1 THE PILOT PROJECT IN NORTH SUMATRA IN 2011 OF
PROJECT FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR
DEVELOPING NATIONAL GREEN HOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (SUB PROJECT 3)
OF PROJECT OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGIES IN INDONESIA
FINAL REPORT
WASTE COMPOSITION SURVEY AND DRY MATTER
CONTENT SURVEY IN NORTH SUMATERA
(SWDS Namo Bintang-Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai-Stabat)
Jaya Arjuna
(Mechanical Department, Engineering Faculty of North Sumatera University)
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
(Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting Co., Ltd.
And Suuri Keikaku Co., Ltd.)
2
THE PILOT PROJECT IN NORTH SUMATRA IN 2011 OF PROJECT FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR
DEVELOPING NATIONAL GREEN HOUSE GAS INVENTORIES (SUB PROJECT 3)
OF PROJECT OF CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGIES IN INDONESIA
FINAL REPORT
WASTE COMPOSITION SURVEY AND DRY MATTER CONTENT SURVEY IN NORTH SUMATERA
(SWDS Namo Bintang-Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai-Stabat)
Jaya Arjuna
(Mechanical Department, Engineering Faculty of North Sumatera University)
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
(Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting Co., Ltd. and Suuri Keikaku Co., Ltd.)
3
PREFACE
Natural disasters such as landslides, floods, droughts, tropical storms, sea level rise and ocean waves believed closely related to climate change. Expert’s research claim climate change happened due to the rising of CO2, CH4 gas and other gases which called as greenhouse gases which is getting thicker and covering the atmosphere of earth. CH4 gas is an insulator which effectively capture the energy
released from the earth in the form of infrared radiation. CH4 also reflects heat from
earth surface and again goes back to the earth surface which makes earth warmer. Waste decomposition by bacterial has been announced as a significant contribution in producing CH4, so it needs to be managed appropriately to reduce the Greenhouse
Gas emissions.
This book is presented as a survey report of waste of Medan city sent to Solid Waste Disposal Site (SWDS) Namo Bintang and from Stabat city to SWDS Kuala Bingai Stabat. The survey is conducted in October and December 2011 in order to find out the waste composition and dry matter content of waste are presented at both of SWDS. Survey waste in SWDS Namo Bintang and Kwala Bingai is part of the Pilot Project For Developing National Capacity Development For Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Sub-Project 3) of Capacity Development for Climate Change Strategies in Indonesia.
In this opportunity, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to JICA who trusted me to carry out this project, as well as the direct involvement of DR. Kosuke Kawai from NIES Japan, Hiroyuki Ueda, Jun Marukawa and Takeshi Enoki and Hiroshi Itoh from MUFHR and Suuri Keikaku Co. Ltd., Dr. Ucok Siagian and Rias and also Risalto from ITB. My high appreciation and thanks also goes to DR. Hj. Wan Hidayati, M.Si, head of Provincial Environmental Board (BLH) of North Sumatera, who actively encourage me to accomplish the research, Henny Nainggolan as Head of UPT Laboratory BLH of North Sumatera Provincial Government and DR. Ikhwansyah Isranuri as Head of Mechanical Department, Technical Engineering Faculty of North Sumatra University.
My sincere thanks also dedicated to Dinas Kebersihan Kota Medan (Sanitation Department of Medan City) and Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan Kabupaten Langkat (Sanitation and City Landscape Department of Langkat Regency) whose provide me with ease and great supports in conducting the survey. Their invaluable supports are unforgettable.
My appreciation and thanks also goes to Syamsul Imam, ST who helped me at Laboratory and Doisuterca Tarigan, ST for their kind assistances in conducting the survey and preparation for the materials of these reports.
