CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
"A state of complete physical, mental and social well - being and not merely the absent of disease or infirmity".1
WHO
Health is a dynamic life experience. Dynamic implies a continuous adjustment to stressors in internal and external environments and the use of one’s resources to achieve maximum potential.2
Occupational Health is the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations by preventing departures from health, controlling risks and the adaptation of work to people, and people to their jobs. Identification and assessment of the risks from health hazards in the work place is the priority because people spend their complete 8-12 hours in the work place 3.
Occupational environment too plays a major role on the health of the exposed. The health hazards get more severe when the duration of exposure increases. This fact is more important in situations as the personnel engaged in traffic duty. These personnel have to undergo physical strain in an environment polluted by fumes, exhaust of vehicles, use of blowing horns, blow of dust in the air by a speeding vehicle, etc.4
The purpose of health promotion is to positively influence the health behavior of individuals and communities as well as the living and working conditions that influence their health. Health promotion improves the health status of individuals, families, communities, states, and the nation. Health promotion enhances the quality of life for all people. By focusing on prevention, health promotion reduces the costs (both financial and human) that individuals, employers, families, insurance companies, medical facilities, communities, the state and the nation would spend on medical treatment. 5
There are still more occupational disorders that the traffic police personnel face in day today life. Everywhere we go, large vehicles are running along the road honking loudly, exposing these officers to high decibels of noise. Sound waves below 60 decibels are not harmful; they become annoying at 80; and when they are above 85, they could lead to hearing impairment upon prolonged exposure
Kathmandu valley due to air pollution . According to the metropolitan traffic police office in Singha Durbar , Kathmandu as many as 50 traffic police personnel fall ill daily due to hazard dust on the recently demolished but yet to be reconstructed road .8
Traffic police who spend much of their time busy in controlling traffic at heavy traffic junction suffer from ill effects of noise, air pollution must of the people need to take a preventive measure to prevent from occupational hazard.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
"A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD AMONG TRAFFIC POLICE IN BUTWAL. "
1.
3 RATIONAL OF THE STUDY
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. The traffic police comprise of the only positive face of the' new Nepal', considering they always appear to be coming up with innovative idea to better city. But there is a profession fraught with hazard, environmental pollution play a significant role in the development of various respiratory diseases. Different particles and gases from vehicles emissions like carbon dioxide, carbon mono-oxide, sulphur, benzene, lead nitrogen dioxide and black smoke are of the root of the problem. Traffic police who work at busy intersections are at the highest risk of developing asthma or chronic bronchitis, apart from other allergic condition like pharyngitis rhinitis etc.
Another factor is the noise , there is no anti- honking law in Nepal and everywhere you go , large vehicles are running along the road honking loudly exposing their offices to high decibel noise, sound waves below 60 decibels are not harmful, they become annoying at 80; they could lead to hearing impairment .
There are also the consequences of prolonged standing to consider. Traffic police who are on the streets every day are prone to developing varicose vein, a dilation of the superficial vein of the lower limbs due to damage of value . These leading to swelling in the leg and a lot of discomforts' 9.
A descriptive exploratory study was conducted among traffic police in Kathmandu. The study revealed that 88% of the respondents has below level of practice and knowledge to prevents respiratory problem. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge regarding occupational hazard among traffic police in Butwal.
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The study helps in the assessing the knowledge regarding prevention of occupational hazard among traffic police
It can help in the institution to plan awareness and educational Programs It can help to provide baseline data for the students researcher in the future
1.5. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study is
1. To assess the knowledge regarding prevention of occupational hazard among traffic police in Butwal
2. To associate knowledge regarding among traffic police with their selected demographic variables.
1.6
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H1: There will be significance association between knowledge and score with their socio-demographic variables.
1.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual framework is developed to gain insight about this research. It formalized the thinking process. So that other may read and clear frame of the reference basis of the research problem.
For conceptual framework, I adopted the theory of Calista Roy.
