CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses about the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study,significance of the study,scope and limitation of the study and definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of The Study
The language system is a component that is formed in a fixed pattern, it can be assumed in the form of a sound symbol that expresses a concept or meaning so that it is concluded that each sound of language has a meaning or symbol.
Enre (1988: 5-8)writing is the ability to organize ideas, ideas, experiences using a good language writing style, the ideas or ideas in question are experiences, feelings that are in someone's mind that are poured in writing. Writing has been taught as elementary school, junior high school,senior high school even in university level. It means that writing is important to be taught and to be learned by language learners. It is because the ability of writing is one of realization of language competence in form of writing. In English language, there are integrated skill to be mastered such as :
Reading, Speaking, listening, and Writing. As Algeo (2005: 2) A language is a system of conventional vocal signs by means of which human beings communicate. This definition has several important terms, each of which is examined in some detail.. Those terms are system, signs, vocal, conventional, human, communicate.
Writing is medium of human communication involves the representation of a language a system of physically inscribed, mechanically transferred, or digitally represented symbols.
The language skill, writing is the most difficult to master, since writing depend upon the progress of the other skill in the production. The major writing system broadly into four categories: logographic,syllabic, alphabetic, and features. As a pictography does not represent a language's sounds, it has been argued to not be a writing system.
In addition, Elbow (1973) in Brown (2001: 336) also says that writing is a two step process. The first process is figuring out the meaning and the second process is putting the meaning into language. Writing represents what we think. It is because the writing process reflects things, which stay in the mind.
Writing is means of communication where by writer ideas to the reader. Its purpose is to consideration of what a author of a particular text was intending when they wrote it. And how wanted their reader to fell reading. Or what reaction they encourage.
Sometimes you have an idea but do not know how to develop it. Sometimes know what you want to say about certain topic but just can’t get it recognized. Finally, after all of this, there is grammar and spelling. According to Brown, (2001: 336) also claimed that writing is a thinking process. Furthermore, he states that writing can be planned and given with an unlimited number of revisions before its release. In addition, Elbow (1973) in Brown
(2001: 336) also says that writing is a two-step process. Analysis is an examination of something together with the tough or judgment or result of the study. A composition is divided into five types, namely: narration, exposition, descriptive, and argumentation.
Descriptive text is a text that explain what a person, place, or thing is like. Often providing a visual experience through the use of adjectives and adverbs. Description is fiction writing has modes action, exposition, description,summary, and transition.
Description the fiction writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particular story.
together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect.
A report usually deals with thing in general, description can be used in text book,scientic, magazine, historical text, factual reading book. The most important sentence in paragraph is the topic sentence, which clearly states subject the object of the whole paragraph. The topic sentence usually the first sentence of the paragraph because it gives an overview of the sentences to follow. The problems are face by the students here got some difficulties in writing descriptive text. The researcher hopes the students can know the difficulties in writing descriptive text and the students can correct about what they write in writing assignment.
Based on the phenomena above, the researcher is interested to research of seventh grade class at SMP Negeri 1 Maduran, Lamongan. The class consist of 40 students.
The reason researcher takes ‘’An Analysis on the students writing skill of descriptive text of seventh grade class students at SMP Negeri 1 Maduran Lamongan’’. Because the writer wants to know the writing skill of seventh grade.
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1.2 Statement of the Problems
According to Purnomo Setiady and Husaini Usman that the formulation of the problem is in the form of a more specific research question that requires an answer.
Based on the background of the study above the research of problems are:
1. What are the problems faced by 7th grade junior high school students in descriptive text learning?
2. How to deal with the difficulties of learning descriptive text?
3. What difficulties are reflected in the seventh grades text?
1.3 Objective of the study
Based on the statement of problem above the purpose of study is:
1. To figure the student difficulties faced in writing of descriptive text in seventh garde of Junior High School at SMP Negeri 1 Maduran.
2. To describe the ways to develop ideas in descriptive text in seventh grade at SMP Negeri 1 Maduran.
3. To measure the ability of student difficulties in learning descriptive text 1.4 Significance of the study
After the study has been completed, it is expected to contribute to following:
1. For the teacher
The researcher hopes the result of the research can be used as contribution in teaching, this research will help English teacher in strategies of writing in the student writing skill.
