AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVES UTTERANCES AND PREFERENCES USED IN CINDERELLA MOVIE (2015)
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya.
BY
AHMAD DUKHAN Reg. Number: A53211210
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES UIN SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA
AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVES UTTERANCES AND
PREFERENCES USED IN CINDERELLA MOVIE
(2015)
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the
Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and
Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
BY
AHMAD DUKHAN
Reg. Number: A53211210
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
UIN SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA
AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVES UTTERANCES AND PREFERENCES USED IN CINDERELLA MOVIE (2015)
By: Ahmad Dukhan Reg. Number A53211210
The Advisor
Dr. A. Dzoul Milal, M.Pd. NIP. 197006051999032000
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
ABSTRACT
Dukhan.Ahmad 2015.Ananalysis of Directives Utterances and Preferences used intheCinderella movie. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of
Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor : Dr. A. Dzoul, Milal. M.Pd.
People need language to communicate with others so that they can expres what they really want to say. Communication is important for all people. It is clearly describes that human beings cannot live properly without using of language. Even though, mute people can still use sign language, but as matter fact they will not be able to get any better life easily. Moreover, language helps human to do everything.
Based on the reasons above, this study focuses to discuss the directive utterances and preferences in Cinderella movie.The data wasfully taken from movie that contains utterance of the characters i Ci derella’s ovie. Thus, the writer apllies the theory that use to analyze the data based on Ervinn-Tripp (cited in Wolfson 1989),and the writer also analyzes the types of preference by using
Yule’s theory (1996, p.81). The writer classified the preference whether it belongs to preferred or dispreferred act.In addition, the writer applies the content analysis where there is no specific or certain number exist in this thesis. Cinderella is the data source and the conversations and the words are the data which the writer has transcribed from the Cinderella’s movie 2015. The instrument of making this thesis are the writer, Movie, and Laptop to input all of the data.
By the end of research, many kind of directives are classified. Afterwards, the writer describe the situation of utters the directive. Furthermore, the writer governed the result of directives utterance that consist in “Cinderella movie 2015”. They are, bald imperative, imbeddded imperative, need statement, permission directives, and Hint.
Finally, the writer hopes that, by reading the finding, the reader can little bit understand about directives and know about underlying meaning of someone’s utterance.
INTISARI
Dukhan.Ahmad 2015.Ananalysis of Directives Utterances and Preferences used in the Cinderella movie. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing : Dr. A. Dzoul, Milal. M.Pd.
Manusia membutuhkan bahasa untuk berkomunikasi dengan sesama untuk membuat mereka mengekspresikan apa yang mereka ingin katakan. Komunikasi sangat penting untuk semua orang, itu sangat mudah di jelaskan bahwa manusia tidak dapat hidup tanpa menggunakan bahasa. Meskipun, orang bisu tetap bisa menggunakan bahsa isyarat, tetapi kenyataannya mereka sulit untuk mendapatkan kehidupan yang lebih baik. Oleh karena itu, bahasa bisa membantu manusia untuk melakukan apapun.
Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, penelitian ini fokus pada diskusi kalimat directive dan preference di film Cinderella. Untuk itu data dari penelitian in sepenuhnya di ambil dari film yang berisi kalimat dari karakter di film Cinderella. Kemudian, penulis menggunakan teori dari Ervinn Tripp untuk menganalisa data, dan penulis juga menganalisa tipe dari preference dengan menggunakan teori dari Yule. Penulis juga mengkategorikan preference itu termasuk dalam preferred atau dispreferred. Sebagai tambahan, disini penulis tidak menggunakan angka dan perhitungan yang rumit. Film “Cinderella 2015” sebagai sumber data dan percakapan dari Cinderella sebagai data. Media untuk membuat skripsi ini adalah si penulis, film, dan komputer pribadi untuk memasukkan data.
Pada bagian akhir penelitian, banyak bagian dari directive telah di kategorikan. Setelah itu, penulis mendiskripsikan pengucapan direktif. Selanjutnya, penulis mengatur hasil dari kalimat direktif yang ada di film
“Cinderella 2015”. Diantaranya adalah, bald imperative, imbeddded imperative, need statement, permission directives, and Hint.
Pada bagian akhir, penulis berharap dengan membaca hasil yang ditemukan, pembaca dapat mengerti tentang direktif dan mengetahui tentang makna tersurat dari kalimat seseorang.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ... i
Inside Title Page ... ii
Declaration Page ... iii
Motto ... iv
Dedication Page ... v
Advisor’s Approval Page ... vi
Examiner’s Approval Page ... vii
Acknowledgement... viii
Table of Contents ... x
Abstract ... xiii
Intisari ... xvi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study ... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem ... 5
1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 5
1.4 Significance of study ... 6
1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 6
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 8
2.1 Speech Acts ... 8
2.2 Directives ... 9
2.3 Social Factors ... 10
2.5 Preference ... 14
2.6 Review of related study ... 16
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Appoarch ... 19
3.2 Data Source ... 19
3.3 Instruent of the study ... 20
3.4 Technique of Data Collection ... 20
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ... 20
CHAPTER IV Finding and Discussing 4.1 Types of directives used by the characters on cinderella’s movie ... 22
4.1.1. Bald Imperative ... 23
4.1.2 Imbedded Imperatives ... 24
4.1.3. Need Statement ... 26
4.1.4. Hints ... 27
4.1.5. Permission directives ... 29
4.2 The Type of Preference given by the Characthers ... 30
4.2.1. The types of preference given by the characters toward Bald Imperative ... 30
4.2.2. The Types of Preference Given by the Characters toward imbedded imperatives ... 32
4.2.3. The Types of Preference Given by the Characters toward Need Statement ... 34
4.3 Discussion ... 36
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION ... 39
BIBLIOGRAFHY ... 41
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
People need language to communicate with others so that they can express
what they really want to say. Communication is important for all people. It is
clearly describes that human beings cannot live properly without using of
language. Even though, mute people can still use sign language, but as matter fact
they will not be able to get any better life easily. Moreover, language helps human
to do everything. It is useful for people to use language in many aspects, such as
in studying, business, politics, even making movie for entertainment. In local
society we are able to know and understand people by seeing the way they speak.
