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INCREASING CHARGING EFFICENCY IN SOLAR PANEL
SYSTEM BY USING MICROCONTROLLER
ATMEGA 32 BASED ON FUZZY
Thesis
By:
AHMED EHMAIDA ESMAIO
S951302503
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA
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ORIGINALITY AND PUBLICATION STATEMENT
The writer declared that:
1. Thesis entitled: “INCREASING CHARGING EFFICENCY IN SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM BY USING MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA 32
BASED ON FUZZY” is an original work of the writer without plagiarism, and
there is no scientific papers that have been asked by others to obtain academic
degrees and there is no work or opinion ever written or published by another
person without mentions as reference on the text and a reference source as well as
mentioned in the bibliography. If there is proven plagiarism in scientific papers in
future, the writer accepts sanctions as consequence in accordance with the
provisions of the legislation (Permendiknas No 17, tahun 2010).
2. Publication of some or all contents of thesis or other scientific forums and
permission must include the author and the team as a supervisor. If within at least
one semester (six months after the examination of the thesis) I did not make the
publication in part or entire of this thesis, the Program in Mechanical
Engineering of UNS has the right to publish in a scientific journal published by
Study Program in Mechanical Engineering of UNS. If I violate of the provisions
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v ABSTRACT
Charging system plays important role in solar storage system in order to get
maximum efficiency in extracting energy from the solar radiation. Microcontroller is
used to maintain certain condition of power production which is to maximize power
production from the solar panel as well as to convert low voltage to higher on cloudy
condition, otherwise to maintain high voltage of solar panel into suitable voltage.
Atmega 32 based fuzzy technique has been designed and experimentally carried out
to increase charging efficiency of solar panel system in this study. Fuzzy technique
enables to read multiple signals and further producing single output. Three scenarios
of charging based fuzzy have been performed experimentally to get the best
performance from some possibly scenarios. They were linear with temperature
compensation and 2-step with and without temperature compensation. Scenario of
charging without fuzzy also carried out to get comparison with charging based on
fuzzy. The results were battery temperature, voltage battery, voltage charging, current
and time of charging. Further charging efficiency was calculated to know the
charging performance beyond all scenarios. Charging based fuzzy of linear with
temperature compensation recorded the lowest temperature rise of the battery which
was only 30.4 C. Charging efficiency based fuzzy attained up to 98.08% for the linear
with temperature compensation scenario whereas efficiency of charging without
fuzzy attained 86.54%. Linear with temperature compensation scenario was
concluded as the best charging design based fuzzy on this study. It proved to be able
to control battery temperature and attained high charging efficiency. It was able to
keep battery lifecycle by protecting battery from overcharging and high temperature
rising.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This thesis would not have been possible without the support and success of
Allah. Thanks and praise be to Allah. I would like to give special thanks to who has
always looked out for my future, for being someone who I am now and the person
who has always been behind all my success, thank you my father. I would like to
thank my mother for her moral support and undying love because without her, I do not
think I would have been able to accomplish anything.
My deepest gratitude and sincere thanks goes to my supervisors, Prof.
Muhammad Nizam, ST., MT., Ph.D and Dr. Miftahul Anwar, S.Si, M.Eng., for
guidance, encouragement and invaluable advice he has provided throughout my time
as her student. I have been extremely lucky to have a supervisor who cared so much
about my work, and who responded to my questions and queries so promptly. Her help
and caring ways gave me strength to carry on when times looked bleak. I would also
like to thank all the members of staff at UNS who taught me, helped me and advised
me. Their earlier teachings will always remain in my mind.
I would never forget all the chats and beautiful moments with some of my
friends and my classmate. They were fundamental in supporting me during these
stressful and difficult moments. I am very grateful to all people I have met along the
way and contributed to the development of my research. Thank to Solo people who
have not let me feel alienated in this city.
Thanks again to everyone who made this thesis and me possible.
Sincerely,
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vii
CONTENT LIST
TITLE ... i
APPROVAL PAGE ... ii
SUPERVISOR ENDORSEMENT ... iii
ORIGINALITY AND PUBLICATION STATEMENT ... iv
CONTENT ... v
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEWAND BASIC THEORY ... 4
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3.2.1 Solar Panel ... 16
3.2.2 Battery Solar ... 17
3.2.3 ATMEGA 32 ... 17
3.2.4 Software Implementation ... 20
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 24
4.1 Battery Temperature ... 24
4.2 Voltage ... 25
4.2.1 Voltage Charge ... 26
4.2.2 Voltage Battery ... 27
4.3 Charging Current ... 28
4.4 Comparison of Current, Voltage Charge and Voltage Battery of Charging with and without Fuzzy ... 29
4.4.1 Fuzzy Scenarios ... 29
4.4.2 Charging without Fuzzy ... 32
4.5 Discharging ... 33
4.6 Charging Efficiency ... 34
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ... 37
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FIGURE LIST
Figure 2.1 Solar Panel and Solar Cell……… 7
Figure 2.2 lead acid battery………... 8
Figure 2.3 Membership functions………. 11
Figure 3.1 Flowchart of this research……… 15
Figure 3.2 Solar panel……… 16
Figure 3.3 Acid battery of this study……… 17
Figure 3.4 ATMEGA32 microcontrollers……… 18
Figure 3.5 Pin out diagram of ATMEGA 32……… 19
Figure 3.6 Circuit schematic………. 20
Figure 3.7 Schematic of simulation……….. 20
Figure 3.6 Fuzzy system block diagram………... 20
Figure 4.1 Battery temperatures with the time………. 25
Figure 4.2 Voltage charge characteristics………. 26
Figure 4.3 Battery voltage characteristics………. 27
Figure 4.4 Charging current characteristics……… 29
Figure 4.5 Comparison of current, voltage charge and voltage battery For linear with temperature compensation……….. 30
Figure 4.6 Comparison of current, voltage charge and voltage battery For 2-step with temperature compensation………. 31
Figure 4.7 Comparison of current, voltage charge and voltage battery For 2-step without temperature compensation……… 32
Figure 4.8 Current, voltage charge and voltage battery of charging without fuzzy………. 32
Figure 4.9 Discharge comparisons of three scenarios……….. 33
Figure 4.10 Efficiency of proposed method……….. 35
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TABLE LIST
Table 3.1 Specification of solar panel………. 16
Table 3.2 Capacity of solar panel parameters………. 17
Table 3.3 Battery temperature……… 22
Table 3.4 Battery voltage design……… 22
Table 3.5 Voltage output design……… 22
Table 3.6 Decision table of linear constant current with temperature Compensation……… 22
Table 3.7 Decision table of 2-step constant current with temperature Compensation………. 23
Table 3.8 Battery voltage design for 2-step without temperature Compensation………. 23
Table 3.9 Voltage output design for 2-step without temperature Compensation……….. 23
Table 3.10 Decision table of 2-step constant current without temperature Compensation………. 23
Table 4.1 Discharge and charging rate of this study……….. 34
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NOMENCLATURE
A the p-n junction ideality factor
EG the band gap of the semiconductor
I0 the PV array output current
Irs the cell reverse saturation current
Irr the cell reverse saturation temperature at Tr
Iscr the cell is short-circuit current at reference radiation and temperature
Ki the short circuit current temperature coefficient
k the Boltzmann’s constant
np the number of cells in parallel
ns the number of cells in series
P Power
q the charge of an electron
S the solar radiation in mW/cm2
SOC(t) the current state of charge (%)
T the cell temperature (K)
Tr the cell reference temperature