2. For the students
The researcher hopes that result of research can give contribution and improvement to their motivation in writing skill.
3. For the other researcher
The research of this study are able to be used by other researchers to continue this research with different population and sample.
1.5 Scope and limitation of the study
The scope of this study is teaching writing, the writer only takes one skill,it is writing, because the writer considers that writing is difficult to teach for Junior High school.
The writer limits on the students writing skill of descriptive text of seventh grade at SMP Negeri 1 Maduran Lamongan. But writer just limits the research in the seventh grade at SMP Negeri 1 Maduran consist of 40 students.
1.6 Definition of the keyword
To avoid misunderstanding about the research, the research needs to explain the term of research. They are as follow:
1. States that writing can be interpreted as an activity of expressing ideas/ideas by using written language as a medium of conveying.
(Henry Guntur Tarigan, 1986:15)
2. Writing means pouring thoughts into written form or telling something to others through writing. Writing can also be interpreted as an expression of feeling as outlined in writing. In other words, through the writing process we can
communicate inderctly.
3. Text is original word something written or printed as opposed to paraphrase,translation, revision,or composition.
(Alice oshima,2002:125)
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW RELATED OF LITERATURE 1) The description of writing
Writing is one way to express ideas/ of imagination as outlined in writing.
According to Elhabiri (2013: 19) writing is an communication, it is considered as a skill that needs study and practice to be developed. The ability to write is not naturally acquired, it is usually learned a set of practice in informal institution or other environment settings.
Meanwhile, writing is an essential skill through which success can be attained in any academic context.
Writing is a process to deliver ideas,messages and opinions to the reader using language simbols, and read together by the writing and the reader. In addition, Elbow (1973) in Brown (2001: 336) also says that writing is two step process. The first process is figuring out the meaning and the second process is putting the meaning into languages. Writing the represent what we think. It is because the writing process reflects things, which stay in the mind. Writer the students experiments writing experiences and techniques, the teacher must constantly evaluate students progress of writing knowledge.
Based on the statements above can conlude definition of writing is English skill that is usually use written words to express the feeling and it is also use as means of communication.
2) The component of Writing
3) The definition of Writing
The effective of writing described as good ideas are expressed and arranged in the order. This chapter will give you the chance to work these important aspects of writing.
This chapter cover six: using experience and observation, freewriting, asking questions, brainstorming
1. Prewriting
Prewriting the writing process during the abstract into more concrete ideas.
Prewriting techniques can be helpful of the writing process, the following four strategies are best used when initially on a topic:
a. Using experiences and observations b. Reading
c. Freewriting d. Asking questions 2. Choosing a Topic
Sometimes your instructor will give you an idea to begin an assignment, and others times your instructor will ask to come with a topic on your own. A good topic not only covers what an assignment will but also the assignment purpose and audience.
3. Using Experiences and Observation
Everyday observations into interesting topics. They take notes on paper to better develop their thoughts. The writer discover what they have to say about their topic.
4. Reading
While reading any document, your evaluate the author’s point of view by thinking about main idea and his support. Remember that even the best writers need to use prewriting strategies to generate ideas.
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5. Brainstorming
Think of your general topic a broad category the list items as thing that fit in category. often will find that one item lead to the next. Creating of ideas can help narrow your focus to more specific paper topic.
6. Idea Mapping
To create an idea map, start your general topic in the center to blank sheet of paper. Write specific ideas and use lines to connect them together. Add cluster as many ideas as can think you of, Mariah tried idea mapping, review the idea map that Mariah created.
Figure : 1.1
2.1 Descriptive Text
1. Definition of descriptive text
Descriptive text is a text which person says what person or a thing like. Its purpose to describe a particular person, place,animal or thing. Description almost are same report text.
As explained by Kane (2000: 352) is defined the following sentence: description about sensory experience: how something looks, sound, tastes. Is about visual experience but description also deals other kinds of perception.
2. Generic structure
a. Identification: The introductory section, writer provide overview of the to discussed or provide a introduction to the object they will explain their writing.
b. Description: in this section, the author indicate the color shape, taste, and much more the reader to understand what object or topic he means through his writing.
3. Purpose
a. To describe person.thing or place in specific.
b. To describe a particular person, thing or place.
