram of the proposed system as shown in Fig. 1 and has four main blocks namely Solar tracking, Wireless Information Unit (WIU), Wireless Sensor Unit (WSU) and Remote Access.
Solar Tracking System
The major components of the solar tracking system are ARM microcontroller, solar panel, LDR, and H-Bridge. The position of the sun is tracked by LDR. In the tracking system, two LDRs are placed in the top and bottom positions. The analog ports 0, 28 and 29 of ARM are connected to LDRs that act as the input for the system. The H-Bridge connected to ARM port 1, 8 and 9 and used to drive the motor. A 12-volt solar panel is used to collect the solar energy and store it into a battery through the buck booster. The solar panel gets tilted towards maximum sunlight by the LDR. Fig. 2 shows the overall connections of the solar tracking system.
Fig. 1. Block diagram of modernization of Indian agriculture using solar powered automatic irrigation system
Wireless Information Unit (WIU)
Wireless Information Unit (WIU) consists of ARM controller, Wi-Fi module, ZigBee module, ultrasonic sensor, solar tracking and relays. The ARM controller compares LDR values and controls the solar panel rotation using H-Bridge. The ARM controller controls the water level in the water tank using an ultrasonic sensor. The water level is sensed at a certain interval of time and if the value of water level is less than threshold, the ARM controller turns on the motor until the tank is full.
The ARM controller controls the solenoid valve in the WSU through the ZigBee module. A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The ARM compares the moisture value with threshold and controls the solenoid valve of WSU through Arduino UNO. ARM also takes the LDR valves, compares and rotates the solar panel accordingly using H-Bridge. This process is monitored by the farmer using the application installed in mobile.
LCD display is used to display all the functions
carried out in the ARM microcontroller. Fig. 3 shows the WIU block diagram.
Wireless Sensor Unit (WSU)
Arduino UNO is the main component in WSU block. In this system, two WSU’s are deployed in two different fields. Soil moisture sensor output is sent to Arduino. The numerical value is an analog value from 0 to 1023 as programmed.
Arduion will transfer sensor value to the WIU through ZigBee. After receiving the information, it is compared with threshold and decides on starting or stopping the water to fields as per requirement.
Relay as instructed by Arduino controls the opening and closing of solenoid valve that is located near the respective WSU. Only when the soil moisture level is less than the threshold value, the respective valve is open. A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve and is controlled by an electric current. In our irrigation system, a plastic water solenoid valve is used which is most suitable. WSU system is shown in Fig. 4
Fig. 2. Solar Tracking Block
Fig. 3. WIU block diagram
Fig. 4. WSU block diagram
An Application called TCP/UDP TEST TOOL is downloaded from the play store and is used on the Android mobile. This application helps the user to remotely monitor soil moisture level in the irrigation system. This module provides an easy- used graphical interface for framers to monitor soil moisture levels. Mobile application can be used on any device with Wi-Fi enabled.
Proposed System
The integration of modules discussed above is illustrated in Fig. 5. The system uses the solar
tracking system, Wireless Sensors Unit (WSU), Wireless Information Unit (WIU) and Remote access.
The ARM controller used in WIU is powered by the battery charged through solar tracking system. WSU having soil moisture sensor will send data wirelessly to WIU. WIU will control the release of water based on the threshold. ZigBee module helps the data communication between WSU and WIU. The Wi-Fi module in the system allows WIU to log the data in the application. Wi-Fi based applications allow the user to monitor the data remotely.
Fig. 5. The proposed smart agriculture system
Algorithm for WIU
The WIU has been programmed with the logic shown in Fig. 6. The initial step is Wi-Fi initialization. The water level in the tank is checked by an ultrasonic sensor. If the water level is low, then the motor that supplies water to the sub tank is turned on else it is turned off. The LCD display outputs the status of the tank. The field 1 moisture
sensor input is acquired. Then it checks whether the moisture level is low, otherwise an ERROR message is displayed. When moisture level is low, the control signal turns on the solenoid value fixed in field 1. The message is communicated to the android App using Wi-Fi module and also displayed on LCD display. The same process repeats for field 2.
Fig. 6. WIU Algorithm
Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Unit (WSU) The WSU has been programmed with the appropriate logic shown in Fig. 7. The functionality of WSU is to transfer the soil moisture level value to WIU. Then the switching of the solenoid valve signal is obtained. WSU switches the solenoid valve accordingly, otherwise checks for soil moisture level.
Moisture Sensor working
The two exposed conductors act as a variable resistor whose resistance of the fork-shaped probe varies in accordance with moisture content in the soil. Lower resistance indicates more moisture in the soil and better conductivity, and poor conductivity results in a higher resistance. The sensor’s output voltage determines the moisture level. Moisture sensor threshold is set to 100. Equation 1 used for moisture sensor:
Moisture sensor value = 1024 - moisture sensor input ...1)
If: Moisture sensor value > 100, means moisture is high; Moisture sensor value < 100, means moisture is low.
Ultrasonic Sensor Working
The sensor sends a sound wave at a frequency above the range of human hearing.