Calista Roy was born on October 14, 1939 in Los Angeles, California. She received BS in nursing from mount saint Mary’s college, Los Angeles in 1963, MS in nursing in 1966. MA in sociology in 1973 and PHD in sociology from the University of Los Angeles in 1977. Roy is a fellow of American academy of nursing and active in many nursing organization including sigma theta tau and the North American nurses diagnosis association (NANDA). The nursing philosophy or model of Sister Calista Roy focuses on the individual as a bio psychosocial adaptive system. According to Roy nursing is a discipline that emphasizes strengthening expanding and improving upon the person‘s coping abilities for the expanding and improving upon the person’s coping abilities for the purpose of enhancing the patient’s wellness or health.
There are five essential element of the Roy adaptation model. They are: 1) The person who is recipient of nursing care.
2) The goal of nursing 3) The concept of health 4) The concept of environment 5) The direction of nursing activities.
THE PERSON: the first area of concern is the identity of recipient of nursing care. The recipient of nursing care may be the person, a family, a group, a community, or a society. Each is considered by the nurse as a holistic adaptive system. The idea of an adaptive system combines the concepts of adaptation and system.
As an open system, an individual receives input or stimuli from both the self and the environment. Roy identifies three classes of stimuli:
1) Focal stimulus: the internal or external stimulus most immediately confronting the person and contributing to behavior. Focal stimuli are those that immediately confronting the individual in a particular situation. In this study investigator assess knowledge of prevention of occupational hazard among traffic police
2) Contextual stimulus: all other internal or external stimuli that influence the situation that is financial and physical resources, presence or absence of support systems, butwal area . 3) Residual stimuli: Beliefs, attitudes or traits having an intermediate effect on the person‘s
behavior but whose effects are not validated. Residual stimuli include the individual beliefs or attitudes that may influence the situation that is stage of development, cultural background, spiritual beliefs, goals, expectations.
The secondary subsystem is an Effector Systems that manifests cognates and regulator activity. It consists of four adaptive modes:
•THE PHYSIOLOGIC MODE: involves the body basic physiologic needs and ways of adapting in regard to fluid and electrolytes, activity and rest, circulation and oxygen, nutrition and elimination, protection, the senses and neurologic and endocrine function.
•THE ROLE FUNCTION MODE: is determined by the need for social integrity and refers to the performance of duties based on given positions within society.
•THE INTERDEPENDENT MODE: involve one’s relations with significant others and supports systems that provide help, affection and attention.
THE GOAL OF NURSING: the promotion of nursing is the promotion of adaptive response in relation to the four adaptive modes. Adaptive responses are those that positively affect health. Nursing seeks to reduce ineffective responses and promote adaptive responses. Human existence is viewed as dynamic and purposeful. The person is respected as creative and active in use of his/her coping and as an active participant in his / her care.
NURSING ACTIVITIES: nursing activities are delineated by the model as those that promote adaptive responses in situation of health and illness. As a rule, these approaches are identified as actions taken by the nurse to manipulate the focal, contextual or residual stimuli impinging on the person. By making these adjustments the total stimuli; fall within the adaptive zone of the person.
ROY’S ADAPTATION THEORY AND FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS
1) PERSON / CLIENT
: a bio physiological being who is in constant interaction with the environment and who has four modes of adaptation, based on physiologic needs, self-concept (physical self, moral ethical self, self-consistency, self-ideal and expectancy and self-esteem) role function and interdependence relations.2) ENVIRONMENT
: all the conditions of circumstances and influences surrounding andaffecting the development and behavior of persons or groups: the input into the person as an adaptive system involving both internal and external factors.
3) HEALTH:
a state and a process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person.Lack of integration represents lack of health.
4) NURSING
: a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis andactions related to care of the ill or potentially ill person.