4. The characteristics/Language Feature
a. Specific participant: has a certain object, not general and unique (there is only one) examples : Bedugul beach, my garden, Prambanan Temple, Uncle John.
b. Use of adjectives to clarify nouns examples: a beautiful garden, a beauty woman, the famous place in Semarang, etc.
c. Use of the Simple Present Tense: The sentence pattern used is the simple present because tells facts of objects observation.
d. Action verbs: there are verbs indicate (the activity can be seen) for example: Jump, Sleep,Walk, Read, Write, cut, etc.
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Title My family
I have a beloved family, his name is M.Shallahudin.
people usually call him Mr. Shalih. He is very loving, diclipline, smart, hard work and responsible.
Identification
My brother is handsome, he is hardwork, full loving,responsible, He has short black hair and black eyes. He is humoriuos person. I think it is a heroic occupation. He is about 38 years old.
His job is a official job marketing. He is kind, hard work,discipline, and honestly, my brother weight is about 70 kg, My brother is always help me when I need help. My sister is the best one.
He is name Khilma Jannati she’s name Ilma. She is beautiful,patient kindly, friendly and calm, she is a religion teacher. She is about 27 years old, Almost her student’s loving her because of her patience. She is best teacher ever.
Description
2.2 The Related/Previous of Study Research
This study of previous research is written by Randi, 2018 has been studied about one of the researchers references in conducting research so that researchers can enrich the theory used in reviewing the research conducted.
From previous studies, researchers did not find research with the same title as
researcher’s research title. However, researchers raised several studies as references in enriching study material in research. She used to two instrument that is observation and test. So only observe, when the teacher was teaching in the classroom. And analyze test after the class end. in my research the researcher use test, interview and quitionarre. Researcher was teaching in the class as a teacher it means that researcher do participant observation, and remember given test to my student. The topic is descriptive text in the seventh grade of SMP Negeri 1 Maduran Lamongan. And the analyzed the test and the result of quitionarre.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A.
Research designIn this research, the researcher uses Descriptive Qualitative, it is because of this research will focus mainly on the process of knowing the students of writing skill of descriptive text. David Williams (1995) qualitative research is an attempt by researchers to collect data based on natural settings. Because it is one naturally the results of also
scientific so that they can be accounted for.
In this case Susan Stainback stated that ‘’ there is no way to give easy to how long it takes to do a qualitative research study. The ‘’typical’’study probably last about a year. But the actual length or duration depend on the size of the study and how much time the researcher puts into the study each day or week.
In qualitative research, there is no other choice than to make humans the main instrument of choice. For the reason that everything does not yet have a definite form, use, even the expected results cannot be determined with certainly and are not clear, there is no other choice from the researcher himself as one who can achieve it.
B. Source of data a. Social situation
Place
Actor Activity
10 Social situation
Picture 2.1.1 Social situation
Generalization
Picture 1.1.2 a. qualitative research, generalization model, representative sample, result generalizable to the population
Transferability
Picture 1.1.2 b. generalization model in qualitative, in qualitative research purposive sample, results from A transferred only to B,C, D.
b. Sample
Sample Reduction
Population
A
C B
Transferability
E
D F
Sampling technique Probality
sampling Non probability
sampling 1. Simple random sampling
2. Proporpionate stratified 1. Systematic sampling
2. Quota sampling
a. Probalility sampling
A sampling technique that provides equal opportunities for each element (member) population to be selected as members of the population include: simple random sampling, proportionate stratified random sampling, disaproportionate stratified random, sampling area (cluster).
b. Non probability sampling
Lincoln and Guba (1985) argued that: naturalistic sampling is then very different from conventional sampling. It is based on informational, not statistical, consideration. Its purpose is to maximize information, not to facilitate generalization.
The characteristic purposive sample Lincoln and Guba (1985) are that:
a. Emergent sampling design
b. Serial selection of sample units snowball
c. Continuous adjustment or focusing of the sample d. Selection to the point of redundancy.
C. Data collection technique
The data collection steps involve: setting the boundaries for the study. Collecting information through observation and quitionarre. The data collection procedures that used in this research are observation, quitionarre and interview. Here the researcher doing the following steps:
a) Observation
Marshal argue that: through observation, the researcher learn about behavior and the meaning attached to those behavior. Sanafiah Faisal (1990) describes into participant observation,over observation,cover observation, and unstructured observation. The Spranley, in Susan Stainback (1988) divides observations into four namely: passive participation, moderate participation, active participation, and complete participation.