In daily communication, everyone needs language to communicate with
each other. By using language they can express their feeling. The first that people
use language differently in many situations to express their message to other.
Insome cases people use speech to perform an action. One of functions of
speech’s that used by people in their daily conversation is directive. Based on Holmes (2001) directive is most commonly found in command and orders.
“Directive uses of language aim to get someone to do something and they are part of speech act”. When people speak, they make suggestions, invitations, requests,
and so on. In other words, people use this function of language to make someone
2
The most prominent context in directive speech act is about the hearer, and
the relationship between speaker and hearer. Relationship between speaker and
hearer can be an indicator that makes speaker use different way to ask hearer do
something for them. Basically, directives are made in the expectation that the
response will be an acceptance. Therefore, an acceptance is more likely than
refusal. An acceptance or refusal toward the directives utterances is called
preference structure. As stated by Yule (1996, p.79), “preference is a pattern in which one type of utterance will be more typically found in response to another in
conversational sequence”. Furthermore, there are two kinds of preference structure which are preferred and dispreferred. First, is the preferred social act. it
is structurally expected next act. Next, is dispreferred social act. it is structurally
unexpected next act. Refusal and silent are always an indication of dispreferred
response. Both preferences can help the writer interpreted the kinds of responses
that Cinderella uses toward the order. In that case, when someone uses directives,
the preferred act will be acceptance and dispreferred will be refusal. When
someone says “Can you help me?”, the possible preferred act produced by
addressee will be “Sure.” While the possible dispreferred act produced by the
addressee will be “I’m sorry, I have no time left”
Some sociolinguistics used film as a research because from movie they
can learn about groups or individual speech behaviour that usually appears on the
film. Movie concerns with the daily life condition. Also, movie depicts everyday
happening that make them as mirrors to the real world phenomena. The existence
3
directives is also used in a movie because movie is actually a representation and
reflection of the real conversation in natural society. Even conversation in
movie is created or arrange in planning situation, but the fact is every
situation and the way people conversation adapted from daily activity. Since film
becomes one representative the phenomena of daily life, the writer is
interest in using film as the media. In movie, there are some genres. Different
genre of movie has different usage of language styles. Here, the writer interest to
analyze.
Some works that the writer has found as references which they are in the
same field. There is the other study that was conducted by Finn (2006) analysis of
types of directives used among library personnel at Petra. The study support the
making of this thesis, and the thesis of Patricia also (2007) has the same aspect in
analyzing the data. The similarity of this study with Finn’s and Patricia are that
both are analyzing the types of directives by applying Ervin Tripp’s classification.
In this opportunity the writer found an interesting movie which can be too
analyzed in this thesis. According to Wikipedia “Cinderella is a 2015 American romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh. Produced by David Barron,
Simon Kinberg and Allison Shearmur for Walt Disney Pictures, the story is based
on Charles Perrault's eponymous fairy tale. A good review makes the writer
interest in taking this movie as the object of study. This movie consists of many
directives utterance that can be analyzed further. This movie consist many
directives utterance that can be analyze further. Furthermore, Directives is often
4
Therefore, the writer hopes not to redo every utterance of directives in the
television or this thesis. It is a duty for us to learn everything in a good way from
anything, especially in this research which deeply tells about a part of language
called directives.
At this point, the writer is interested in finding types of expressing
directives, the factors that condition the types of directives, and preferences used
by characters toward on the Cinderella movie. In this research paper, the writer
choose the characters to be analyze further: Cinderella, stepmother and her sisters
(Drisella and Anastasia), prince, captain, grand duke, the king (Prince’s father) and the fairy godmother. The reason why the writer choose these characters
because characters on Cinderella movie uses many utterance that conduct many
directives, especially Cinderella’s stepmother and her sisters, they are always ask Cinderella to do something what she want. Cinderella has response toward their
directive utterances. From the above reasons, the writer choose those character
since basically they are a major characters in the film.
According to Holmes (2001), there are some social factors and dimensions
which influence someone in giving directives to others. One of the social
dimensions written by Holmes is the status scale. Different status can influence
someone in communicate with others. In addition age also can influence someone
in giving request or directives. Therefore, status and age differences can affect the
5
There are some significant considerations of why the writer chooses this
topic. First of all, directive function is one of the important functions of speech
that people use. Second, film is one of a good medium to do a research, since it
can give more understanding about human interaction in daily life. Third, social
factors are important to be study because it can influence the way people speak.
The next reason is because directive speech acts are used to get greatest attention
from listener in communication. Through directive speech act the speaker
utterances make hearer do something. In conversation, directive is often used by
speaker but they say in different way. The speaker has to concern about situation
and context to make the hearer do as they want. Situation in conversation can be
seen in some aspects, such as who is the hearer, what things speaker wants to say,
and time of conversation.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Based on background of the study, there are problems related to the study,
which will lead by following research question:
1. What are the types of directives used by the characters in the
Cinderella movie?
