EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND STUDENTS’ ENGLISH
SPEAKING ABILITY
(A Study in One of Private Universities in Bandung)
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master Degree in English
Education
By :
Een Vivany Yunita
1201104
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND STUDENTS’
ENGLISH
SPEAKING ABILITY
(A Study in One of Private Universities in Bandung)
Oleh
Een Vivany Yunita
S.Pd UMB Bengkulu, 2011
Sebuah tesis yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Magister Pendidikan (M.Pd) pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Een Vivany Yunita 2014 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Juli 2014
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
This is to certify that the thesis of Een Vivany Yunita entitled “An Investigation into the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Students’ English Speaking Ability (A
Study in one of Private Universities in Bandung)” is approved by
Approved by :
Main Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Prof.Dr.Nenden Sri Lengkanawati,M.Pd Dr.Dadang Sudana,M.A NIP. 195111241985032000 NIP.196009191990031001
This thesis has been approved by
The Head of Study Program of English Education
I hereby that the thesis entitled “An Investigation into the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Students’ English Speaking Ability” is compeletely my own work. I am fully aware that I have quoted some statements and ideas from various sources
and they are all properly acknowledged.
Bandung, July 2014
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL PAGE ... i
DECLARATION ... ii
ABSTRACT ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iv
PREFACE ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
LIST OF TABLES ... xi
LIST OF CHARTS ... xiii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of The Study ... 1
1.2 Research Question ... 3
1.3 Hypotheses ... 4
1.4 Research Assumption ... 4
1.5 Research Objectives ... 4
1.6 The Scope of the Study ... 4
1.7The Significances of Study ... 5
1.8Clarification of Key Terms ... 6
1.9Thesis Organization ... 7
CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Conception of Emotion and Emotional Intelligence ... 8
2.1.1 The Conception of Emotion ... 8
2.1.1 The Conception of Emotional Intelligence ... 11
2.2 The Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence... 13
2.2.1 Self-Awareness ... 14
2.2.2 Self-Control ... 16
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.2.4 Empathy ... 18
2.2.5 Social Skill ... 20
2.3Measuring Emotional Intelligence ... 21
2.3.1 Ability EI Test ... 21
2.3.2 Self-Report EI Test ... 25
2.4The Importance of Emotional Intelligence in Foreign Language Learning .. 26
2.5Speaking as One of Important Skills in Language Communication ... 27
2.6Conception of Speaking Skill ... 29
2.7Elements in Speaking Ability... 32
2.8Testing Students’ Speaking Ability ... 35
2.8.1 Types of Speaking Test ... 36
2.9 Previous Studies : Emotional Intelligence in Foreign Language Learning... 40
2.10 Concluding Remark ... 42
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1Research Design ... 44
3.1.1 The Nature of Correlational Research ... 44
3.2 The Population, Setting and Sample of Research ... 46
3.2.1 Population and Setting ... 46
3.2.2 Sampling and Sample ... 46
3.3Research Instruments ... 48
3.3.1 Questionnaire ... 48
3.3.1.1 Validity and Reliability of Emotional Intelligence Scale ... 50
3.3.2 Speaking Test ... 51
3.3.2.1 Validity and Reliability of Speaking Test ... 51
3.4 Procedure of Collecting Data ... 52
3.5Scoring Procedures... 53
3.6Data Analysis and Interpretation ... 54
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.6.1.1 Analyzing Students’ Emotional Intelligence and Their
English Speaking Ability ... 54
3.6.1.2 Analyzing The Existence of Relationship between EI and Speaking Ability ... 58
3.6.1.3 Analyzing which Dimensions of EI can Mostly Predict English Speaking Ability ... 59
3.7 The Data Interpretation ... 60
3.8Concluding Remark ... 62
CHAPTER IV : FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 The State of Students’ Emotional Intelligence ... 63
4.1.1 Students’ Self-Awareness ... 65
4.1.2 Students’ Self-Control ... 67
4.1.3 Students’ Self-Motivation ... 67
4.1.4 Students’ Empathy ... 68
4.1.5 Students’ Social Skill ... 69
4.2 The State of Students’ English Speaking Ability ... 71
4.3 The Relationship between EI and English Speaking Ability ... 73
4.3.1 The relationship between self-awareness and six elements in English speaking ability ... 78
4.3.2 The relationship between self-control and six elements in English speaking ability ... 79
4.3.3 The relationship between self-motivation and six elements in English speaking ability ... 81
4.3.4 The relationship between empathy and six elements in English speaking ability ... 83
4.3.5 The relationship between social skill and six elements in English speaking ability ... 85
4.4 Multiple regression Analysis of EI towards English Speaking Ability ... 87
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION, LIMITATION OF STUDY AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion ... 93
5.2 Limitations of the Study ... 95
5.3 Recommendation... 95
5.3.1 Practical Recommendation... 95
5.3.2 Theoretical Recommendation ... 97
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 98
LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix. 1 : Students’ Score on Speaking Test ... 111
Appendix. 2 : Students’ Score on Emotional Intelligence Test ... 113
Appendix. 3 : Calculating the Level of Students’ EI ... 115
Appendix. 4 : Calculating the Level of EI Dimensions ... 116
Appendix. 5 : Background Questionnaire ... 119
Appendix. 6 : Lembar Penjelasan Penelitian ... 120
Appendix. 7 : Informed Concent ... 121
Appendix. 8 : Skala Kecerdasan Emosi ... 122
Appendix.9 : The Biography of Speaking Assessors ... 128
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 : The Classification of Emotions ... 9
Table.2.2 :The Structure and Content of the MSCEIT ... 22
Table 2.2 : Speaking Scoring Rubric ... 38
Table 3.3 : Five Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence ... 49
Table 3.4 : Categorization of Emotional Intelligence ... 55
Table 3.5 : Categorization of Self-Awareness ... 55