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Picture 1.2.2 kind of observation technique a) Participation observative
Susan Stainback (1988) argue that: in participant observation, the researcher observes what people do, listen to what they say, and participates in their activities. Classification of observation there are four namely: passive participation,moderate participation,active participation, and complete participation.
a. Passive participation: means the research is present at the scene of action but does not Interact or participate.
b. Moderate participation: means that the researcher maintains a balance between being Insider and being outsider.
c. Active participation: means that the researcher generally does what others in the setting do.
d. Complete participation: means the researcher is a natural participant, this is the highest Passive participation
Moderate participation Participant
observation
Active participation Kind of
observation
Complete participation Overt observation
and covert observation
Unstructured observation
b) Over observation and covert observation
In this context over observation and covert observation the researcher collects data by stating frankly to the data source that he is conducting research. The goal is to find out from the beginning to the end about the research activity.
c) Unstructured observation
In this context unstructured observation the researcher carried out in an unstructured manner because the focus of the research being carried out is not clear, the focus of observation will develop during the observation activities take place, when compared to quantitative research where the research focus is clear, observations can be carried out 4. Observation benefit
According to Patton in Nasution (1988) which states that are benefits of observation are:
a) Through field observations, researchers can freely understand the context of the data as whole in social situations, so that a holistic or comprehensive view can be obtained.
b) Through observation, direct experience is obtained, so that the researcher allows an inductive approach, so that not being influenced by previous concepts or views opens opportunities for the possibility of making discoveries.
c) Through observation researchers can see things that are lacking or not observed by other people, especially people who are in that environment, because they are considered
"ordinary" and are not disclosed in interviews.
d) Through observation, researchers can find things that respondents would not disclose in interviews because they are sensitive or closed because they can harm the institution's reputation.
e) Through observation, researchers are able to find things beyond the perceptions of respondents, so that researchers obtain a more comprehensive picture.
f) Through observation not only focusing on abilities, but also obtaining personal impressions, and feeling the social atmosphere under study.
a. Observation stage
14 2 3 1
SELECTION STAGE Break down focus into more detailed components
REDUCTION STAGE Determine the focus, choose among those that have been described
DESCRIPTION STAGE Entering the social situation
1. Descriptive observation
Researchers enter social situations as research objects. At this stage the researcher has not brought the problem under study, what the researcher does is general exploration, thoroughly doing a description of what has been seen, heard and felt. all data is recorded, the results of observations are concluded in an unorganized state. This observation stage is called the grand tour observation, namely the researcher produces the first conclusion. when viewed in terms of analysis, the researcher conducted a domain analysis, to be able to describe all that was found.
2. Focused observation
At this stage, the researcher conducts a mini tour observation, which is a narrowed observation to focus on certain aspects. The reason it is called focused observation is because the researcher conducts a taxonomic analysis so that the main focus is found.
3. Selection observation
The process of this series of stages the researcher describes the focus found so that the data is more detailed. Through the componential analysis process stage of focus, characteristics, contrasts/differences and similarities between other categories have been found. and it is hoped that this research can find a deep understanding or hypothesis.
according to Spranley the selected observations are called mini tour observations.
b) Quitionarre
According to Nazir, The questionnaire is a set of logical questions, systematic questions related to research problems, the answers to the results of the questions have meaning in testing hypotheses. list of questions made in detail and complete. Meanwhile according to the understanding Bimo Walgito (1999) The questionnaire is a method of collecting research data by using various kinds of lists of questions to be answered directly by respondents. In this research the researcher using quitionarre consist to 5 questions and two choice answer they are yes and no questions. The aims are the can know problem that faced by student.
c) Interview
construction of meaning about a particular topic. Meanwhile Susan Stainback argued that: interviewing provide the researcher a means to gain a deeper understanding of how the participant interpret a situation or phenomenon than can be gained through observation. In this research the researcher using interview consist to 10 questions checklist, the goal is to measure the ability of respondents to be studied.
3.4 Data analysis technique
Analysis has started since formulating and explaining the elaboration of the problem before going into the field and continues continuously until the peak of writing research results. Miles and Huberman (1984) argued that: the most serious and central difficulty in the use of qualitative data is that methods of analysis are not well formulate.
