CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
2.1Perception
2.1.1Definition of Perception
The term perception is called as a view, idea, or assumption. It is because someone always has response about something. Hornby (2006) defines perception is an idea, a belief or an image people have as a result of how to see and understand. Moreover, Slameto (2010: 102) reveals that perception is a process related to acceptance of information by human brain.
Perception is the process of human thinking about certain phenomenon which is started from the sense organs. In addition, Koentjaraningrat as cited in Sahal (2010:7) explained that perception is the realization of human brain process and it appears as view about phenomenon.
2.1.2Factor Influencing Perception
People have different point of view in seeing the same thing. The differences can be affected by many factors. There are four factors influencing someone in drawing a perception (Gibson et al: 1985). Those are:
a.Self-concept
Self-concept is a mean how an individual feel and see themselves and it affects their perception of something. In other words, the way you view yourself and your abilities is called self-concept.
b.Situation
Situation affects one‟s perception, since it can influence their feeling
and habits in their life. For instance, if the students feel that teaching writing practices applied are not proper, the, they will see a negative perception on it.
c.Needs
Perceptions are significantly influenced by needs and wants. One‟s
needs of something will affect his/her perception. A willingness to know something good demands them to have a good perception on it.
d.Emotion
they can give a good perception on something, and vice versa, if someone is angry, they may have a negative perception on something.
2.1.3Process of Perception
Perception consists of certain process. It is started by accepting the stimulation from an object through the sense of organ, furthermore, this process is ended by thinking, analyzing, and interpreting in order to achieve the meeting of object, in relation with the process of perception. (Walgito:2010) explained that perception is complex process, those are, as follow:
a.Physical Process
Perception emerges because of the response to the stimulus or the object. The first step of perception is sensation. All of the sensations enter through humans‟ sense. Sensation will influence
stimulus.
b.Physiological Process
The stimulus will be transferred by nerve to brain, and the brain will process it. In this process, human being recognizes the stimulus.
c.Interpretation
2.1.4Basic Principle of Perception
Knowing and applying the principles of perception in educational environment is important for teachers. According to Slameto (2010:103), there are five principles of perception. Those are:
a. Perception is relative not absolute
Someone or group‟s perception is different from others. Sometimes, it will be different even though they see the same object. In relation with relative perception, the first stimulus will give bigger impact than the next one. For instance, teacher can predict the next lesson because he/she has already known the students‟ previous
perception of the previous lesson. b. Perception is selective
A person‟s ability to catch a stimulus is restrictive, because
human brain only catches the stimulus based on the thing that has the most attractive. In the relation with this principle, teacher has to determine to select which materials that should be taught to the students, therefore students are interested in joining the class, and the lesson will get more attention from the students.
c. Perception has arrangement
People receive the stimulus in the form of group or relation. Based on this principle, in delivering the materials teachers have to arrange it in the same condition and good order.
Hope and readiness of the receiver will determine which message will be selected for admission, and how the message will be interpreted. For instance, in the lesson, teacher can prepare students for the next lesson by showing the steps of learning activity that students should do.
e. Perception of someone or groups can be different although in the same situation
The different perceptions of students are caused by different attitude, motivation, personality, and behavior. For the teachers, this principle means that perception could be more or less the same with the perception shared by other classes with the same subject being taught.
2.2 Media
2.2.1Definition of Media
Media is an influential factor in the teaching process. It can assist teachers in delivering learning material, so that learning objectives can be achieved and students understand the material and achieve the learning objectives well. The term „media‟ defined as the plural form of
„medium‟ is the way of communicating messages, information, or ideas.
order to make a learning process. In addition, Wamala & Wamalwa (2014) indicate that media refers to any kinds of format used to convey information or message.
In English teaching and learning process, the teachers usually use media to support the learning process. According to Sadiman (20111:7) states that media is all the things which can be used to deliver messages from sender to the receiver. In the learning process, the sender is the teachers and the receivers is the students.
Based on the description above, it can be concluded that media are everything that can be used to deliver the message or information of a material to the receiver or in this context, the receiver of the messages is the students.