Table 3.6 : Categorization of Self-Control ... 55
Table 3.7 : Categorization of Self-Motivation ... 56
Table 3.8 : Categorization of Emphaty ... 56
Table 3.9 : Categorization of Social Skills... 56
Table 3.10 : Speaking Scoring Rubric ... 57
Table 3.11 : Classification of Students’ Speaking Performance ... 58
Table 3.12 : Tests of Normality ... 59
Table 3.13 : The Interpretation of Correlation Coefficient ... 61
Table 4.14 : EFL Students’ Emotional Intelligence Level ... 63
Table 4.15 : The Frequency of Students’ Ability on Speaking Test ... 72
Table 4.16 : The Correlation between EI and Students’ English Speaking Ability .. 74
Table 4.17 : The Correlation Coefficient of Five EI Dimensions and Speaking Ability ... 75
Table 4.18: The Relationship between Self-Awareness and Six Elements in English Speaking Ability ... 78
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Table 4.20: The Relationship between Self-Motivation and Six Elements in
English Speaking Ability ... 82
Table 4.21: The Relationship between Emphaty and Six Elements in English
Speaking Ability ... 84
Table 4.22: The Relationship between Social Skills and Six Elements in English
Speaking Ability ... 86
Table 4.23 : Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis: Model Summary ... 88
Table 4.24 : Anova ... 88
Table 4.25 : Results of Stepwise Regression for Predicting English Speaking
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu LIST OF CHARTS
Chart. 4.1 : Students’ Emotional Intelligence ... 64
Chart 4.2 :Students’ Self-Awareness ... 66
Chart 4.3 : Students’ Self-Control ... 67
Chart 4.4 : Students’ Self-Motivation ... 68
Chart 4.5 : Students’ Emphaty ... 69
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English Speaking
Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT
An Investigation into the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Students’
English Speaking Ability
Een Vivany Yunita
Indonesia University of Education
The Emotional Intelligence (EI) concept argues that IQ is too narrow and there are wider areas of emotional intelligence that enable learners to gain more success in language learning. Therefore, this present study attempted to find out students’ emotional intelligence level and students’ English speaking ability. It also aimed to determine whether Emotional Intelligence, as an interpersonal skill and innate potential, has any relationship with students’ English speaking ability in one private universities in Bandung in which 45 students on fourth semester were involved. Furthermore, an attempt was also made to determine which dimensions of EI can mostly predict students’ English speaking ability. This study was largely descriptive in nature and was also correlational. The data were obtained from EI questionnaire and students’ English speaking test. The study employed correlation and multiple regression with stepwise method for data analysis which was analyzed through SPSS. The results reveal that the students’ emotional intelligence is average and their speaking ability is good. It is also found that there is a positive significant relationship between emotional intelligence and English speaking ability. The result also shows that EI is a potential predictor for speaking ability. Multiple regression shows that among other four EI dimensions, self-control is the best predictor to predict students’ English speaking ability. Based on the results of this study, teachers are recommended to consider the role of EI in English teaching proccess especially in speaking skill. Moreover, students are hoped to improve their emotional intelligence as this study revealed that EI has significant relationship towards their speaking ability. It is also strongly recommended for further study to continue studying the relationship of EI on various aspects of language skills by using a number of different EI instruments.
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English Speaking
Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRAK
Investigasi dalam Hubungan Kecerdasan Emosi dengan Kemampuan Siswa Berbicara Berbahasa Inggris.
Een Vivany Yunita
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Konsep kecerdasan emosi membuktikan bahwa konsep IQ lebih sempit dan ada area yang lebih luas didalam kecerdasan emosi yang mampu membuat siswa untuk lebih berhasil dalam pembelajaran bahasa. Oleh karenanya, penelitian ini mencoba mencari tahu tingkat kecerdasan siswa dan kemampuan berbicara berbahasa Inggris mereka. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mencari tahu apakah ada hubungan antara kecerdasan emosi dengan kemampuan berbicara berbahasa Inggris siswa di universitas swasta di Bandung dimana 45 siswa telah terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Studi ini merupakan studi deksriptif korelasional. Data yang diperoleh dari kuesioner EI dan hasil tes berbicara siswa telah dianalisis melalui SPSS dengan menerapkan analisis korelasional dan analisis linear regresi berganda dengan metode stepwise. Hasil temuan menunjukkan bahwa 45 siswa yang berpartisipasi dalam penelitia ini memiliki kecerdasan emosi di level rata-rata dan memiliki kemampuan yang bagus dalam berbicara berbahasa Inggris. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan adanya hubungan positif kuat yang signifikan antara kecerdasan emosi dengan kemampuan berbicara berbahasa Inggris siswa. Selain itu, hasil analisis linear regresi berganda memperlihatkan bahwa kecerdasan emosi dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kemampuan berbicara siswa. Self-Control ,sebagai salah satu dimensi kecerdasan emosi, adalah dimensi kecerdasan emosi yang paling dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kemampuan berbicara siswa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, guru bahasa inggris direkomendasikan untuk mempertimbangkan peranan kecerdasan emosi dalam proses belajar mengajar bahasa Inggris, khususnya dalam keterampilan berbahasa Inggris. Selain itu, sangat direkomendasikan bagi siswa untuk mengenal kecerdasan emosi dan meningkatkan kecerdasan emosi mereka. Bagi peneliti selanjutnya, sangat disarankan untuk melanjutkan penelitian di bidang hubungan kecerdasan emosi dengan aspek keterampilan berbahasa Inggris lainnya.