In context analysis qualitative data, Bogdan argued that: data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging the interview transcripts, and other materials that you accumulate in increase your own understanding of them and to enable you to present what you have discovered to others. There are some steps that the researcher applies in analyzing the collected data, as follow:
Picture 1.3.3 component of analysis data (interactive model)
16 Data collection
Data display Data reduction
Conclusion drawing/verifying
a. Data Reduction
Data reduction is a process in sensitive reasoning requiring intelligence and breadth to deepen high insight. the purpose of qualitative research guided by each researcher lies in the findings. because the position of the researcher is considered foreign and does not yet have a pattern, it becomes a concern for researchers in the data reduction process, such as conducting research in the forest, trees, plants and animals considered foreign are instead used as objects of further observation.
Data reduction means choosing, summarizing the main points focusing on important things to look for themes and patterns by means of data reduction it will find clear picture results, and make it easier for researchers to select further data collection and look for things needed, by using electronic equipment tools, namely mini computers by giving code on a certain aspect.
b. Data Display
In the presentation of data in qualitative research carried out in brief descriptions, charts, relationships between flowchart categories and the like. In this context Miles and Huberman (1984) argue that: the most frequent form of display data for qualitative research data in the past has been narrative text. ‘’looking at displays help us to understand what happening and to do something further analysis or caution on that understanding’’. Miles and Huberman Suggesting that in displaying data, apart from using narrative text, you can use methods in the form of graphs, matrices, networks and charts to check the researcher's understanding of what is displayed, it is necessary to answer the following statements, what is known, what will be displayed. f the researcher enters a developing hypothetical field or not, then the researcher who has entered the field for a long time turns out to be hypothetical, then the formulation of the problem is supported by data collected based on field facts, if the results of the hypothesis are proven and develop into a Gounded theory. Grounded theory is theory collected inductively, based on field data and continued with testing through continuous data collection.
Domain analysis Analysis
qualitative data
Taxonomic analysis
Componential analysis
Pictures 1.3.3 The kind of analysis qualitative data (Spradley 1980) c. Analysing data using model Spradley (1980)
The research process is spread across a wide area, then divided into qualitative research data analysis, namely: domain, taxonomic, and compensatory analysis.
a) Domain analysis
Obtain an overall overview of the research object or social situation, obtained through grand and minitour statements that focus on the next step. The more domains selected, the more time needed for research. In this context Spradley argue that: domain analysis is the first type of ehaviorhic analysis. In later steps we will consider taxonomic
analysis, which involves a search for the attributies of term in each domain. Finally, we will consider theme analysis, which involves a search for the relationship among domain and for how they are linked to the cultured scene as a whole. Spradley (1980) argue that theme as: a postulate or position, declare or implied, and usually controlling ehavior or stimulating activity, which tacitly approved or openly promoted in society.
Spradley (1984) argue that: A category is an array of different objects that are treated as if they were equivalent.
DOMAIN
Picture 1.3.4 The element of domaint
In determining the domain of the social/object context under study, Spradley suggests making semantic relationships between categories, including 9 types. related to universal properties so that it can be used in various types of social situations. of the nine semantic relationships are strict inclusion, location for action, function, means end, sequence and attribution.
18 Cover term
Semantic Relationship
Include term Person
Is kind of
Teacher, lecturer, hospital, docter,author, visitor
Domaint analysis process
Provision of superior of human resources insight development
Expand teaching materials
Provision of superior of human resources
Pictures 1.3.10 Domaint of higher education task
b) Taxonomic analysis
The selected domain is translated into more detail, to find out the results of its internal structure, focused observations are carried out.
overall taxonomic analysis is data collected based on the applied domain. by applying the domain cover term by the researcher which is broken down in more detail and depth through taxonomic analysis. Taxonomy results are presented in box charts, node line diagrams, and out line.
c) Discovering cultural theme
Education
Community dedication Research
Identification of new problems
Problem Solving
domain, taxonomy and component analysis, it is possible to arrange ''building construction'' of social situations or objects before the research which was still dark or dim, after the research is done it looks brighter and clearer.
d) Analysis componential
Through componential analysis that is parsed, it will be determined to be the focus, with taxonomic analysis each domain is traced to similar or allied elements. the results obtained through observation and interviews as well as focused documents. data sought through observation, interviews, selected documentation. through data collection techniques that are triangulation, then a number of different specific dimensions on each element are found. one example found taxonomic analysis of various levels in the type of education. based on the level of type of education, then look for specific and contrasting elements in the school's goals, curriculum, students, education staff, and its management system.
d.