2. What are the types of preferences that used by the characters in
Cinderella movie?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
From this study, the writer wants to find out the directives utterances in
Cinderella movie about the types of directive used in the movie. And also the
6
1.4 Significant of the Study
The writer hopes that this study can increase the reader’s knowledge to understand about directives utterance that used in the film. It is about the
directives utterances used by people with different age and status.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
This study focusing on the directives utterances and preferences in the
Cinderella movie. In order to keep the readers concerning to the topic, the writer
will limit this thesis focused on the directives utterance used by the characters
(Ella, Ella’s mother, Father, Stepmother, Drisella and Anastasia, Prince, Grand Duke, Captain, and Fairy godmother). The writer also use the theory of Yule
(1996, p.79). They are two types of preference, which are preferred and
dispreferred next’s acts.
1.6 Definition of Key Term
1. Cinderella : According to Wikipedia, Cinderella is a
2015 American romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh.
Produced by David Barron, Simon Kinberg and Allison Shearmur for Walt
Disney Pictures, the story is based on Charles Perrault's eponymous fairy
tale.
2. Speech acts : utterances containing grammatical
structures and words, they attempt to perform action via those utterances
7
3. Directives : Linguistic utterances intended to get
someone to do something. (Holmes, p.206)
4. Preferred response : The structurally expected next act (Yule,
1996, p.79).
5. Dispreferred response : The structurally unexpected next act (Yule,
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter focuses on theories that are related to this study. These theories are taken
from some resources to maintain objectivity. The theories of directives by Ervinn-Tripp
(cited in Wolfson 1989), social factors by Holmes (2001), and preference by Yule (1996)
which are used by writer to analyze the data in order to answer the research question.
2.1 Speech Acts
According to Yule (1996), in expressing what they want to say, people do not only
produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, they attempt to perform
action via those utterances. For example, if one works in situation where a boss has a great
deal of power, then the boss’s utterance “You’re fired” is more that just a statement. In that
case, this utterance can be used to perform the act of ending his employment.
Based on Yule’s classification (1996, p.51), “there are five types of general functions
performed by speech acts, which are declarations, representatives, expressive, directives and
commisives”. Declaration are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their
utterance. The other functions of speech acts is representatives that are those kinds of speech
acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. Moreover, the next functions is
expressives, they are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels. Next types
of functions o speech acts are commisives. They are those kinds o speech act that speakers
use to commit themselves to some future action. The last types is directives. They are those
kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone to do something. They express what the
speaker wants and can be command, orders, requests and suggestions. Furthermore, they can
2.2 Directives
Directives is a kind of speech act that often used by speakers in daily
conversation. In using directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the word
via the hearer. Directive show a strong relationship between speaker and hearer. Directive
speech acts are used to get greatest attention from listener in communication. Through
directive speech act the speaker utterances make hearer do something. In conversation,
directive is often used by speaker but they say in different way. The speaker has to concern
about situation and context to make the hearer do as they want. Situation in
conversation can be seen in some aspects, such as who is the hearer, what things speaker
wants to say, and time of conversation.
In addition, for example, there are many obvious and direct ways of getting someone
to sit down:
-Sit down
-Please take a seat
-Would you please sit down?
There are also many indirect forms such as:
Your legs must be tired Your legs must be worn out
Here’s a seat
Based on Holmes (2001), directives are used to get people to do things. We can
attempt to get people to sit down, for instance, by inviting them to do so, or by ordering them
to sit down. There are many ways to expressing directives. Directives such as orders and
commands are generally expressed in imperative form that is used between people who know
2.3 Social Factors
The way people talk is influenced by the social context in which they are talking
Based on Holmes (2001), social factors can influence the choice of appropriate ways of
speaking in different social context. Some social factors relate to the users of language, and
others relate to its uses-the social setting and function of the interaction. Who is talking to
whom (e.g. boss-worker) is important factor. The social context or setting (e.g. home, work)
is relevant factor too. The topic and the function of speaking can be group in ways which are
helpful.
2.4 Six Categories of Directives
As cited in Wolfson (1989) Ervin Tripp classify directives into six types that include
the relationship between the speaker and the hearer.
1. Need Statements
Need statements is one types of directives that usually occurs in transactional
work setting and in the family. The structure is I want/need/would like +
Object
For example: Manager to secretary- I want you to postpone the meeting
Doctor to nurse- I need my stethoscope
Here, the word need can be a key to need statements. Besides need the speaker
can use want, ask, or would like. Therefore, this type is to express what the
speaker wants.
2. Bald imperative
This type is used more frequently within a family or by superior to
subordinates, and between peers. A bald imperative is the most direct request.
alone, me is beneficiary) and may add tag (e.g. buy me an apple, ok? Ok is the tag). The speaker may also leave off the verb if the context is clear.
For the example: Turn off the radio.
Get out of my room.
Please help me.
3. Imbedded imperative
This type that might appear in two cases the first one is in the work setting,
usually by subordinate to his/her superior. The second’s one is in the personal
setting with strangers. This types occurs when there are two people who do not
each other well and they do not to express their request directly. This category
usually begins with “could/would you”. The characteristic of imbedded
imperatives is seen in the form o interrogative
(Modal + you + verb + object of the action)
For example: would you attend the meeting, Sir?
May you teach me this?
Imbedded imperatives are also more polite than imperatives because the
implication o the word “could/would” that asking addressee to try to do
something. Imbedded imperatives also recognizes the use o hedges such as “if you are not tired, would you please cook noodles for me?”. “If you are not tired” here is the hedges. Besides the use of hedges, the use of please is
common.
A permission directive is one o types that ask someone else to give permission to the speaker to do something. Permission directive are used to superiors in
the family and also work place. Like embedded imperative this type is also in
the form of interrogative. The structure is:
(Modal + I + verb + action)
The difference is that this type uses I as a subject, not you as in the Imbedded
imperative
For example: Can I have a glass of coffee? (Permission directives)
Can you clean my car?(Embedded imperatives)
5. Non-explicit question directives
It is in the form of interrogative. The speaker usually makes request indirectly
because the power relationship is unspecified. In addition, this type does not
use “Please” the fform is:
(To be + subject?)
