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R h is book ,Theory o fLtierature ,tha tthe mos tcommon f o s k r o w f o y d u t s e h t s i y t e i c o s d n a e r u t a r e ti l f o s n o it a l e r e h t o t h c a o r p p a

l a i c o s f o s e r u c i p d e m u s s a s a , s t n e m u c o d l a i c o s s a e r u t a r e ti

l realtiy .I tcan not be

e r u t a r e ti l m o r f d e t c a rt s b a e b n a c e r u t c i p l a i c o s f o d n i k e m o s t a h t d e t b u o

d (1956 :

e h t m o r f d e t c a rt x e y ll a u t c a s i e r u t a r e ti l f o k r o w a t a h t d e d u l c n o c e b n a c t I . ) 2 0 1

(15)

m r o f , e r o f e b d i a s s a h r e ti r w e h t t a h w s a , l e v o n

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i (1953 :

.) 9

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P st hough tabouti mtiaiton give scomprehensive understanding abou t s k r o w y n a o t r e f e r n a c f l e s ti ’ tr a f o k r o w ‘ A . s k r o w y ll a u t c a t r a f o k r o w a w o h

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n o it a l u m r o F m e l b o r P . B

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n i n o it i d n o c e h t t u o b a y r o t s e n il d a e h a e d a m e c n o s r e t u e R , 9 0 0 2 n i k c a B

e h T . s e it n e v e s e h t n i n o it i d n o c e h t o t r a li m i s s a w e m it t a h t t a y ti C k r o Y w e N

d e t s o p s a w e l c it r

a wtih the itlte o fNew York Ctiy Fear sReturn to 1970s .The t

a h w d n o y e b s a w s e it n e v e s e h t n i n o it i d n o c e h t t a h t s e m u s s a r e ti r

w the New

e v a h s r e k r o

Y today ,ori nothe rwords ,tii sf a rworset ha twha ttii st oday .

y r o t s i h y ti c n i t n i o p w o l a e r e w s 0 7 9 1 e h

T a sa ifsca lcirsi salmos tpushed d e d w o r c e l p o e p s s e l e m o h d n a , d e r a o s s e t a r e m ir c , y c t p u r k n a b o t n i t i

w e N d e lf e l p o e p n o il li m a t s o m l A . d e l b m u r c s e c i v r e s c il b u p s a s k l a w e d i s

a , s b r u b u s e l b a t s e r o m , r e f a s e h t r o f e d a c e d e h t g n ir u d s t e e rt S n a e M s ' k r o Y

a l u p o

p iton decilne tha t took more than 20 year s to reverse (http://wwwr.euter .scom/aritcle/2009/01/27/us-newyork-economy

-7 2 1 0 9 0 0 2 H I 6 Q 0 5 E R T S U d

i ).

d e t a t s t r o p e r e h

T tha tNew York Ctiy i nt he1970 swa sa t tisl owes tpoin t o

c e r o t s r a e y y t n e w t y l e t a m i x o r p p a k o o t d n

a ver . tI sbankruptcy affect smassive o t s m i a r e ti r w e h t t a h t n o it i d n o c e h t s i s i h T . s e t a r e m ir c g n ir a o s d n a s u d o x e

. n o y d u t s a t c u d n o

c The condiiton sare more ilkely to be found in the novel , t

a h t t a s n o it i d n o c l a i c o s g n i c n e m m o c r e h t o d n a e m ir c h ti w g n il a e

(24)

s e i r o e h T d e t a l e R n o w e i v e R . B

o y r o e h T .