Conclusion drawing or verificationAccording to Miles and Huberman in qualitative data analysis, namely drawing conclusions and verification. The initial conclusions found are temporary, but will change if strong evidence is not found to support the next stage of collection. but if it is found at an early stage, which is supported by valid and consistent evidence if the researcher returns to the field to collect data, then the conclusion found is a credible conclusion. are new findings that have never existed before, findings can be in the form of descriptions of objects that were previously still dim or dark so that the object under study becomes clear, in the form of causal or interactive relationships, hypotheses or theories.
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3.5 Research Instrument
d)
Data Instrument Validity, Reliability and Credibility test a. ValidityThere are two research validity, namely internal & external validity. internal validity with regard to the degree of research design accuracy of the results achieved. in the research design designed to examine employee work ethics, the research becomes invalid if it is found that it is employee motivation.
b. Reliability
External validity relates to the degree of accuracy of research results that can be generalized or applied to the population taken, if the research sample is representative, the research instrument is reliable and valid, then the technique of collecting and analyzing the results of the data is correct, it will have a high level of external validity.
External validity relates to the degree of accuracy of research results that can be generalized or applied to the population taken, if the research sample is representative, the research instrument is reliable and valid, then the technique of collecting and analyzing the results of the data is correct, it will have a high level of external validity.
In this context reliability, Susan Stainback (1988) argue that : reliability is often defined as the consistenty and stability of data or findings. From a positivistic
perspective, reliability typically is considered to be synonymous with the consistency of data produced by observation made by different researchers (e.g interrater reliability), by the same researcher at different times (e.g test retest), or by splitting a data set in two parts (split half).
5. Table 1.4.1
Differences in data validity testing terms between qualitative methods and quantitative methods
Aspect Qualitative methods Quantitative methods
Truth value Validity internal Credibility
Application Validity external (generalization) Transferability
Consistently Reliability Auditability, dependability
6. Test Credibility
Picture 1.4.1 Test credibility data in qualitative research
a. Observation Extention
(Susan Stainback, 1988) , Rapport is a relationship of mutual trust and emotional affinity between two or more people. The initial stage of the researcher entering or entering the field, where the researcher is still considered foreign, is still suspected, so that the information obtained is not complete, lacks depth, so much is kept secret, through extended observations, the researcher can monitor directly whether the data provided is correct or not. if the data is obtained after being monitored again for the
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Test credibility data Observation extension
Discussion with collegues Triangulation
Increase persistance
Negative case analysis
Memberlock
authenticity of other data sources which turn out to be wrong, then the researcher conducts a wider, in-depth re-observation until the truth of the data is obtained.
The purpose of extending observations is to prove to researchers about the credibility test through extending observations or not, it would be good if it was proven by a statement of research extension attached to the research report.
b. Increase Persistance
The provision of researchers in terms of increasing persistence is by reading various books or references as well as research results in the form of documentation related to the findings under study. the purpose of the reading process is to sharpen the researcher's insight so that it is wider and sharper, to check the validity/trust of the data found to be true or not.
c. Triangulation
Triangulation is qualitative cross validation. It assesses the sufficiency of the data
according to the convergence of multiple data sources or multiple data collection produces (William Wiersma, 1986).
1) Source Triangulation
In testing the credibility of the data, the thing to do is to monitor/check the data. one example in testing the credibility of data about a person's leadership style, then what is done is
collecting and testing the data obtained from subordinates who are led, superiors who give direction for tasks and colleagues who are cooperative groups.
then through the process of testing the credibility of the data, namely triangulation of sources, data can be described, categorized, through the same and different views, the specific location of the three data sources, then the data is analyzed to produce the conclusions requested by members to check through the three data sources.