For example: Aren’t we running out of time?
The meaning implied in this type of request includes being uncertain because
it declares a condition that would cause rejection of the action requested.
6. Hints
This type is used within closed networks and when the shared knowledge
between the participants is at the greatest. Moreover, in hints, the speaker does
not directly say what the request is.
For example:
2.5 Preference
In everyday interaction, when speaker utters directives to the addressee might give the
speaker acceptance or even refusal as response. These two belong to the term called
preference. Furthermore, according to Yule (1996, p.79), “preference is a pattern in which
one type of utterance will be more typically found in response to another conversational
sequence”. The are two types of preference, which are preferred and dispreferred next’s acts. The preferred next’s is the structurally expected next act as response whereas the dispreferred
next acts is the structurally unexpected next acts as a response. If in this case, if someone
makes directives, the preferred act will be acceptance and dispreferred next act will be a
refusal. For example, when someone says “Can you help me?”, the possible preferred act produced by addressee will be “Sure” while the possible dispreferred next act produced by the addressee will be “I am sorry I have no time left” (Yule, 1996)
Indeed, the pattern associated with a dispreferred second in English are presented as a
series of optional elements (Yule, 1996, p.81)
How to do a dispreferred:
a. Delay/hesitate
The dispreferred act is delivered by the addressee by making late or slow response to
the speaker by making pause, using er, em, oh.
b. Preface
The dispreferred act is delivered with some preface marking their dispreferred status,
often by using the partial well or oh.
The dispreferred act is delivered by the addressee by giving a response to the speaker which shows his or her uncertainty. for example: I’m not sure, I don’t know.
d. Make it non-personal
The dispreferred act is delivered by the addressee by making it non personal as the
response o the speaker’s directives. For example: everybody else, out there.
e. Apology
The dispreferred act is delivered by the addressee as the addressee tries to mitigate
the negative consequense o not complying the speakers directive by apologizing or
expressing regret. Such as saying I’m sorry,what a pity.
f. Use mitigators
The dispreferred act is delivered by the addressee by using mitigators like really, mostly, sort of, kinda.
This theory helps the writer in analyzing the types and classify the preference on
Cinderella movie.
The example of how to Dispreferred
Dispreferred Examples
Delay Pause, er, em, ah
Preface Well, oh
Apology I’m sorry, what a pity
Hedge the negative I guess not, not possible
Use litigators Really, mostly, sort of, kind of
Make it non-personal Everybody else, out there
2.6 Review of related studies.
This chapter consists of previous studies. There are similarities, differences, and also
contributions that the writer gets from these previous studies.
2.6.1 The research done by Canary Finn (2006), the title is “A study of types of directives used among library personnel at Petra Christian university.”
This study analyzes about directives utterances that are being used at Petra Christian
University. Her research questions are what types of directives used by female part time
student toward the staffs of library. Finn also uses the theory of directives by Ervin-Tripp.
The methods that she use for her research paper is qualitative method In order to get source
data Finn used tape recorder to record the conversation between female part time student and
staffs. The subject was two female part time students. Finn take 30 utterances classified as
directives from the interaction between female part time student and male staffs and 30
utterances between female part time student and female staffs.
The similarity between this study and the writer’s study is both studies use the same
theory of Ervin Tripp to analyze the data. Furthermore, the difference is the writer focuses on
the movie while Finn focuses on the library field. The contribution towards the present study
is that the writer can use this previous study as guideline to do his study. It shows the writer
time students never used need statement. It inspires the writer to find out more about
directives as further study.
2.6.2 The research done by Patricia (2007), the title is“Types of Directives and Woman Speech Features used by Supervisor and Subordinates in the Restaurants”.
In her research Patricia wanted to find out types of directives and speech features used
both female superiors and female subordinates in restaurant. She also wants to find out the
differences of the types of directives and speech features. She used the theory by Ervin Tripp
(1989) about the types of directives and the theory by Lakoff about the features of women’s
language.
The similarity between Patricia’s study and the writer’s is both are analyzing the types
of directives by applying Ervin Tripp’s classification. On the other hand, the differences of both researchers are Patricia also analyzed the features of women’s language while the write
does not do so. In addition Patricia observed the object o the study in a restaurant while the
writer observes the script of the movie. Therefore, this previous study will be used as a
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This part tells about how the way this study conducted. It consisted of research
approach, technique of data colection (source of the data, instrument, and procedure) and
technique of data analysis.
3.1 Research Approach
In order to to answer the questions in the statement of the problems, the thesis writer
did an observation research that is by analyzed Cinderella movie. The writer used qualitative
method because this method is appropriate one to arrange this analysis. The writer collects
the data from a movie that can be including as a natural setting. Qualitative research is a
research procedure that represents a descriptive data such as word in written or oral from the
people and the behaviours that can be observed. From the explanation above, the writer was
concluded that qualitative research methods are developed in social events to enable
researchers to study social and cultural phenomenon and events.
3.2 Data Source
The data was taken from the movie entitled Cinderella, which is “Cinderella is a 2015 American romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh. Produced by David Barron,
Simon Kinberg and Allison Shearmur for Walt Disney Pictures, the story is based on Charles
Perrault's eponymous fairy tale. The film received three Academy Award nominations the
time running of this movie is 110 minutes. The data are directives utterance produced by the
characters and the responses produced by Cinderella.
In conduct this study, the writer becomes one of the research instruments to collect the data. The instruments of this research are the writer himself. The data was collected by
watching Cinderella movie.