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter elaborates the general ideas related to the introduction of this
study. The discussion involves the background of the study, the research
questions, hypothesis, research assumption, the research objectives, the scope of
the study, the significances of the study, and the clarifications of key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study
It is granted that individual capacities to learn foreign language tend to be
different. Among so many factors contributing to second or foreign language
learning success, including motivation, attitude or personality types, it seems that
one important factor which accounts for success in language learning is the degree
of intelligence that individual possess (Pisghadam, 2009 p.1). In other words,
students’ level of intelligence plays important role in English language learning.
Meanwhile, Smith (2002) mentions that Intelligence Quotient (IQ) does not
seem to adequately explain individual difference in academic success or fail to
fully explain cognitive ability. Among other intelligences, emotional intelligence
is argued to be more important than Intelligence Quotient (IQ) for promoting
academic, personal and occupation success (Jahandar, et.al, 2012, Mayer &
Salovey, 1993, Mayer & Geher, 1996, Zeidner,et.al, 2009). Turner (2011) adds
that emotional intelligence is a better indicator of success than traditional
cognitive intelligence. People with higher emotional intelligence find it easier to
form and maintain interpersonal relationships (Rode,et.al, 2006) and to solve
problems (Juvec & Gerli, 2001 in Bracket & Salovey, 2006). Thus, EI is argued to
be more vital than simply being cognitively smart.
Furthermore, Emotional Intelligence (EI) is also so much necessary for
effective social interaction and classroom success (Elias, 2004 in Fatum, 2008 p.
27). Research indicates that emotional intelligence is associated with success in
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
many areas of life, including effective teaching, student learning, quality
relationships, and academic performance (Brackett & Katulak, 2006 p.1).
Considerable studies also reveal that EI plays a central role in students’ academic
success, personal and social lives beyond the effects of personality and general
intelligence (Jennings & Greenberg, 2009 p.1). The importance of EI exists
because emotions drive attention which impact learning, memory, and behavior
(Ohman, Flykt & Esteves,2001 in Bracket & Katulak, 2006).
Moreover, studies reveal that emotional intelligence can be taught and
students can be coached to develop the tools and skills needed to manage their
positive and negative emotions (Darling-Hammond, et.al n.d p. 92). Emotional
Intelligence (EI) is not like IQ which is relatively fixed, but Emotional
Intelligence is something that can be built as the age (Jahandar, et.al, 2012,p.1).
IQ is more static measures and likely to stay quite constant through life
(“Emotional Intelligence”, 2014) while emotional intelligence is something that
can be improved by learning (Turner, 2011). In contrast, Shipley, Jackson &
Segrest (in press) showed in their research that age is not positively correlated
with Emotional Intelligence. It means that the elder person does not guarantee to
have higher Emotional Intelligence. However, this intelligence is something that
can be trained and improved with the knowledge.
Emotional Intelligence influences people’s action (Fatum, 2008 p.26)
whereas academic aptitude (IQ) has no connection with how people understand
and deal with their emotions and others’ emotions (Schutte,et.al, 1998). Fatum
(2008,p.26) argues that if schools focus only on academic instruction and school
management in their effort to help students attain academic success, they will fail
to achieve their goals. Thus, it is important to educate students to be socially and
emotionally intelligence in order to receive the maximum benefit of a teaching
program.
On the other hand, as stated by Krashen (1981) in Zarezadeh (2013) that
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An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
strains for the learners. The problems get more difficult for the students as they
are expected to communicate with a language which is different with their mother
language. Thus, having the ability to manage emotions when facing complicated
learning situation is useful for students.
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that there is ample
evidence that emotions affect performance. Positive emotions can improve
performance, while negative ones can diminish it (Darling-Hammond, et.al n.d
p.90). In relation to speaking skill, Arita (2008) states that one of students’
difficulties in speaking English is caused by psychological factors such as fear of
making mistake, shyness, anxiety, lack of self-confidence, and lack of motivation.
Those difficulties, as theorists argue, hinder the students to speak actively in
English class (Juhana, 2011 p.35). Thornburry (2005, p.28) states that those
psychological factors contribute to speaking failure and cause an acute sense of
anxiety when it comes to speaking. Thus, if the students have been introduced to
the power of Emotional Intelligence (EI), they likely would be able to effectively
handle anxieties, shyness, anger, fear and the stresses of learning difficulties.
Although many studies show EI has the potential to have important role in
predicting the overall academic performance ( Zeidner et.al, 2009). However, in
Indonesian context, as far as the writer is concerned, there has not been found any
studies conducted in the area of emotional intelligence and English language
learning especially in speaking skill. Therefore, the major concern of this study
seeks to shed light on the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and
learners’ English language proficiency in Indonesian context. To be more specific,
this study investigates the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and
students’ speaking ability in one Private University in Bandung in academic year
2013/2014. In addition, this study also aims to reveal which dimensions of
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.2 Research Question
The problems to be discussed in this paper are summarized in the following
research questions:
1. What is the state of students’ emotional intelligence (EI) ?
2. What is the state of students’ English speaking ability ?
3. Is there any significant relationship between Indonesian EFL learners’ EI
and their English speaking ability?
4. Which dimension(s) of Emotional Intelligence can mostly predict the
Indonesian EFL learners’ English speaking ability?
1.3 Hypotheses
Based on the specific problems which are the concern of this research, the
researcher has come up with the emotional intelligence which is believed to have
significant relationship on students’ English speaking ability. This belief is based
on the prior studies conducted on the topic of Emotional Intelligence and
education especially in English language learning. Hence, the alternative
hypothesis is formulated:
There is significant relationship between Emotional Intelligence and English
speaking ability of Indonesian EFL learners.