2.2.2Kinds of media
media are media that can be seen. It has no voice element. Pictures, painting, and slide are included into visual media. Moreover, the audio visual media is the media that involves the sense of sight and hearing. For instance, video and short movie. This kind of media is considered as the most effective media because it contains both of auditif or audio and visual media. Further, Harmer (2007) states that there are several types of media that can be used by the teachers:
a. The students themselves
Students are the object of learning. The students are the most useful resource in the classroom (Harmer:2007:176). By using the students themselves, teacher can do many things in the classroom. Teachers can use the students as resources for explaining and practicing meaning. Teachers also can get them to write or talk about things they like or thing they have experienced. Therefore, the students are not only as audiences but also as media.
b. Realia
One of teaching media that can be used to show something real is realia. It provides real-life object to the classroom. Realia are probably the oldest form of classroom aids, but their affectiveness in helping students to connect language to reality cannot be underestimated (Brown, 2001:141). Realia is proper to teach the meaning of words or stimulate students‟ activities. It can be used as
c. Pictures
Pictures are refer to non-photographic and two dimensional materials which is used by the teachers to convey messages to the students. These kinds of media include drawing, charts, graphs, poster, large wall picture, photographs, or illustration etc.
Pictures are used for several purposes. According to Harmer (2007), he states that pictures can be used for multiple ways comprising:
1) Drilling
Pictures are useful to drill grammar items, for cueing different sentences and practicing vocabularies. Teachers can use picture of certain object then nominate a student to name the object and get his/her response on it.
2) Ornamentation
This function of picture means that pictures are used in a course book or the other to make it more appealing. This may give readers an extra visual dimension to what they are read and imagine.
3) Prediction
4) Discussion
Pictures can be utilized for discussion activity in classroom teaching. Teachers can provide any pictures and ask the students to discuss the question relate to the picture.
d. Cards
Cards in any shapes and size can be used by the teachers in their teaching process. It can be used for many activities like matching and ordering, selecting and card games. Below is the explanation of it: 1) Matching and ordering
Cards are proper for matching questions and their responses for both, pairs or groups work. Teachers can also use cards to order words into sentences or put the lines of a poem in order. Another way is to arrange cards which contain pieces of paragraphs into good text or passage.
2) Selecting
3) Card games
A simple vocabulary game can be played in which students have cards with pictures on one side and words of the other. If they pick the picture side, they have to produce the word. If they pick the other side, they have to draw it up and then compare it with the original pictures.
e. Tape recorder
Students get exposure to spoken language from many sources. One of them comes from auditory material which can be listened through tape recorder. This kind of media is very common to be used by the teacher to present material in form of recorded material. For instance, teachers use it for listening activity in the classroom
f. Course book
Course book is a kind of media in a form of printing. It contains material or verbal information through print. It can be used as a source of exercise and source of material.
g. Boards
1) Notepad
Teachers usually write things up on the boards as these come up during a lesson. They might be words that they want students to remember or phrases which students have not understood or seen before.
2) Explanation aids
Boards can be used for explanation. For instance, teachers can show the relationship between and affirmative sentence and questions by drawing connecting arrows. The board is ideal for such use.
3) Public workbook
Teachers can ask students to come forward and do the exercise on the board. The exercise can be in form of fill-in the items or sentences transformation. Teacher sometimes also write mistakes or wrong form of sentence and ask class members who think they know to correct them.
4) Game board
h. Overhead projector (OHP)
OHP is considered as an old-fashioned teaching medium. However, by using it, the students can see in front of the class the materials which is written or drawn in a transparent. Transparent will be projected by using projectors.
i. Flipcharts
Another media that may be used by teachers is flipchart. It is medium that contains big sheets of paper. It is mostly used to write down some important points in group discussion (Harmer, 2007). Several benefits of flipchart are portable, accessible, and easy to use. j. Computer-based presentation technology
when students are asked to find out important facts or information and concepts.
From the description about media above, it can be concluded that there are many types of media that can be used by the teacher in the teaching learning process. The use of media should be proper and appropriate with the material so that students and teacher can achieve the learning objectives.