3.4 Technique of data collection
In this case, the writer did several steps as follow:
a) Downloaded the movie, from www.ganool.com/cinderellamovie2015
b) Watch the movie
c) The writer transcribes the subtitle file into script. Thus, unnecessary data is
deleted in order to avoid confusions and technical errors, such as the
conversation unknown participants in the movie.
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis
After collecting data, the writer did some steps to analyze the data.
1. First, the writer was analyzed each directive to determine its types based on
Ervin-Tripp’s theory. There are six types of directives that are bald imperatives, need statement, imbedded imperatives, permission directives,
non-explicit question, and hints.
2. The writer also analyzes the types of preference by using Yule’s theory (1996, p.81). The writer classified the preference wheatear it belongs to preferred or
dispreferred act.
CHAPTER IV
4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the findings and discussion about the types of directives used by
the main character on the Cinderella movie, the social factors that condition the main
character in using each type of directives and type of preferences in the Cinderella movie.
The writer would discuss it into several parts. First of all, on the first part, the types of
directives used the main character on the movie were discussed using Ervin-Tripp’s theory (cited in Wolfson 1989) as a guideline. Next, in the second part, the writer discusses the
social factors that condition the characters in using each type of dirrectives on the movie,
which are topic, the setting, and the presence of the third person. The third part is about the
discussion about the types o preferences.
4.1. Types of directives used by the characters on Cinderella’s movie
From this research, the writer got the total of thirty three utterances of the main
character which belong to directives. By using Ervin-Tripp’s theory (cited in wolfson 1989) about the classification of types of directives as a guideline, it was found that there are four
types of directives used by the main character to her daughter. They are Bald Imperative,
Imbedded Imperative, Need Statement, and Hints. The following are the explanations of each
type of directive used by the main character to her Cinderella.
4.1.1. Bald Imperative
From the analysis, it was found that step mother and the sister’s uses bald imperative
in order to get Cinderella to do something. As seen in the following example:
Ella: Madam?
Stepsister: It's ash from the fireplace. Stepmother: Do clean yourself up.
According to Ervin-Tripp (cited in Wolfson 1989), the structure of bald imperative is
V + Object of the action. This utterance clearly shows that step mother uses bald imperative
as her type of directives. It can be seen that there is no agent of the action. In addition, the
form of this utterance is imperative. Also, based on Ervin-Tripp’s theory (cited in Wolfson 1989), bald imperative is used more frequent within a family or by superior to subordinate,
and between peers. By using this utterance, step mother asks Cinderella to clean her face,
because she looks so dirty. Another example of bald imperative:
Father: It's just a few months, my darling. What would you like me to bring you home from abroad? You know, your sisters...uh, stepsisters, have asked for parasols and lace. What will you have?
Ella: Bring me the first branch your shoulder brushes on your journey. Father: That's a curious request.
This utterance can be clearly seen as bald imperative. It can be seen before Ella’s
father goes abroad on business, promising his stepdaughters gifts of luxury. By using this
utterance, Ella merely asks her father the first branch that brushed against his shoulder on the
way.
Bald imperative also appears in the following:
Ella: Easy! Easy! - Whoa! Whoa! Easy, boy! Come on, boy, slow down! Prince: Miss! Are you all right? Hold on!
Ella: I'm all right, thank you! That's fine. Whoa!
This utterance belongs to bald imperative as the form of this utterance is imperative.
There is also no agent of the action. The word boy in this utterance is not the agent of the
action; it refers to the addressee, which is the horse. Furthermore, it can be seen the form of
Another example of bald imperative:
Prince: Wait! Wait! Where are you going?
Ella: Hurry, hurry! (Talk to the Mr. Goose) Prince: Come back!
It can be seen that the utterance belongs to bald imperative as the form of this
utterance is imperative. There is also no agent of the action. When the prince repeated the
word “wait” it means that the prince want Ella to stop and.
4.1.2 Imbedded Imperatives
The use of imbedded imperative by the character on movie, as seen in the following
example:
Mother: Ella, my darling. I want to tell you a secret. A great secret that will see you through all the trials that life can offer. You must always remember this. Have courage and be kind. You have more kindness in your little finger than most people possess in their whole body. And it has power more than you know. And magic. Have courage and be kind, my darling. Will you promise me? Ella: I promise.
Mother: Good. Good. And...I must go very soon, my love. Please forgive me.
Based on Ervin-Tripp’s theory (cited in Wolfson 1989), the structure of imbedded is modal + you + verb + object of the action. Other structural variants may be available like the
use of please, hedges, or other mitigators. Thus, it can be seen that this utterance belongs to
imbedded imperative. It is shown that the structure of this utterance is modal + you + verb +
object of the action. In addition, imbedded imperative is used when the task is not routine or
it is difficult. By using this utterance, Ella’s mother asks her daughter to have a courage and be kind for all people. In addition, Ella’s mother asks her daughter to be kind is a very
important because it is the last message before she died. Thus, it can be seen that the task
being asked by Ella’s mother is not routine.
action. In this utterance, Ella asks the prince to let the stag go.
The following is also the example of imbedded
Old Woman: Excuse me. Can you help me, miss? Just a little crust of bread, or better, a cup of milk?
Ella : Yes. Yes, yes, yes. I think I can find something for you.
In this utterance, a fairy godmother who disguised as an old woman add word
„excuse’ since she knows that it is somewhat difficult for is not routine or it is difficult.
4.1.3. Need Statement
From the analysis, it was found that the character, Ella’s father also uses need
statement in order to get her daughter, Ella to be good to her stepmother and stepsisters. As
seen in the following example:
Father : I will. Ella, while I'm away, I want you to be good to your stepmother and stepsisters, even though they may be...trying at times.