1.4 Research Assumption
Research problem in this study is built based on the assumption that emotion
is a part of human nature. Emotion typically arises in response to an event
(Salovey & Mayer, 1990.p.186) and has the potential to influence people’s ability
to process information (Nelson, 2007). Therefore, based on the explanation above,
it can be assumed that emotional intelligence also contributes to students'
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.5 Research Objective
The main objective of this study is to investigate whether there is any
significant relationship between Emotional Intelligence and students’ English
speaking ability in Indonesian context. Most specifically, this research is aimed to
know which dimension(s) of Emotional Intelligence based on the Goleman theory
can mostly predict the students’ ability in speaking English.
1.6 The Scope of Study
This paper specifically concerns on discovering the relationship between
students’ Emotional Intelligence and their English speaking ability in one of Private Universities in Bandung in the academic year 2013/2014. In addition, this
study also tries to find out which dimensions of Emotional Intelligence such as
Self-Awareness, Self-Control, Self-Motivation, Empathy and Social skills, can
mostly predict students’ English speaking ability. This study employs the theory
of Emotional Intelligence of Goleman which defines EI as the way in which an
individual processes information about emotion and emotional responses.
Furthermore, oral presentation is administered to measure students’ English
speaking ability. The students are asked to deliver a speech in English language.
According to Bruford (2008, p. 54), oral presentation requires students to identify
and explore the knowledge issues raised by knowledge claimed from a substantive
real-life situation that is of interest to them.
1.7 The Significances of Study
The results of this study is hoped to give a meaningful contribution
theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this study is expected to enrich the
literature on the relationship between emotional intelligence and English language
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
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For the practical contribution, this study is hoped to give meaningful
contribution for four important components; the education policy maker, the
teachers, the students, and the next researcher. First, the finding of this study is
important for the education policy maker to include the programs to raise the
emotional competencies of Indonesian students especially in English language
learning. As many studies have found the importance of Emotional Intelligence in
foreign language learning, therefore, the education policy maker needs to develop
more educational programs designed to improve emotionally and socially
intelligent behavior that are based on scientific observations and empirical
findings.
Second, the result of this study is meaningful in terms of providing English
teachers with evidence that emotional intelligence is one of important aspects in
influencing the students’ academic performance especially in their English
speaking performance. Third, based on the fact that speaking is one of the difficult
skills in English (see Togatorop, 2009; Juhana, 2011), therefore, practically this
study can be empirical findings for students to improve their emotional
intelligence as many studies have showed the significant contribution of EI to
students’ academic performance (Pishghadam, 2009; Saidy,et.al, 2009;
Motallebzadeh, 2009; Skourdi & Rahimi, 2010; Jahandar,et.al, 2012; Zarezadeh,
2013). Thus, it is hoped that the students will learn the knowledge of Emotional
Intelligence and the ways to improve this intelligence.
The last significance relates to further researchers. This study can encourage
them to continue studying the impact of EI on various aspects of student’s and
teacher’s performance and behavior using a number of different EI instruments. It will provide teacher and student with more information on the various type of
performance and behavior that are affected by EI ( Bar-On, Maree & Elias, 2007
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.8 Clarification of Key Terms
There are some key terms used in this study, they are:
1. Relationship is defined as connection between two things in which one
thing changes as the other does (Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary, 2003:
362). In this study, the relationship is between students’ English speaking
ability and their Emotional Intelligence.
2. Emotional Intelligence is the ability of being aware of feelings and
handling disruptive emotions well, emphasizing with how others feel, and
being skillful in handling the relationships (Goleman, 2001). Furthermore,
Goleman also explains that there are five dimensions in emotional
intelligence; self-awareness, self-control, self-motivation, empathy and
social skill.
3. Speaking ability is students’ oral communication ability in terms of five
sub skills: pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency and confidence.
1.9 Thesis Organization
This thesis is organized into five chapters. Chapter one discusses the
introduction dealing with the background of the research, the objectives of the
study, the scope of the research, the significance of the study, the definitions of
the terms and the organization of the thesis. Then, chapter two presents the
supported theory to the topic of the research and previous researches on
Emotional Intelligence in foreign language learning. In chapter three, research
methodology and design are explained in detail. Furthermore, chapter four
contains the description of data analysis, data presentation, and discussion. In the
last chapter of this thesis, the conclusion of the study and recommendation for
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses things related to the way this study is conducted. Research
design, data collection methods which consist of population, sample and setting,
research instruments, procedure of collecting the data, and data analysis and
interpretation are explained in this chapter.
3.1 Research Design
The central issue of the research was to know the correlation between
Emotional Intelligence and students‟ English speaking ability. This study applied the descriptive method with an ex-post facto design. Gay,L.R (1987) states that a
descriptive method is a method of research that involves collecting the data in
order to test hypothesis or to answer questions concerning the status of the subject
of the study. Moreover, an ex-post facto design was used because it was suitable
to investigate attributive variables which mean a kind of characteristics that
should be possessed by the participants of study before a researcher began her
study (Ary, et.al, 2010, p.331). In this study, the attributive variable was students‟
Emotional Intelligence, so that the variable could not be manipulated since it has
been occurred in nature.