Ultrasonic sensors send a pulse at 40 kHz. The wave travels through the air and will bounce back to the sensor when it encounters an obstacle or object. Here, the water is an obstacle. The distance between the sensor and water is taken as input and depending on the distance, the equation 2 is used to check water level in the tank using ultrasonic sensor:
Ultrasonic sensor (US) values When: US < 2; water level is full
When: US >= 2 && US <= 5; water level is half ....2)
Fig. 7. WSU Algorithm
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Most of the traditional pump systems mainly work with a diesel engine or with the local power grid. A prototype of the solar based irrigation system is developed which addresses the agricultural needs and manages the water resources effectively. The solar tracking system tracks the sun and rotates the panel accordingly. The energy generated through this system is used to power the ARM. Due to the increased direct exposure to solar rays, more electricity can be generated through solar tracking systems compared to stationary counterparts.
The system is self-powered and does not require any supply from the external world. Wireless Information Unit (WIU), controls the entire system.
This technology provides remote agriculture management.
The developed WSU reduces the wastage of water by supplying the required amount of water needed for the growth of crops. The mobile installed TCP/UDP TEST TOOL monitors the soil moisture level remotely. The solar powered automatic
irrigation ssystem for mmodernization of aagriculture as shown in Fig. 8 enables the efficient use of the water, and requires less maintenance. The system helps the farmer to monitor the system remotely without any technical knowledge. It is less expensive as it uses solar energy instead of conventional power. The results obtained like, establishment of Wi-Fi, ultrasonic sensor reading, sub tank status, field monitoring message, field status obtained through ZigBee, error messages when WSU fails to transfer information to WIU. After implementing the system in hardware, the prototype developed was tested. Table 2 shows the various test conditions to check the functioning of the proposed system work.
These test conditions were verified practically by experimenting with the developed prototype. Table 2 shows the test conditions for the soil sensor, water level sensor inputs and the expected output. The receiving LDR values through solar track block are displayed over LCD as shown in Table 3. In Table 3, the status of Wi-Fi connection, field checking, sub tank level, ultrasonic sensor values, and moisture value in field1/field2.
Table 2. Test conditions
Fig. 8. The solar irrigation system
Table 3. TLCD outputs
Module Condition/Status LCD Messages Wi-Fi
192.168.4.1
Sub tank Water level Empty/Low
LDR LDR1-416 (value) Rotates the solar panel
to track the Sun
LDR2-252 (value) Rotates the solar panel to track the Sun
Ultrasonic sensor
(US) US < 2; water level is full
US >= 2 && US <= 5; water level is half Moisture level in
field1 and field2 obtained through ZigBee
High/Low
Field checking
Status Message to APP when field1/ field2 fails to transfer the data
Table 4. A comparison of Automatic Irrigation system with existing Agricultural Systems
Model Advantages Limitations
Low-cost sensor interface for IoT- based irrigation system (Abba, Wadumi Namkusong, Lee, & Liz Crespo, 2019)
• Autonomous monitoring and control of remote farmland
• Reduced Cost
• IoT based System
Battery Operated system
No Mobile Application Drip Irrigation system
(Barkunan, Bhanumathi, & Sethuram, 2019)
• Battery operated System
• Savings of water
No sensor networks Automatic valve regulation
(Harishankar, Satish Kumar, Sudharsan, Vignesh, & Viveknath, 2014)
• Solar powered smart irrigation
system No mobile
Application
Proposed System • Integration of Technologies
• Solar powered system
• Autonomous sensor interface
• Mobile App enables Remote Monitoring
Small scale system
The proposed system is an autonomous sensor interface system which supplies required amount of water for plants to avoid drying of plants.
The developed mobile application enables the farmer to monitor the system remotely. The comparison of the existing systems with the proposed system is indicated in Table 4 in terms of technology employed, water savings, solar powered/battery operated and remote monitoring of soil moisture level.
CONCLUSION
According to the WRB method, the rice soils of the Mekong Delta , Vietnam have seven (7) major rice soil groups (for rice cultivation only), ten (10) diagnostic horizons, three (3) diagnostic features, and three (3) diagnostic materials. There are 13 soil constraints for rice cultivation, including slight and strong acidity, high P fixation, high Fe toxicity potential, low available P, strongly and slightly actual ASS, shallow and deep potential ASS, slight and strong salinity, low ability of material supply and nutrient retention and low organic carbon. The reclamation of saline sulfate and saline soils involves releasing toxicity and acidity while improving nutritional status A WSN based automated irrigation system has been designed. Less maintenance is required for wireless data communication among WSN, WIU and mobile application. This sensor based automatic watering system enables the farmer to use the system without any technical knowledge.
The proposed system reduces the wastage of water as it waters the field only when the soil moisture content is less than the set threshold and hence saves the usage of water and can be customized for different crops. System can be monitored at remote places where human presence is not feasible or when monitoring is difficult. The system is powered by solar and hence significant in places where the field is remotely located and the conventional power would be expensive or not available at all.
Larger number of WSUs can be deployed in the field. Prototype can be developed into a small portable compact box. To test the portable box in the field/farm land. The idea/technology can be used for other types of irrigation also. Additional features like temperature monitoring and rain prediction can be added, which would be useful information to the farmers.
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