1 f CharacterandCharacteriza iton

w e i v f o t n i o p s ’ r o h t u a e h t s e n i m r e t e d t I .s r e t c a r a h c n w o s ti s a h y r o t s y r e v E

. H . M . y r o t s n i a tr e c a n i r e t c a r a h c a e v a h o t t o n e l b i s s o p m i s i tI . g n i h t e m o s s d r a w o t

n i ,s m a r b

A AGlossaryo fLtieraryTermsstatedt ha,t

o h w , k r o w e v it a r r a n r o c it a m a r d a n i d e t n e s e r p s n o s r e p e h t e r a s r e t c a r a h C

, l a n o it i s o p s i d , l a r o m y b d e w o d n e g n i e b s a r e d a e r e h t y b d e t e r p r e t n i e r a

y a s e h t t a h w n i d e s s e r p x e e r a t a h t s e it il a u q l a n o it o m e d n

a – thedialogue–

o d y e h t t a h w y

b – theaciton.( 1985:23 .) t

p r e c x e s i h

T state sM.H .Abrams ’de ifniiton o fcharacter . tIi ssaid t ha ta s i h T . y r o t s e h t n i y a s y e h t t a h w d n a s t c a s ti y b d e s s e r p x e d n a d e g d u j s i s ’ r e t c a r a h c

i s n o c s i r e t c a r a h c a r e h t e h w s e n if e d r o t a c i d n

i deredt obegoodo rbad ,niceorr ude , k o o b s i h n i ,r e t s r o F M . E , r e tt a m s i h t h ti w s n o it a l e r n I . a r e t e c t e , e li t s o h r o y l d n e ir f

l e v o N e h t f o s t c e p s

A and Related Wriitngs, deifne scharacter smore deepe rand d

n a t a lf : n o it a c if i s s a l c r o j a m o w t o t n i ti s e d i v i

d roundcharacters .Hesaidt ha t lfa t f I . y ti l a u q d n a a e d i e l g n i s a d n u o r d e t c u rt s n o c e r a , m r o f t s e r u p r i e h t n i ,s r e t c a r a h c

d n u o r s d r a w o t e v r u c o t tr a t s y a m t i n e h t , m e h t n i r o t c a f e n o n a h t e r o m s i e r e h t

s i r e t c a r a h c t a lf , s d r o w r e h t o n I .) 7 4 : 4 7 9 1 ( r e t c a r a h

c thesimples tway t odepic ta

. d o o t s r e d n u e b o t d e t a c il p m o c e r o m t i e k a m o t s r e n r o c y n a t u o h ti w , r e t c a r a h c

e li h w n a e

M ,r ound character sareont heconrtary. I tha smorecompilcated .

s r e t c a r a h c t a lf o t g n ir a p m o c g n i z ir e t c a r a h c f o s y a

w E.M .Forste ralso explained

d n u o r r o t a lf s i e n o r e h t e h w r e f fi d o t d e s u e b n a c h c i h w s r o t a c i d n i l a r e v e s

a n i g n i s ir p r u s f o s e it il i b a p a c s a h r e t c a r a h c d n u o r t a h t d i a s s i t I . r e t c a r a h c

. y a w g n i c n i v n o

(25)

e b o t g n i d n e t e r p r e t c a r a h c t a lf a y ll a u t c a s i t i , e c n i v n o c t o n s e o d t u b s e s ir p r u s

d n u o r d n a t a lf r e f fi d o t w o h f o t h g i s n i f e ir b s e v i g t n e m e t a t s s i H . ) 4 5 : 4 7 9 1 ( d n u o r

r e t c a r a h c a y ll a u t c a t a h t d o o t s r e d n u y l p m i s e b n a c t I . m i h o t g n i d r o c c a s r e t c a r a h c

s s

i aid t o be lfat i fhe/shedoe sno thavet hequaltiy t o surp irseand convincet he .

s r e d a e r

g n i z ir e t c a r a h c f o s y a w e h

T a realso affected by t he poin to fview chosen t o n r e h t o y b l i v e s a d e g d u j e b n a c r e t c a r a h c a , e l p m a x e r o F . r e ti r w s ti y

b - os -evi l

s r e t c a r a h

c . Thi s poin t o f view can determine readers ’ judgmen t toward s a n

a c t i ,r e v o e r o M . r e t c a r a h

c also makepeople ilkeo rdisilket hecharacte.r In t hi s .