3.1.1 The Nature of Correlational Research
Correlational research involves collecting data to determine whether, and
to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables
(Gay, 1987, p. 191). In line with Gay, Brown (1990) states that correlational
studies are designed to investigate the mature and the strength of functional
relationships among of the variables of interest to the researcher. Therefore, the
purpose of this study was to determine the mature and the strength of relationships
between emotional intelligence and students‟ English speaking ability and to use
Een Vivany Yunita, 2014
An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
Speaking Ability
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Correlational research is one of the descriptive research types which
describe the existing condition (Brown, 1990). Thus, it describes what exists at
the moment such as conditions, practices, processes, structures etc. It also means
that correlational approach investigates the relationship between unmanipulated
variables and does not use random assignment. Random assignments of
participants and the manipulation of variables are absent in correlational research
because the events of interest have already occurred or naturally occurring (Gay,
1987). Furthermore, random assignment is not used since there are no control
conditions in this study. Students‟ emotional intelligence and their English
speaking ability are something that cannot be manipulated. The level of emotional
intelligence that the students possess is the condition of their recent capacity to
utilize and understand emotion in the self and others. Moreover, the level of
emotional intelligence is also the product of some connected factors, such as
gender, age, life experience, environment, and educational background (Goleman,
2001; Tridhohanto, 2009 in Purnama, 2010). Therefore, the level of students‟
emotional intelligence cannot be manipulated since it is naturally occurring and
the researcher did not give the students any treatment before.
Furthermore, variables to be correlated should be selected on the basis of
some rationale (Gay, 1987). Gay further adds that the relationship to be
investigated should be a logical one, suggested by theory or derived from
experience. There are some rational reasons of choosing Emotional Intelligence
and speaking skill as the variables in this study. Truthfully, this study is so much
inspired by many previous studies on the role of EI in human life. In addition, it is
also based on the researcher‟s experience who feels the effect of emotions in
English language learning especially in speaking skill. Language anxiety
sometimes hinders the researcher to speak English and there is always pressure of
performing oral English presentation which results negative effects like awkward
feeling, „blank‟ state, persistence worries, trembling, sweating, high heart rate and
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An Investigation Into The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Students’ English
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dizziness. Therefore, it is believed that there is something that connects EI with
speaking ability.
Theoretically, Salovey &Mayer (1990,p. 188) state that emotionally
intelligent people will be able to deal with stress, predict consequences,
communicate feelings, solve relationship problems, motivate themselves and even
inspire others. According to Schutte, Schuettpelz & Malouffi (2001), people with
higher emotional intelligence will perform better on cognitive tasks and they will
be able to deal with frustration or helpless that may result from encountering very
difficult task. In addition, prior studies have demonstrated that emotional
intelligence has something to do with the success of foreign language learning
(Pisghadam, 2009; Zarezadeh, 2013). Therefore, it can be assumed that
emotional intelligence can help students to reduce their negative emotions that
hinder them to speak English at class.
3.2 The Population, Setting and Sample of Research
3.2.1 Population and Setting
Population in this research was all fourth semester students in one of
Private Universities located in Cimahi, Bandung. All students were majoring in
English education study program. Moreover, the total population in this study was
156 students. The population was taken because of its accessibility and the
research site was basically chosen because it was open to researcher who wanted
to conduct the research there. Since the researcher was one of the teaching staffs
there, the permission to do the research in this University was obtained.
3.2.2 Sampling and Sample
Sample was chosen purposively in this study. The respondent should have
the same knowledge capacity toward learning English as foreign language. Then,
choosing students who have the same English learning background is essential to
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intelligence and students‟ English speaking ability without any intervention of
other moderator variables such as English learning experience and so forth. The
research sample was selected based on some criteria. The criteria of choosing the
research sample were as follow:
1. English Learning Experience.
Students should have the same length of time in studying English with
the assumption that the longer students study English, the better their
English language proficiency will be. In relation to speaking
qualification, students who have been learning English for 13 years are
assumed to have better speaking performance than those who have just
learnt English for 5 years. Therefore, students who have been learning
English for 13 years are highly not compatible to students who have
been learning English for 10 years. In this study, all of samples were
students who have been learning English for 10 years and 6 months.
2. Length of Living in English Speaking Country.
Students should have the experience of staying in English speaking
country. If not, all chosen students should never have any experience of
living in English speaking country.
3. English Achievements.
Students should have any achievements in English study. If not, all
chosen students should never get any achievements in English study.
4. English Teaching Background.
Students should have any experience of teaching English. If not, the
chosen ones should never have any English teaching background.
5. Studying English in Courses
Students should ever study English language in non-formal education
such as English courses. If not, the chosen ones should never study
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In addition, of 156 students study in this private university only 45 chosen
students in this study were found to have the same background in studying
English (See appendix. 10). Those 45 students have been learning English for ten
years and six months in formal education. Moreover, they never take English
courses before, never get any English achievements, never teach English before
and never stay in English speaking country. Thereupon, the 45 students were
assumed to have the same capacity and ability to speak English language.
Furthermore, for a correlational study, 45 students were an acceptable sample size
(Gay, 1987).
3.3 Research Instruments
Before applying two main research instruments, the sample had been
selected based on some criteria. To know this aspect, a paper sheet had spread to
156 fourth semester students in order to gain their information about their length
of English learning experience, their educational background, their experience in
teaching English and their achievement in English subject. Then, two main
instruments were used in this study. The following were the instruments which
had been used to gain the data:
3.3.1 Questionnaire
This study used mixed model of Emotional intelligence as the basis of
theory to measure students‟ emotional intelligence. Researchers in the mixed
model tradition have typically used questionnaires to assess emotional intelligence
(Schutte, et.al, 1998). The approach is based on the assumption that people have
sufficient insight into their own emotions and real-life functioning for self-report
to be valid (Zeidner, et.al, 2009, p.26).