Ella : I promise.
According to Ervin-Tripp (cited in Wolfson 1989), need statement has a form of
declarative statement. Moreover, the structure of need statement is I + want/need/would like
+ X. This type of directive is very clear to indicate what the speaker wants. This utterance
clearly shows that the father uses need statement as her type of directives toward her
daughter. It can be clearly seen that the structure of this utterance is I +want/need/would like
setting (from parents or older children to the children). By using this utterance, the father asks
her daughter (Ella) to be good on her stepmother and stepsisters.
The following is also the example of need statement:
Ella: That's not true. Kindness is free. Love is free.
Stepmother: Love is not free. Now, here is how you will pay me, if you are to have what you desire. No one will believe you, a dirty servant girl without a family, if you lay claim to the prince's heart. But with a respectable gentle woman to put you forward, you will not be ignored. When you are married, you will make me the head of the royal house hold. Anastasia and Drisella, we will pair off with wealthy lords. And I shall manage that boy.
Ella : But he's not a boy.
This utterance belongs to need statement as the form of this sentence is declarative. In
addition, this utterance is also very clear in indicating what the stepmother wants Ella to do.
By using this utterance, the stepmother asks Ella to married with the prince, after they
married, the stepmother want to be a queen of kingdom, and she will pair her two daughters
with a nobleman.
Another example of need statement:
Stepmother: Ella, dear. Now, now. Mustn't blub. Ella: Yes, Stepmother.
Stepmother: Oh, you needn't call me that."Madam" will do.
It can be seen that this utterance belongs to need statement as the form of this
sentence is declarative. This utterance is very clear in indicating that the stepmother wants
Ella to call her madam not mother.
4.1.4 Hints
From the result of the analysis, it was found that the character, stepmother also uses
hint in order to get Ella to do something. As seen in the following example:
Ella: The attic?
Stepmother : Yes. Oh, only temporarily, while I have all the other rooms redecorated. The attic's so nice and airy and you'll be away from all of our fuss and bother. You'd be even more cozy if you kept all this bric-a-brac up there with you. Keep you amused.
Based on Ervin-Tripp’s theory (1976), the form of this type of directives is declarative statement. It can be seen that this sentence belongs to hint as the form of it is declarative. This
type of directive is used within closed networks and when the shared knowledge between the
participants is greatest. Moreover, in hints, the speaker does not directly say what the request
is. This utterance clearly shows that the stepmother uses hint as her type of directives toward
Ella. It is very clear that the relationship between the main character and her daughter as it is
mother-daughter relationship. By using this utterance, the writer found out that the
stepmother does not directly say what she wants to Ella.
Hint also appears in the following:
Stepmother : Anastasia and Drisella have always shared a room. Such dear, affectionate girls. Or... Or better yet, disappear entirely! You'd like that, wouldn't you? Sometimes I could scratch your eyes out! I think they're finding the sleeping quarters rather confining.
Ella : Oh, well, my bedroom's the biggest besides yours and Father's. Perhaps they'd like to share it.
It can be seen that the form of this utterance is declarative. At the point, the
stepmother indirectly asks Ella to give her room to her stepsisters. The stepmother actually
does not mean want Ella to share her room. In fact, it gives the hint that The stepmother asks
Ella to give the room for her stepsisters. It can be seen that instead of directly saying “always shared a room”, The stepmother prefers to use hint toward Ella.
The following is also the example of hint:
Stepmother : I thought breakfast was ready.
In addition, it can be seen that the form of this utterance is declarative. By using this utterance, the stepmother actually does not mean to ask Ella to serve and prepare the
breakfast. Instead of directly saying “I thought breakfast was ready”, the stepmother uses hint
toward Ella.
4.1.5 Permission directives
As proposed by Ervin-Tripp (cited in Wolfson 1989), the usage of need statement is
to show personal need or desire.
As seen in the following example:
Prince : Your Highness...If I may... that is. It would give me the greatest pleasure, if you would do me the honour of letting me lead you through this...the first... Ella : Dance?
Prince : Yes, dance. That's it. They're all looking at you. Believe me, they're all looking at you.
It can be seen that the form of this utterance is declarative. By using this utterance,
actually The prince make a permission to ask Ella dance with him in front of all people in the
ball room.
Another example also appears in the following
Grand duke : May I ask where you got this?
Stepmother : From a ragged servant girl in my household. Grand duke : The mystery princess is a commoner.
According to Ervin-Tripp (cited in Wolfson 1989), permission directive has a form of
interrogative. Moreover the structure of permission directives is Modal + I + verb + object of
the action. This type o directive is used by the speaker to ask someone to give permission to the speaker do something. This utterance clearly shows, when Grand Duke was given a glass
From all the explanation above, the writer found out that characters uses bald imperative, imbedded imperatives, need statements, permission directives and hints. It was
found that the character uses five types of directives from six types of directives based on
Ervin-Tripp’s classification of directives (cited in Wolfson 1989). It showed that non explicit question directives were not used by the main character to her daughter.
4.2 The Type of Preference given by the Characters
From this research, the writer found out that each time the main character uses
directives to get someone to do something, they gives response to the main character in
return. In everyday interaction, it is clear that when a speaker utters directives to the
addressee, the addressee might give the speaker acceptance or refusal in return. These two
belong to the term called preference. Moreover, there are two types of preferences, which are
preferred act and dipreferred act.
4.2.1 The types of preference given by the characters toward Bald Imperative
Based on Yule (1996), the preferred act is the structurally expected next act as a
response whereas the dispreferred act is the structurally unexpected next act as a response.