M . E , e s a

c Forster’ sAspect so fthe Nove land Related Wriitng srefer sto Percy k

c o b b u

L ’ss tatementinhi sbookTheCraf to fFiciton,

n a s a , e d i s t u o m o r f s r e t c a r a h c e h t e b ir c s e d r e h ti e n a c , s y a s e h , t s il e v o n e h T

,r e k o o l n o l a it r a p r o l a it r a p m

i o rhe can assume omniscience and descirbe m e h t f o e n o f o n o it i s o p e h t n i fl e s m i h e c a l p n a c e h r o ; n i h ti w m o r f m e h t

f f a d n

a ectt obei nt hedarkast ot hemoitve soft her est ;ort herearecetrain .)

4 5 : 4 7 9 1 ( s e d u ti tt a e t a i d e m r e t n i

g n i d r o c c

A to the statemen tabove ,we can learn tha tactually there are e b ir c s e d e b n a c t I .l e v o n n i r e t c a r a h c n i a tr e c a g n i z ir e t c a r a h c f o s y a w e e r h

t d f rom

, e d i s t u

o etihe r fully o r paritally . A character can also be descirbed using m o r f r e t c a r a h c a s e b ir c s e d t s il e v o n e h t t a h t y a w e h t , w e i v f o t n i o p t n e i c s i n m o

g n i z ir e t c a r a h c f o y a w r e h t o n a o s l a s i e r e h T . ti t u o b a g n i h t y r e v e s w o n k d n a e d i s n i

v o n e h t n e h

w eils tplace shimsel fin the posiiton o fanothe rcharacter so tha t .

(26)

n i , y h p r u M . J. M . r e t c a r a h c a e b ir c s e d o t s y a w r e h t o y t n e l p o s l a e r a e r e h T

, k o o b s i

h Understanding Unseens :an Introduciton to Engilsh Poetry and the s

t n e d u t S s a e s r e v O r o f l e v o N h s il g n

E formulated ninewayst o descirbeacharacte r .

s r e d a e r e h t r o f e l b a d n a t s r e d n u e b n a c t i t a h t o s

. n o it p ir c s e D l a n o s r e P . a

li s a e d e b ir c s e d e b n a c r e t c a r a h c

A ybystaitngsevera lphysica ldata . tIi nclude s .) 1 6 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( d n i m r e h / s i h e d i s n i t a h w t o n ; s e h t o l c d n a e c n a r a e p p a s ’ n o s r e p a

.r e h t o n a y b n e e s s a r e t c a r a h C . b

d e b ir c s e d s i r e t c a r a h c a , y a w s i h t n

I ind rieclty.I nsteado fdescirbingacharacte r s e y e e h t h g u o r h t r e t c a r a h c a e b ir c s e d n a c r o h t u a e h t , n o i s s e r p x e t c e ri d g n i s u

s r e d a e r e h t o t e g a m i d e t c e lf e r a s e c u d o r p t I . r e h t o n a f o s n o i n i p o d n a

.) 2 6 1 : 2 7 9 1 (

. h c e e p S . c

e h s / e h t a h w y b d e g d u j e b n a c y d o b y r e v

E says .A characte rcan also be

s i e h r e v e n e h w , s k a e p s n o s r e p a r e v e n e h W . s y a s n o s r e p e h t t a h w y b d e b ir c s e d

s i e h , n o i n i p o n a d r a w r o f s t u p e h r e v e n e h w , r e h t o n a h ti w n o it a s r e v n o c a n i

.) 4 6 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( r e t c a r a h c s i h o t e u l c s r e d a e r e h t g n i v i g

. e fi l t s a P . d

n e ir e p x

E cebulidst hecharacter .Byl etitngt her eadersl earnsomethingabou ta e

u l c a e v i g n a c r o h t u a e h t , e fi l t s a p s ’ n o s r e

p toeventst ha thavehelpedt os hape .)