S
ENVIRONMENT
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
a) Study: It refers to the devotion of time and attention to gain knowledge
b) Assess: It refers to the level of knowledge regarding prevention of occupational hazard through questioner in Butwal.
c) Knowledge: Refers to fact and information regarding prevention of occupational hazard among traffic police at Butwal
d) Prevention: Prevention is to take precaution in a early time is call prevention e) Occupational hazard :Occupational hazard are conditions surrounding a work
environment that increase the probability of illness , death or disability to a traffic police which are respiratory problem , ear deaf , varicose vein
g) Traffic police; In this study, it refers to police officers policing unit enforcing rules of road. Includes officers who patrol major roads and also who address traffic infractions on the other roads of Butwal.
1.9 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
THE STUDY IS DELIMITED TO:
Study period includes only 9 week
Participations who are available during the period of data collection Participants willing to participate in the study
The respondents will be only 50 traffic police.
The study will be conducted in selected area Butwal
CHAPTER II
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review is a systematic and critical review of the most important scholarly literature on a particular age.
WOOD L G SUDITH
2.2 INTRODUCTION
Review of literature is a key step in a research Process. Review of literature refers to the extensive, exhaustive and systematic examination of publication relevant to research project. The purpose of literature review is to situate our research in context of what is already known about the topic. It is needed to show how work benefit is the Whole. It should be theoretical basis for our work. It provides theoretical support to the conceptual framework.
The purpose of this literature review is to develop understand and insight into the previous research works that relates to present study .so it helps to gain deeper insight about the subject , to develop instrument for data collection that could be applicable in the interpretation and the conclusion of the study . The collected information is organized about knowledge regarding prevention of occupational hazard among traffic police.
2.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A descriptive study was conducted by S.Pantha, M.Neupaney on "knowledge and practice regarding prevention of occupational hazard among traffic police in Kathmandu" among 282 traffic police. Data collection method was done. The result revels that 54.6% had poor practice on prevention of occupational health hazard, fair 42.9%, good 2.5% practice in prevention of occupational health hazard. Thus, traffic police knowledge on prevention of occupational hazard had fair knowledge and poor prevention practice.10
problem. The level of practice and knowledge on prevention of respiratory health problem is not satisfactory. 11
A descriptive exploratory study was conducted by Mrs .devina E Rodrigug on "knowledge on occupational hazard and utilization of safety measure among 90 traffic police of south kanara district, India. The structured questionnaires method was used. The study revealed that 78% average knowledge , 11 % of the subject has poor knowledge. Thus, study revealed do not have adequate knowledge on the occupational hazard and its safety measure still there is a need to improved in knowledge 12
A cross sectional, descriptive study was conducted by Shrestha I , Shrestha BL et.al ,.on prevalence of noise induced hearing loss among traffic police personnel of Kathmandu metropolitan city among 110 traffic police . The questionnaires method was used. The study revealed that 66.4% noise induced hearing loss positive cases. Traffic police personnel are in constant risk of noise induced hearing loss. Screening of hearing loss is recommended for people exposed to noise thus the study revealed that low knowledge level of the occupational hazard created hearing loss so still need to continue education to the traffic police .13
A descriptive study was conducted on ' the knowledge of police force on prevention of occupational hazard and utilization of safety measure in south kanara among 90 traffic police. the structure questionnaire method was used .the study revealed that 89% had inadequate knowledge on prevention of occupational hazard 7% of the subjects showed low utilization of safety measure .14
2.4 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW
From the above literature review it has been revealed that there is poor practice of prevention of occupational hazard among traffic police.
CHAPTER III
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter includes research design , study area , study population , study subject , sample size , study variables , inclusion variables , exclusive variables , sampling techniques , plan for data collection , ethical consideration , data collection tool , validity and reliability , plan for data analysis , budgeting planning , work plan for completing the study.
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
Descriptive research design
3.3STUDY POPULATION
The study population consists of traffic police in Butwal.
3.4STUDY SETTING
The setting for research study will be conducted in selected traffic station Butwal.
3.5SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size will be 50.