Here, it was found that both types of preference are used by her daughter when the main
character uses bald imperatives in order to get her to do something. The following is the
discussion about both types of preference toward bald imperative that occur under several
circumstances. As seen in the following example:
Ella : Please don't let them hurt him.
Prince : But we're hunting, you see. It's what's done.
In this situation , The prince is questioning when Ella ask him to do not hurt the stag. What is interesting is that even though at first the prince still questioning why he should let
the stag go, while he is hunting. The prince, in the end, says “Right again. Then”
In another situation below, the writer found out the characters also give preferred act
toward bald imperative.
Captain : There you are, Your High...
Prince : It's Kit! Kit!Kit! I'm Kit. I'm on my way. Captain : Well, we'd better get a move on, Mr. Kit.
Prince : As I said. On my way. I hope to see you again, miss.
In this situation, Captain call the prince and ask him to back. Here, captain tries to tell
him that it is time to back to the kingdom. Here, the prince understands what the captain asks
him to back the kingdom. It can be seen that when the prince say “I’m on my way.”
On the other hand, the writer found out that the characters also gives dispreferred act
toward bald imperative. As in this situation:
Grand Duke : Let's be off, Captain.
Captain : Just a moment. Madam, there is no other maiden in your house? Stepmother : None.
Captain : Then has your cat learned to sing?
Grand Duke : There's been enough play-acting today, Captain. Let's be off. Captain : But she's lying, Your Grace.
Grand Duke : Nonsense! I trust the lady. We're leaving.
In this situation, Grand Duke have captain to leave. Here, The captain tries to refuse
grand duke’s order. Thus dispreferred can be seen clearly when The captain refuse grand duke’s order. From this, it can be seen that The captain give two dispreferred act toward bald
imperative. In one situation, the captain disobey Grand Duke when grand duke ask him to
leave and says “Just a moment” and also captain said “but, she’s lying , Your grace” as a
4.2.2 The Types of Preference Given by the Characters toward imbedded imperatives Here, the writer found out that both types of preference are used by the characters
when the character uses imbedded imperatives in order to get someone to do something.
Next, the writer tried to discuss both types of preference toward imbedded imperative that
occur under several circumstances. As seen in the following example:
Prince : What sweet singing. Makes me want to tarry just a little. Captain : Your Majesty, I did not know...
Prince : Captain, would you be so kind as to investigate? Captain : It would be my pleasure, Your Majesty.
This is when the Prince asks Captain to check if there is someone else in the house,
because the prince curious with the beautiful voice inside the house. It can be seen when the
prince order his captain to check the house, the captain says “it would be my pleasure, Your grace”. At this point, the writer found out that this utterance belong to preferred act.
Besides, the writer also found preference act toward imbedded imperative by the
character’s. As it can be seen under these circumstance:
Ella : My dress. I can't go in this dress. Can you mend it? Fairy : Mend it? No, no. I'll turn it into something new.
Ella : Oh, no, please don't. This was my mother's. And I'd like to wear it when I go to the palace. It's almost like taking her with me.
Fairy : I understand. But she wouldn't mind if I gee it up a bit? Wouldn't mind a nice blue? Ella : No.
Fairy : There.
Ella : It's beautiful. She'd love it.
In this situation, the writer found out two types of preference. For the first, Ella ask to
fairy godmother to mend it her dress, but the fairy refuse and want to change the dress with a
new one by giving dispreferred act and says “mend it? No, no. I’ll turn into something new”.
Here, the writer also found out preferred act when the fairy Godmother asks Ella to turn the
dress into a nice blue.
Ella : No.
It can be seen when Ella says “No”. No, here means Yes, because she did not mind if
fairy godmother turn her dress into a nice blue.
4.2.3. The Types of Preference Given by the Characters toward Need Statement
It was found that both types of preference are also given when the character uses need
statement in order to get someone to do something. The following is the discussion about
both types of preference toward need statement that occur under several circumstances. For
instances:
Ella : Well, you'll have to take it with you on your way...and think of me when you look at it. And when you bring it back, it means that you'll be with it. And that's what I really want. For you to come back No matter what.
Father : I will. Ella, while I'm away, I want you to be good to your stepmother and stepsisters, even though they may be...trying at times.
Ella : I promise.
In this situation, the writer found two preferred utterances that used by Ella and his
father. First, when Ella ask her father to think of her when he is on the broad business and she
hope that her father come back as soon. It can be seen by the utterance that used by her father
is preferred“I will, Ella,”. Second, when the father asked back to Ella, when he is on the
broad of business, he wants Ella to be good and be kind to her stepmother and stepsisters.
Therefore, it can be seen when Ella says that “I promise” this utterance belongs to
prefererred act.
The writer also found dispreferred act used by the character toward need statement.
As it can be seen under these circumstance:
household. Anastasia and Drisella we will pair off with wealthy lords. And I shall manage that boy.
Ella : But he's not a boy.
The conversation above shows that stepmother asks Ella to married with the prince,
after they married, the stepmother want to be a queen of kingdom, and she will pair her two
daughter with a nobleman. then, stepmother will manage that boy(prince). But, Ella refuse it
by saying “but, He is not a boy”. At this point, the writer found out that this utterance belong
to dispreferred act.
4.2.4. The Types of Preference that the character towards Hints
From the data, the writer found out that both types of preference uses hints in order to
get someone to do something. Here, the writer tries to discuss both types of preference
towards hints that occur under several circumstances.
As seen in these following examples:
Stepmother : Anastasia and Drisella have always shared a room. Such dear, affectionate girls. Or... Or better yet,
disappear entirely! You'd like that, wouldn't you? Sometimes I could scratch your eyes out! I think they're finding the sleeping quarters rather confining.