(27)

.s r e h t o f o n o it a s r e v n o C . e

a s i tI . r e h t o h c a e t u o b a k l a t o d e l p o e

P lsoawayoft heauthort ogivecluest oa s g n i h t e h t d n a e l p o e p r e h t o f o s n o it a s r e v n o c e h t h g u o r h t r e t c a r a h c s ’ n o s r e p

.) 7 6 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( m i h t u o b a y a s y e h t

.s n o it c a e R . f

y lr e p o r p d n o p s e r t o n o d y e h t f i s d r a w o c e b o t d i a s e r a e l p o e p s e m it e m o S

i s l a i c u r c a s d r a w o

t tuaiton .Thi si salso a way how to descirbe a person’ s s t n e v e d n a s n o it a u ti s s u o ir a v o t s t c a e r e h s / e h w o h w o n k s u g n it t e l y b , r e t c a r a h c

.) 7 6 1 : 2 7 9 1 (

.t n e m m o c t c e ri D . g

r o e b ir c s e d o s l a n a c r o h t u a e h t , y lt c e ri d n i r e t c a r a h c a g n i b ir c s e d f o d a e t s n I

n o t n e m m o

c aperson’ scharacte rdrieclty( 1972:170 .) .s

t h g u o h T . h

s r e d a e r e h t e v i g d n a e t a rt li f n i n a c r o h t u a e h t , d n i m s ’ r e t c a r a h c a n i n w o d p e e D

t a h w l l e t n e v e n a c t I . t u o b a g n i k n i h t s i n o s r e p a t a h w f o e g d e l w o n k t c e ri d

) 1 7 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( g n i k n i h t e r a e l p o e p r e h t o t n e r e f fi

d .

.s m s ir e n n a M . i

s a h t I . r e t c a r a h c r e h / s i h e b ir c s e d o t m s ir e n n a m s ’ n o s r e p a e s u n a c r o h t u a e h T

n i a tr e c a n i d n u o f e b n a c t a h t s e r u t a e f e u q i n u d n a s ti b a h h ti w o d o t g n i h t e m o s

.) 3 7 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( r e t c a r a h c

e h t n o g n i d n e p e d , s y a w l a r e v e s n i d e b ir c s e d e b n a c r e t c a r a h c a t a h t r a e l c w o n s i tI

. r o h t u

(28)

o y r o e h T .

2 f Setitng

. H . M . g n it t e s r o , s g n i d n u o r r u s s ti t u o h ti w d e c u d o r p e b n a c t r a f o k r o w o N m a r b

A si nhi sbook AGlossaryo fLtieraryTerm sstatest ha tsetitngi sactuallyt he n o it a c o l s ti h c i h w n i s e c n a t s m u c ri c l a i c o s d n a , e m it l a c ir o t s i h , e l a c o l l a r e n e g

e h t s i k r o w a n i h ti w e n e c s r o e d o s i p e e l g n i s a f o g n it t e s e h t , e c n e H . s r u c c o

l a c i s y h p r a l u c it r a

p locaiton in which i ttake splace (1985:192) .Hi sstatemen t t I . e c a l p f o g n it t e s s i e r e h t ,l l a f o t s ri F . g n it t e s f o s e p y t e e r h t e r a e r e h t t a h t s y e v n o c

f o g n it t e s s i e r e h t , d n o c e S . e c a l p e k a t y r o t s e h t n i s t n e v e e h t e r e h w s e n i m r e t e d

n e h w s e n i m r e t e d t I . e m

it theevent shappen.I talwaysr eferst oace trainpeirod o f l a i c o s ‘ s a t i d e ll a c s m a r b A . n o it a u ti s f o g n it t e s s i e r e h t , y lt s a L . e m it

f o e p y t s i h t y ll a u t c a t a h t d o o t s r e d n u e b n a c t I . n o it a u ti s l a i c o s r o ’ s e c n a t s m u c ri c

u l a v r o s e l u r n i a tr e c a o t r e f e r g n it t e

s est ha tareappiledi nt hes ociety.

n o i n i p o r a li m i

S i salso stated by Holman in hi sbook A Handbook to .

e r u t a r e ti

L He infers tha tsetitng i sthe background agains twhich aciton take s e

c a l

p (2009:508) .Fu trhermore ,he also stated severa lelement stha tmade up a :

g n it t e s

l a c i s y h p h c u s d n a , y r e n e c s , y h p a r g o p o t s ti , n o it a c o l l a c i h p a r g o e g e h t . a