2.2.3Contribution of Media to the Learning Process
Media is one of the components that should be employed in teaching and learning process. As the essential component, it can assist teachers and instructors in managing the process effectively. According to Kemp and Dayton (1985: 3-4), there are six contributions of using media in learning process, they are:
a. The instruction can be more interesting
There is an attention-getting factor associated with media that keeps manners of audiences alert. The attractiveness of changing images, the use of special effect, and the impact of ideas that can arouse curiosity cause audiences to laugh or to be thoughtful; all contribute to the motivational and interest-creating aspects of media.
b. The length of time required for instruction can be reduced
efficiency in the use of time for both the instructor and the student during the learning process
c. The quality of learning can be improved
When there is a careful integration of picture of pictures and words, media can communicate elements of knowledge in a well-organized specific and clearly defined manner. As a result, with suitable study effort on the part of student appropriate follow-up activities, learning can be expected to reach an acceptable competency level.
d. The instruction can be provided when and where desired or necessary When media are designed for individualized use, then a student can study at a time and place that is personally convenient. This flexibility is particularly important when individuals must integrate study activities with vocational and personal responsibilities.
e. The positive attitude of students toward what they are learning and to the learning process itself process itself can be changed
Students frequently express preference of using media as a mean of studying. This may be due to both the motivational aspect and the contribution that media can make to a person‟s success in learning.
Students find learning with the media both enjoyable and satisfying. f. The role of instructor can be appreciably changed in positive direction
information verbally, other, possibly more important aspects of a course can be given attention. Third, the instructor has increased opportunity to fulfill the role of being a consultant and advisor for students.
On a whole, it can be seen that media is very helpful for both students and teachers, because it gives many contributions to the process of learning. 2.2.4Selection of Media
Achieving the learning objectives or outcomes need the harmony of some components such as, material, method, media etc. However, the use of media needs to be carefully made and planned. Therefore, it must be born in mind that teachers have to select and determine the appropriate media to support the learning process. There are some considerations that should be followed by teachers in determining the media.
According to Reiser and Dick (1996) as cited in Aini (2013) teachers should consider three main factors comprising:
a. Practicality
b. Students‟ appropriateness
1) Appropriateness of media and students‟ characteristic
It means that the media should be appropriate with students‟ interest,
students, motivation, students‟ need, and students‟ diversity.
2) Appropriateness of media and learning condition
It should be considered that to select the appropriate media, a teacher needs to consider the level of the students, the number of students and the classroom setting.
c. Instructional appropriateness
1) Appropriateness of media and material
It means that media should have significant relation with the material‟s content that will be given to students.
2) Appropriateness of media and goal
In selecting media, teacher should consider the goal of instruction that will be achieved. Then teachers should analyze whether the media are suitable with the intended learning objectives or not. 3) Appropriateness of media and activity
This means media that will be used should be appropriate for the planned strategy and facilitate the students‟ acquisition of the specific learning objectives.
2.2.5The Principles of The Use of Media in Teaching Learning Process The use of media should be based on some considerations to make it work properly. Therefore, the principles of the use of media in teaching are important to increase the quality of teaching and to deliver the messages of the material to students. There are some principles which should be noted by teachers in the use of media in learning communication. According to Sanjaya (2012: 75-77) that principles are:
a. Media is used to make students‟ easier in understanding the material. Thus, the use of media should be viewed from students‟ need, not from
teachers‟ needs.
b. Media which is used by the teacher should be appropriate and be directed to get the purpose of learning process.
c. Media which is used should be appropriate with the material. Every material has a characteristic.
d. Media should be appropriate with the students‟ interest, need, and condition. The student who has less ability on hearing, he will be more difficult to understand the material when it is used as auditif media.
e. Media should pay attention to the effectiveness and efficiency. Media which needs expensive tools is not necessarily effective to get the aim of material.
2.3 Media in English Teaching Process
Various types of the media have always created an indispensable part of English teaching, since they bring the authentic elements into the lesson. These elements help the students to get closer to the real-life situation and make the learning of English more genuine and lively. English teachers are demanded to be able to presenting the material by using any ways. Media is one of a tool to facilitate this. Teachers should use media whenever it can facilitate learning and increase students‟ understanding of the material. Media
also helps teachers to present the material in a concrete approaches.