Ella : Oh, well, my bedroom's the biggest besides yours and Father's. Perhaps they'd like to share it.
Stepmother : What a wonderful idea. What a good girl you are. Ella : I can stay in the...
Stepmother : The attic. Quite so. Ella : The attic?
Stepmother : Yes. Oh, only temporarily, while I have all the other rooms redecorated. The attic's so nice and airy and you'll be away from all of our fuss and bother. You'd be even more cozy if you kept all this bric-a-brac up there with you. Keep you amused.
The conversation above show that Ella used preferred act, when the stepmother tries
to control Ella to give her room to Drisella and Anastasia. Besides, stepmother indirectly asks
her to move to the attic and give her room to her stepsisters. But, Ella agrees with it. It can be
The following is another example of preferred act that Ella gives toward hints by stepmother:
Stepmother : I thought breakfast was ready. Ella : It is, madam. I'm only mending the fire.
Stepmother : In future, can we not be called until the work is done? Ella : As you wish.
This time, the stepmother uses hints to get Ella to do what she asks. Ella gives preferred act
when stepmother indirectly ask her to prepare the breakfast. But, still Ella agree with it and give
preferred act. It can be seen when Ella said that “it is maddam, I’m only mending the fire”
4.3 Discussion
In this section, the researcher discussed the finding of data analysis. In daily
communication, everyone needs language to communicate with each other. By using
language they can express their feeling. The first that people use language differently in
many situations to express their message to other. In some cases people use speech to
perform an action. One of functions of speech’s that used by people in their daily
conversation is directive. Based on Holmes (2001) directive is most commonly found in
command and orders. “Directive uses of language aim to get someone to do something and
they are part of speech act”. When people speak, they make suggestions, invitations, requests,
and so on. In other words, people use this function of language to make someone perform an
action.
The writer tries research about directives utterances and preferences used in the
Cinderella movie. Regarding the research done by Finn (2006) she was an English
Department in Petra Christian University, she also conducted directives used among library
The writer would like to reveal this research by some previous studies as the reference which it is entitled An Analysis o Directives Utterances and Preferences used in the
Cinderella movie. Hereby, the writer did an effort to analyze by using strategy from the
theory of Ervin-Tripp (cited in Wolfson 1989) and Yule (1996).
All the data was collected from scripts in the Cinderella movie. In this analysis that
has been done by the writer, there are six types of directives. First the writer tries to answer
the first statement of the problem about types of directive that used in the movie. In the data
the writer finds that the characters used five types of directives from six types based on
Ervin-Tripp’s classification of directives (cited in Wolfson 1989). The characters used bald imperative, imbedded imperative, need statement, hint, and permission directives. From the
result, the characters more often used bald imperative.
However, there are different focuses in my research among other researcher done
before. Thesis by Canary Finn (2006) also conducted about the directive utterance used
among library personal at Petra, Patricia (2007) also conducted research about types of
directives and woman speech features used by supervisor and subordinates in the restaurants.
The writer not only focuses on types of directives, but also the writer focuses on
preference. Here the writer argues that when speaker utters directives to the addressee might
give the speaker acceptance or even refusal as response. These two belong to the term called
preference. Furthermore, according to Yule (1996, p.79), “preference is a pattern in which one type of utterance will be more typically found in response to another conversational
sequence”. The are two types of preference, which are preferred and dispreferred next’s acts.
This study tells about directive utterance, where in this thesis is explained many ways
another view about this study. Directive utterance is one of variety in pragmatics which
usually used by people to order someone to do something.
By the end of this line, this thesis is intended to give knowledge of directives
utterance and preference. By the end o this research, the writer hopes this thesis can give a
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
After analyzing the research findings, the researcher wants to give conclusion about An
analysis of Directives and preferences used in Cinderella Movie.
This part present the conclusion of this study. First, the writer studied about the types of
directives used by the main character on Cinderella movie by using theory of directives by
Ervinn-Tripp (1976) as a guideline. The writer also explained social factors that condition the
characters in using each type of directives by using theory by Holmes (2001). In addition, the
writer studied the types of preference that give toward the directives by the main characters
by using theory by Yule (1996).
Related to the research question, it was found that the characters in the Cinderella
movie used five types of directives from six types based on Ervinn-Tripp’s classification of directives (cited in Wolson 1989). The characters used bald imperative, imbedded imperative,
need statement, hint, and permission directives. From the result, the main characters more
often used bald imperative.
Related the second question, from this research, the writer found out that each time
the characters uses directives to get someone to do something, they gives response to the
characters in return. In everyday interaction, it is clear that when a speaker utters directives to
the addressee, the addressee might give the speaker acceptance or refusal in return. These two
belong to the term called preferences. Moreover, there are two types of preferences, which
are preferred act and dipreferred act. The preferred act is the structurally expected next act as
a response whereas the dispreferred act is the structurally unexpected next act as a response.
These finding shows the differences of making directives utterance to the different
Finally, the writer hopes that, by reading the finding, the reader can little bit understand about
directives and know about underlying meaning of someone’s utterance. More over, it is
1
REFERENCES
Finn, C. (2006). A Study of Types of Directives Used Among Library Personal @Petra Christian University. Unpublished Undergraduated Thesis, Universitas Kristen Surabaya.
Holmes, J. (2001). Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2nd). Harlow; Pearson Education
Patricia, N. (2007). Types of Directives and Women Speech Features Used By Superior and Subordinates in the Restoran. Unpublished Undergraduated Thesis, Universitas Kristen Surabaya.
Wolfson, (1989). Perspective; Sociolinguistics and TESOL. New York; Newbury House Publishers.
www.wikipedia.com/cinderellamovie2015 www.ganool.com/cinderellamovie2015