There were some reasons of using questionnaire in this research. First, the
use of questionnaire provides a straightforward and economical means for
measuring individual differences in emotional intelligence (Schutte, Malouff &
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Viswesvaran, 2007). Given the brevity of the questionnaire, it is quick and simple
to administer and score within one class session and it takes less time to
administer than the MSCEIT (see Chapter 2 Section 2.2.3.1) (Gardner, 2008).
The second one relates to administration costs (Van Rooy & Viswesvaran, 2007).
The use of self-report EI test is generally inexpensive and requires few resources
for administration.
The questionnaire used in this study was Emotional Intelligence Scale
which was originally constructed in Indonesian language by Daryono (2011).
Therefore, it was not necessary to translate it to Indonesian language. This
questionnaire had been tested its reliability and validity and had been confirmed
as reliable and valid instrument. Further, the EI scale was in the form of a
five-point likert scale ranging from „very seldom or not true of me‟ (1) to „very often true of me or very true of me‟ (5). The likert scale was chosen for some reasons. The likert scale is the most universal method for survey data collection which is
easily understood (LaMarca, 2011). The responses were easily quantifiable and
subjective to computation of some mathematical analysis (Bertram, 2007). It was
also efficient to be used in terms of the researcher‟s time, effort and cost.
The instrument covers five dimensions of Emotional intelligence such as,
self-awareness, self-control, self-motivation, recognizing emotion in others
(empathy), and social skill.
Table.3.3 Five Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence
No Dimensions Indicators Items
1. Self-Awareness Recognizing one‟s emotions and their effects.
2. Self-Control Being tolerance to the frustration 11, 12
Being able to handle anger effectively 13,14,15,16,17
Having positive feelings in the self and others
18,19
Being able to handle stress 20, 21
Being able to build social relationship 22, 23, 24
Accepting oneself 25, 26
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e.g regret
29, 30
3. Self-Motivation Being total to reach the goal of learning 31, 32, 33
Being optimist 34, 35, 36
Being responsible 37, 38
4. Recognizing emotions in others (Empathy)
Being tolerant to others‟ opinions 39, 40
Being sensitive to others‟ emotions 41, 42, 43, 44, 45
Willing to listen others‟ opinions 46, 47, 48
5. Social skill (Handling relationship) Having good understanding about the importance of social relationship with others
49, 50,51
Being able to solve the social conflict 52, 53, 54
Having good communication ability 55,56
Being friendly and easily in socializing
Regarding an Emotional Intelligence Scale employed in this study, several
clear instructions were given in both oral and written way before asking the
participants to fill in the questionnaire.
3.3.1.1 Validity and Reliability of Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire
An EI questionnaire used in this study should be valid and reliable. It is
because a research must employ a valid and reliable instrument (Sugiyono, 2013,
p.169). By using the valid and reliable instruments in collecting data, it is highly
expected that the result of the study will be valid and reliable too.
In terms of validity, Hatch & Lazaraton (1991) explain that validity is
divided into three types; content validity, criterion-related validity and construct
validity. Content validity concerns with how well the test represents the content or
behavior to be tested. Criterion-related validity concerns with whether or not the
test can describe the psychological factors related to the test performance. Dealing
with construct validity, Sugiyono (2013) explains that construct validity like
validity by definition. Therefore, an instrument can be stated for having construct
validity if it can be used to measure the phenomenon as its definition is. It is the
degree to which an instrument measures theoretical construct that it is intended to
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The instrument which is based on the appropriate theory written on the literature
review can be stated as a valid instrument (Sugiyono, 2013). This instrument has
been constructed based on five dimensions of Emotional Intelligence in Goleman.
Goleman (1996) states that there are five dimensions of Emotional Intelligence;
self-awareness, self-control, self-motivation, recognizing emotions in others
(empathy), and social skill. Therefore, this instrument is constructively valid.
Moreover, to test the construct validity, the judgments from experts had
already employed in this study. The judgment was done by three experts and had
already reviewed by the supervisors from Educational Psychology and Guidance
Program (Daryono, 2011, p.104). Three experts were three master students
majoring in the same program as the supervisors come from.
Furthermore, the reliability refers to the extent to which measurements are
consistent. According to Green (2005), valid instrument is always reliable but a
reliable instrument may not always be valid. Based on this assumption, Emotional
Intelligence scale is considered to be reliable. Additionally, this questionnaire had
been tested its validity and reliability statistically. Besides, three experts had been
asked by Daryono to review and judge all items on this questionnaire.
3.3.2 Speaking test
Speaking test was used to know students‟ English speaking ability.
Speaking test was important to be conducted as an attempt to know the students‟
ability to comprehend the meaning in a variety of tasks. Therefore, the students
received a single score reflecting their performance (Douglas in Hughes, 2002, p.
83).
Moreover, speaking test used in this study was monologue speaking test
with partially interactive speaking situation. Partially interactive speaking
situation is speaking activity when giving a speech to a live audience where the
audience cannot interrupt the speech (Nazara, 2011, p.29). The students can see
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understood. The type of speaking test was speech and students were asked to
deliver an English speech in front of the class. The reason of choosing this
speaking test type was because this research intended to see whether students‟
emotional state has any connection with their speaking performance. The main
topic was given to students and they should be able to perform it in front of the
class. To measure the students‟ speaking ability, the researcher used analytic
scoring rubric.
3.3.2.1 Validity and Reliability of Speaking Test
Speaking test implemented in this research should be valid and reliable.
A valid test is measured what is intended to measure accurately (Hughes,
1990,p.76 as cited in Sak,2008,p.14). Thus, the assessment becomes valid when
the test assesses what it claims to assess and tests what has been taught.