; m o o r a n i s r o o d d n a s w o d n i w e h t f o n o it a c o l e h t s a s t n e m e g n a r r a

o g n i v il f o r e n n a m y li a d d n a s n o it a p u c c o e h t .

b ft hecharacters;

y r o t s i h n i h c o p e , e l p m a x e r o f , e c a l p s e k a t n o it c a e h t h c i h w n i d o ir e p r o e m it e h t . c

(29)

, l a r o m , l a t n e m , s u o i g il e r , e l p m a x e r o f , s r e t c a r a h c f o t n e m n o ri v n e l a r e n e g e h t . d

.s n o it i d n o c l a n o it o m e d n a , l a i c o s

r a li m i s r e h t o n

A theory o fsetitng i sstated by Eilzabeth McMahan i n he r k

o o

b Ltieratureandt heWriitngProcess:

, l e v o n , y r o t s a n i n o it c a e h t f o e m it d n a n o it a c o l e h t s e d u l c n i g n it t e s e h T

e r e h p s o m t a n a s y e v n o c g n it t e s e h t s e m it e m o S . m e o p r o , y a l

p – the

t c e f f e l a n o it o m

e of t hesetitngandevent s– tha tcontirbutest o t hei mpac t .

) 1 9 : 6 8 9 1 ( k r o w e h t f o g n i n a e m e h t o t r o

, e v o b a t p r e c x e e h t n

I tii scleart ha tshealsogive she ropiniont ha tactuallysetitng y

t u a e b s e c u d o r p t i w o h e m o S . g n it t e s e r e m a s a e n o l a d n a t s t o n s e o

d int hef ormo f

. s t n e v e d n a g n it t e s f o t c e f f e l a n o it o m e s a d e ll a c e h s t a h t g n i h t e m o s , e r e h p s o m t a

d n a t r a f o k r o w e h t f o t c a p m i e h t o t s e t u b ir t n o c , r e h o t g n i d r o c c a , e r e h p s o m t a s i h T

e v o n e h t f o e n o t e h t e n i m r e t e d n a c e r e h p s o m t a , tr o h s n I . g n i n a e m s ti o t n e v

e l

. fl e s ti

y ti C k r o Y w e N s 0 7 9 1 e h t n o w e i v e R . 3

e n i m r e t e d o t t n a tr o p m i s i n o it a u ti s d n u o r g k c a b e h t g n i d n a t s r e d n U

y r a s s e c e n n u d i o v a o t w o h e m o s e n o d e b o t s a h t I . n o it c a t x e n e h t d n a t n e m g d u j

i s e h t e t a u d a r g r e d n u s i h t e c n i S . r e tt a m a s d r a w o t g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i

m st alk saboutt he

t a h t t e e m o t r e d r o n i , a r e n i a tr e c a t a y ti C k r o Y w e N e h t n i s t n a r g i m m i f o e fi l

e h t n o k e e p e lt ti l a e k a t o t t n a tr o p m i s i ti t a h t s l e e f r e ti r w e h t , n o it i d n o c n i a tr e c

e ti n U d n a , y ll a c if i c e p s y ti C k r o Y w e N s 0 7 9 1 e h t n i n o it a u ti s t n e r r u

c d State so f

k o o b e h t n I . l a r e n e g n i a c ir e m

(30)

, s r e h t o r o F . y d e n n e K t r e b o R d n a . r J g n i K r e h t u L n it r a M f o s n o it a n i s s a s s a e h t s p a h r e

p i tended i n t hescarctiy o foli i n 1973 .Even so ,many Ameircan swould t I .) 1 0 3 1 : 4 8 9 1 ( e d a c e d e h t f o t n e v e t n a n i m o d e h t s a w r a W m a n t e i V e h t t a h t e e r g a t s a p e h t n i d e r r u c c o t a h t s m e l b o r p l a r e v e s d e ti r e h n i ll it s s e it n e v e s e h t t a h t s m e e s h t g n i d u l c n i ,s e d a c e

d ehorro ro fwar, fori tendedi n1975 .Severa lothe rproblem s s a , s e t a t S d e ti n U e h t y b d e r e f f u s o s l

a U.S .Historyf o rDummie salso concludes