3.6STUDY VARIABLES
1) DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Knowledge regarding prevention of occupational hazard 2) SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
Traffic police visiting in police station. Traffic police who are present in class. Traffic police who are interested. Traffic police who are taken consent.
3.8 EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA
Traffic police who are not present in police station Uninterested traffic police
3.9SAMPLE TECHNIQUE
3.10 PLAN FOR DATA COLLECTION
Administrative approval will be obtained from the concerned authority of butwal
police station
The schedule of the data collection will be organized to the respondents.
The respondents will assure that the information obtained from them won't be
disclosed to other.
The participants will be allowed to refuse the study at any time. The objectives of the study will be explained to the respondents.
3.11 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
Prior conducting research, the following ethical consideration were taken
formal approval will be taken from concerned authority i.e. butwal police station Those who are unwilling will not be forced in the study.
Privacy and confidentiality will be maintained during the data collection. Respondent will be ensured the information will be used for the study.
3.12 DATA COLLECTION TOOL
Data will be collected in 2 Section. SECTION 1: socio-demographic.
sex
Education level Experience
Area of experience Source of information Socio economic status
SECTION 2: Structured questionnaire related to knowledge regarding prevention of occupational hazard
3.13 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
3.14 PLANS FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis is the systematic organization and synthesis of research data and using of
those data.
The data obtained will be analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.
1. Descriptive
Frequency and percentage distribution will be used to describe demographic variables 2. Inferential statistics
Chi square test will be used to associate the knowledge among traffic police.
3.15 BUDGET PLANNING
EXPENDITURE AMOUNTS (RUPEES) TENTATIVE AMOUNT
Stationary 5,000
Internet 2,000
Travelling 4,000
Approval letter 2'000
3.16WORK PLAN FOR COMPLETING STUDY
Month
Week 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
Statement of problem
Literature review
Preparation and synopsis presentation
Development of tool
tools validation and reliability
Pilot study and analysis of result
REFERENCES
1.
WHO.int/suggestiofag/e
2. Joyce, M.Black. 'Text book of Medical surgical Nursing'. 8th ed. New Delhi: Saunders and Elsevier publication; 2010:4.
3. Raymond Agius. What is Occupational Health? [homepage on the Internet]. 2010 [cited 2013 Dec 20].
4. Satapathy, DM, Behera, TR, Tripathy RM. Health Status of Traffic Police Personnel in Brahmapur City. Indian J Community Med [serial on the Internet]. 2009;34(1)
5. Joyce M.Black.' Text book of Medical surgical Nursing'. 8th edition . New Delhi: Saunders and Elsevier publication; 2010:4.
6. Dr.arpanaNeopane. Occupational hazards for traffic police. 2012 [cited 2013 Dec 20]. Available from: Kathmandu Medical College
7. Tea WorldHealthOrganization,Ambient (Outdoor) AirQuality and
Health,World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014,
8. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/. ching Hospital, Web Nepal Health Research Council and World Health Organization,
Development of Procedures and Assessment of Environmental Burden of Disease of Local Levels due toMajor Environmental
Risk Factors, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu,
Nepal, 2006.
10. S.Pantha , M. Pantha ,"knowledge and practice regarding prevention of occupational hazard
among traffic police in kathmandu,"2016,
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JCMC/article/viewFile/16698/13574
11.Mrs. Devina E R odrigues et.l, "knowkedge on occupational hazard and utilization of safety mesure among traffic police", of south kanara distict, India, 2015http://iasir.net/AIJRHASSpapers/AIJRHASS15-519.pdf
12. Ambika Aryal Bhandari,1Roshani Gautam,1 and Shiva Bhandari2, Knowledge and Practice on Prevention of Respiratory Health Problems among Traffic Police in Kathmandu, Nepal"," http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/716257
13. Shrestha I, Shrestha BL, knowledge of Noise Induced Hearing Loss among Traffic Police
Personnel of Kathmandu Metropolitan City