Face and content validity were used in this study to find out the validity of
the assessment. Face validity is concerned if the test appears to test what the name
of the test implies (Dick & Hagerty, 1971 as cited in Sak, 2008,p.18). The test
must relevant to the students‟ speaking needs. Meanwhile, students‟ level should
become the basic of the assessment. Delivering an English speech was one of
course‟s objectives that needed to be mastered by fourth semester students in this
private university. Then, to check the content validity, the task should be
appropriate with the students‟ level of proficiency. Students in this study had already learnt speaking for general purposes and professional context. On fourth
semester, they were expected to be able to speak in front of public, to deliver
academic speech and to speak English during the seminar and conference.
Therefore, this test had already met content validity because the task was
appropriate with students‟ level. Furthermore, in terms of reliability, it could be
done by choosing the topic and genre, giving clear instruction and ensuring the
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The procedures of data collection including the administration and scoring
procedures are presented as follows:
The data were collected in two sections. The first section was spreading
the Emotional Intelligence scale. In order to re-determine the validity of the
instruments used, the researcher asked the supervisor to check whether the
statements of the questionnaire were really designed in accordance to the research
questions. Furthermore, in order to motivate students to join to this research, the
objective of the study had been explained to them both in oral and written way. In
avoiding the misunderstanding, all the instructions were given in Bahasa
Indonesia. It took 20-25 minutes or more to complete, although there was no
formal time limit. The samples were asked to answer all questionnaire items
carefully.
The second section was administering English speaking test. The
researcher collaborated with the English speaking lecturer had prepared the
students to face the speaking test. Students were told to deliver an English speech
with “Education in Indonesia” as the main theme. They had a week to prepare all the things and they were allowed to bring their speech outline. Furthermore,
students only had 5 to 10 minutes to deliver their English speech. In the research,
Two qualified relevant lecturers had helped the researcher to assess the students‟
speaking performance (see Appendix.8 for the assessors‟ profile). It was for
avoiding the subjectivity of the researcher to gain the data.
3.5 Scoring Procedures
The procedures of scoring for the EI and speaking test are as follows:
The students were assessed on their Emotional Intelligence by using the
questionnaire of emotional intelligence. The participants needed to fill every
single items with responses ranging from „very seldom or not true of me‟ (1) to
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from 1 to 5. Therefore, the measure yielded the global score ranging from 66 to
330. It means that the highest score was 330 while the lowest score was 66.
On the other hand, students‟ speaking performance was assessed based on
speaking scoring rubric with the score ranging from 6 to 30. Hence, the lowest
score was 6 while the highest score was 30. Furthermore, the students‟
performances were recorded and assessed later by the examiners. This method has
some advantages and disadvantage. The disadvantage of the taped test is that it is
less personal, the examinee is talking to a video and not to a person (Cartier, 1980
in Fulcher, 1993). Moreover, the taped test is inflexible. It means that if
something goes wrong during the recording , it is virtually impossible to adjust for
it.
However, taped speaking test has some advantages. Cartier (1980, as
quoted in Fulcher, 1993, p. 76) states that taped test is very practical when it
comes to test a large number of students. It is also more objective since each
student receives identical stimuli (ibid.p.76). The scoring can be performed at the
most convenient or economical time and location.
3.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation
3.6.1 The Data Analysis
The findings of this study are presented in three parts. They are (1) the
data description which include the description of students‟ emotional intelligence
and their English speaking ability, (2) The relationship between emotional
intelligence and English speaking ability , and (3) The dimensions of Emotional
intelligence as a predictors of students‟ English speaking ability. Moreover, in this
part, it will be explained how to analyze the data based on those three data
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3.6.1.1 Analyzing Students’ Emotional Intelligence and their English
Speaking Ability
This study described the present condition of students‟ emotional
intelligence level and their English speaking ability. The taken data such as
students‟ emotional intelligence and their speaking ability will be presented and
described in detail in chapter IV. In order to present the data in the first part, the
researcher analyzed the questionnaire of emotional intelligence and students‟
English speaking ability by using the appropriate formula.
The questionnaire of Emotional Intelligence comprised 66 brief items and
employed a 5 points likert scale. It rendered a total EQ score, consisting of five
aspects of emotional intelligence, namely (1) self-awareness (2) Self-control or
managing emotions in the self, (3) self-motivation, (4) managing others‟ emotions
(empathy), and (5) social skills or handling social relationship. To get the total EQ
score, all the scores (factors 1 to 5) had to be added. The maximum score was 330
and the minimum score was 66. Furthermore, each dimension had to be scored
and classified as high, average and below average (Daryono, 2011). The formula
used to categorize the level of emotional intelligence was as follow.
1. The high level : If X > HM + SD (1.25)
2. The average level : If HM + SD (0.25) < X < HM + SD(1.25)
3. The low level : If X < HM+SD(0.25)
(Daryono, 2011,p.112).
HM stands for hypothetical mean or ideal mean. HM was obtained by
multiplying the total valid item to three. In addition, standard deviation was done
by dividing the range (the difference between the highest score and the lowest
score) with six (please see appendix.3).
Therefore, after calculating the data, the categorization of emotional
intelligence was as follow.
Table.3.4 Categorization of Emotional Intelligence
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Above 253 High
209 – 253 Average
Below 209 Low
Meanwhile, every single dimensions of emotional intelligence was also
categorized by using the above formula. Table.3.5 below explains the
categorization of self-awareness as the first dimension in emotional intelligence.
Table.3.5 The Categorization of Self-Awareness
Total Score (SA) Interpretation
Above 38.32 High
31.66 – 38.32 Average
Below 31.66 Low
Furthermore, the second dimension of emotional intelligence had been
classified as follow.