2) Technique Triangulation
The purpose of technical triangulation is to measure the creditability of data which is done by checking data on the same data source with different techniques, for example data obtained from interviews, then checked through observation, documentation or questionnaires. if through the three testing techniques the three credibility of the data, different data are produced, then the researcher conducts further discussions on the relevant data source or another, to ensure the validity of the data, because they have different points
3) Time Triangulation
Time has an important role factor in testing the credibility of the data. Data is collected from the results of interview techniques, and the best time is in the morning because the sunlight in the morning really excites researchers in refresh conditions, there are no problems yet, so the data provided will be more valid so that it is more credible and accurate. the aim is to test the credibility of the data by checking interviews, observations or through other techniques in different times or situations. if the results of testing the data are different, then it is done repeatedly until certainty or validity of the data is found. the triangulation process can be carried out by checking the results of the research,through other teams who are given the task of collecting data.
d. Negative Case Analysis
Negative case analysis is a case or problem that is different from the current research results, the reason why using negative case analysis can increase the credibility of the data, the reason is to see data results that are contradictory or different from the results found. if no different data is found that contradicts the findings of the data, it means that the data is valid, meaning it can be trusted. if conflicting data is still found, the researcher will change the entire data. this really depends on how often negative cases appear. an example of a negative case problem if there are 98% of people saying that A is an alcoholic dealer, while 1% is negative. with this negative case analysis stated, the researcher actually had to find data certainty from 1% of the group stating A was not an alcoholic dealer, this statement stated the truth or not, the results could be true or not. if finally 1% of the group states that A is an alcoholic dealer, it means that there are no negative cases. Thus, cases of research findings are considered more credible.
e. Using Reference Material
Reference material in this case is a supporting tool in proving the data found by the
researcher. for example: in the results of interview data supported by interview recordings, data that proves human interaction or descriptions of documentary photographs. The tools needed in qualitative research are cameras, camcorders, voice recorders to support the
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credibility of the data found by researchers. in compiling a research report, preferably in completing the data found in the research results in the form of attachments, the data that appears must be accompanied by authentic photographs or documents so that it makes it easier for the data to be valid and other people who read it believe it.
f. Do a membercheck
Member check stage of checking / monitoring data obtained from researchers on data providers. the goal is to find out the degree of distance of the data obtained from that given by the data provider. if the data found is agreed upon, it means that the data results are valid, to the point of being credible. but if various interpretations are found that are agreed upon by the data giver, if the results differ sharply, then the researcher must change the findings. must adjust what is given by the data provider. the function of member check is to obtain the information obtained which is used in writing reports according to the intent of the data source or informant.
The member check is carried out after a period of data collection is completed, or after obtaining data findings or conclusions. through individual means, by the researcher coming to the data provider, or through member discussion forums. through member discussions, the researcher conveyed the findings to a number of data giving members.
in member discussions, the possibility of data can be agreed upon, added, subtracted, or rejected by the data provider. after being mutually agreed upon, the data provider is asked to sign the results so that they are more authentic. Apart from proving that the researcher has done a member check.
1. Test Transferability
Transfer value relates to statements, so that the existence of research results can be applied in other situations, for naturalistic researchers, transfer values depend on the user, so that research results can be used in other contexts. until the researcher does not guarantee external validity. in understanding the results of qualitative research, it is likely that they will apply the results of the transferability test, so the researcher will draft a report concept to provide a clear, detailed description of the research results. to ensure or decide whether or not to apply the research results elsewhere.
If the reader of the research report finds such a clear description, ''what kind'' or in what detail the research results are applied (transferability), then the report meets the transferability standard (Sanafiah Faisal, 1990).
In qualitative research, the depenability test is carried out through an audit process of the entire research process, it is often found that researchers do not conduct research in the field, but give or hold data, so depenability needs to be tested or questioned. if during the research process the data is still there, but the researcher does not conduct it, then the research data is not reliable or reliable to test depenability in a way that is done through an audit of the entire study, the way that is done is to audit the entire activity of the researcher in conducting the research. how the research process
determines the problem or focus of the field. determining data sources, conducting data analysis, testing the validity of data, to formulating conclusions that can be shown by researchers. if the researcher cannot show traces of field activity, then the depenability of the research is doubtful (Sanafiah Faisal 1990).
3. Test Konfirmability
In qualitative research requires a depenability test that has a relationship or relation to the confirmability test, so that the test results can be carried out together.
Confirmability testing is the same as testing research results that are linked to the research process, if research results are found which are a research function, then the research meets confirmability standards. in research should not be abolished
confirmability standards, but the results are there.
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