Table.3.6 The Categorization of Self-Control
Total Score (SC) Interpretation
Above 76.6 High
63.32 – 76.6 Average
Below 63.32 Low
The third dimension in Emotional Intelligence is self-motivation. The
categorization of each level was presented in the following table.
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Total Score (SM) Interpretation
Above 30,66 High
25,33 – 30,66 Average
Below 25,33 Low
Then, the fourth and fifth dimensions in Emotional intelligence are
empathy and social skill which had already been calculated their categorization.
The following table presents them.
Table.3.8 The Categorization of Empathy
Total Score (Empathy) Interpretation
Above 38,32 High
31,66 – 38,32 Average
Below 31,66 Low
Table.3.9 The Categorization of Social Skill
Total Score (EQ) Interpretation
Above 69 High
57 – 69 Average
Below 57 Low
Therefore, students‟ answer on emotional intelligence questionnaire was classified as the above categorization. The next step was the researcher scored the
students speaking test by using speaking scoring rubric. Analytic speaking scoring
schemes were preferred over holistic schemes by many speaking specialists for
some reasons. The advantages of using scoring rubric are related to timing,
standard credibility, objectivity and consistent grading (Kitao & Kitao, 1996).
Rubric demonstrates clearly how assignments are evaluated, the evaluation
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assignment (Nakamura & Valens, 2001 as cited in Rahman, 2010). Besides, using
rubrics in speaking will reduce grading time. Teacher does not need to think
repeatedly to give the score towards the students‟ speaking ability (Kitao & Kitao,
1996).
Table 3.9 presents the criteria of scoring students‟ speaking performance.
Table.3.9 Speaking Scoring Rubric
Element of language Marks
Excellent: 5 marks Very Good: 4 marks
e. Vocabulary Uses extensive vocabulary
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Moreover, the result of the test was analyzed by using descriptive statistics
because the data cannot be used for generalizing results beyond the context and
research participants. This study used this following formula :
∑
Where:
Average score y (speaking ability)
∑ The sum of y score N = The number of students
Based on students‟ average score on speaking test, their speaking
performance would be categorized into five classifications of speaking
performance, namely:
Table.3.10 Classification of Students’ Speaking Performance
Mean Classification
1 – 1.9 Poor
2 – 2.9 Fair
3 – 3.9 Good
4 – 4.9 Very Good
5 Excellent
3.6.1.2 Analyzing the Existence of Relationship between Emotional
Intelligence and English Speaking Ability
A correlation analyses was used to determine the correlation between
two variables. To show the correlation between two variables more easily, as
suggested by Hatch and Lazaraton (1991, p.427), the values of variable should be
plotted against the other variable‟s value. In this study, the students‟ Emotional
Intelligence level was the variable X, whereas their speaking performance was the
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Furthermore, to be more specific, this study also tried to find out the
relationship between five dimensions in emotional intelligence and six elements in
speaking test (fluency, grammatical accuracy, comprehensibility, pronunciation,
vocabulary, and confidence). It is interesting to know which one of five
dimensions in emotional intelligence has the highest relationship with each six
elements in speaking ability.
To determine which correlation formula would be used, the distribution
data were tested its normality. The researcher used the “Statistical Package for Social Sciences” (SPSS for windows) version 20 to test the normality of data.
Table.3.11 Tests of Normality
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
emotional_intellige
nce
speaking_ability
N 45 45
Normal Parametersa,b Mean 224,9778 224,2444
Std. Deviation 14,18785 17,46705
Most Extreme Differences
Absolute ,108 ,095
Positive ,108 ,095
Negative -,095 -,071
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z ,721 ,637
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,676 ,812
a. Test distribution is Normal.
b. Calculated from data.
As it is seen in Table.3.11, the significance value on emotional
intelligence and speaking ability (0.676 and 0.812) were much greater than 0.05.
According to Pallant (2011, p.63), if the significant value is more than 0,05, it
means that the data are normally distributed. Therefore, both on speaking score
and EI score were normally distributed. Since the distribution of data were
normal, thus, Pearson product moment formula was used to calculate the
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3.6.1.3 Analyzing which dimensions of Emotional Intelligence can mostly
Predict English Speaking Ability
To know which dimension of Emotional Intelligence can mostly predict
the students success in English speaking, multiple regression analysis with
stepwise method was also employed through SPSS statistic software as well.
Multiple stepwise regression analysis was applied when the researcher wanted to
determine which of all the independent variables best predicts performance on the
dependent variable (Hatch & Lazaraton, 1990 p.480).
Moreover, independent variables used to predict dependent variable in this
study were five dimensions of emotional intelligence. They are self-awareness,
self-control, self-motivation, empathy, and social skill. Dependent variable was
students‟ English speaking ability.
3.7 The Data Interpretation
The data can be interpreted after the value of the observed r is consulted
to the value of the critical r table). In other words, the result of correlation
coefficient between X and Y is consulted to Pearson Product Moment table on the
level of significant 5%. If the observed r is higher than the critical r at the
significant level of 5 %, it means that there is positive correlation between two
variables. A coefficient near + 1.00 has a high size and a positive direction (Gay,
1987, p.193). It represents a high degree of relationship and can be interpreted that
a person with a high score on Emotional Intelligence test is likely to have a high
score on speaking test and vice versa.
However, if the observed r is lower than the critical r at the significant
level of 5 %, it means that there is no correlation between Emotional intelligence
and students‟ English speaking ability. In other words, a coefficient near -1.00 has a high size and a negative or inverse direction (Gay, 1987 p.13). It means that
students with a high score on Emotional Intelligence test is likely to have a low