March, 2012
4
4. Coverage Implementation of Suvey... 3
5. Survey Implementation Flowchart... 5
II LITERATURE REVIEW... 6
d. Waste Management in the survey area of Medan and Stabat... 15
Survey Equipment Used In Survey Implementation ... 18
a. Type of Waste Composition Survey... 18
b. Survey of Dry Matter Content... 21
Sampling and Determining Procedures ... 24
a. Samples and Determining Type of Waste Composition... 24
b. Samples and Testing Dry Matter Content... 29
c. Data Processing and Analysis... 32
IV RESULTS AND ANALYSIS... 33
Schedule for conducting Survey... 33
5
b. Implementation of Waste Composition Survey... 34
Location of Waste Composition Survey... 35
a. SWDS Namo Bintang………... 36
b. SWDS Kwala Bingai………... 37
Condition of Medan Waste Management... 37
Waste composition survey……... 40
a. Source of waste and sample volume... 40
b. Waste composition sampling procedures... 43
c. The results of waste composition survey in SWDS Namo Bintang.. 48
d. Result of waste composition survey in SWDS Kwala Bingai – Stabat... 52
Correction Factor for Waste Composition... 54
The Results of Waste Composition Survey Analysis... 57
Survey For Dry Matter Content of Solid Waste ... 62
a. Samples for testing dry matter content of solid waste... 62
b. Treatment of waste for dry matter content... 62
c. The results of testing for dry matter content in SWDS Namo Bintang and SWDS Kwala Bingai for survey in October 2011... 65
d. The results for dry matter content in SWDS Namo Bintang and SWDS Kwala Bingai for survey in December 2011. ... 69
Analysis of the Results for Dry Matter Content... 78
a. Drying in oven at temperature 1050C... 90
b. Drying process in oven at temperature 850C... 91
c. Drying at room temperature for twenty days... 92
V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION... 94
Conclusion... 94
Recomendation... 96
REFERENCES 97
6 LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 : Sources of Waste Managed at SWDS Namo Bintang ... 12
2 : Sources of Waste Managed at SWDS Kuala Bingai Stabat... 13
3 : Types and Number of waste transport vehicle to SWDS Namo
Bintang ... 14
4 : Types and Number of waste vehicle transport to Kwala Bingai ... 15
5 : Schedule for waste composition survey and dry matter content
survey... 33
6 : Working condition in SWDS Terjun – Marelan 2011... 38
7 : Volume of samples from the waste transport vehicle of SWDS
Namo Bintang represents the source region... 41
8 : Volume of samples from the waste transport vehicle of SWDS
Kwala Bingai - Stabat represents the source region... 42
9 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume of sample taken in SWDS
Namo Bintang - Medan on October 19, 2011…………... 49
10 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume sampel taken at SWDS Namo
Bintang - Medan on December 13, 2011... 50
11 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume taken at SWDS Namo Bintang – Medan on December 13, 2011 (especially for market waste)...
51
12 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume taken at SWDS Kwala
Bingai-Stabat tanggal 20 Oktober 2011... 52
13 : Waste composition for 1 m3 volume of sample taken at SWDS
Kwala Bingai in survey activity on December 12, 2011... 53
14 : Summary of Waste Composition Survey in SWDS Namo Bintang - Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai - Stabat on October and
December 2011... 57
15 : Testing results for dry matter content of solid waste at SWDS Namo Bintang heating on 105oC (survey results October 19,
2011)... 66
16 : Testing results for dry matter content of solid waste at SWDS Kwala Bingai heating on 105oC (survey results October 20,
2011)……….. 67
17 : Data of testing result for dry matter content of solid waste at emperature 850C SWDS Namo Bintang (results survey December
7
Table Page
18 : Data of testing result for dry matter content of solid waste at temperature 850C SWDS Kwala Bingai (survey results
December 12, 2011)……… 71
19 : Data of testing results for dry matter content of solid waste at room temperature (survey in SWDS Namo Bintang 13 Desember
2011 )………. 72
20 : Data of testing results for dry matter content of solid waste at room temperature (survey in SWDS Kwala Bingai December 12,
2011)………... 75
8 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 : Chart flow of the survey... 5
2 : Waste delivered directly or using pedicab or wheelbarrow, gathered at the polling station to be moved either to the truck and
then transported to the landfill... 16
3 : Garbage cart waiting to be moved onto the truck... 17
4 : Garbage cart for collecting garbage from the source. Medan City Government is conducting the replacement of the garbage pedicab model so more effective and humane... 18
5 : Box measuring waste by volume for the sample size of 250 liters (wooden box) and 1 m3 (iron box). On the back of the visible portion of work tent with size 6 x 8 meters... 19
6 : Scales to measure the weight of garbage in plastic that have been labeled according to the type of garbage... 19
7 : Trash is taken from the first truck was stirred with a shovel for the harmonization process and then conducted quartering to obtain a more representative results for the sample... 20
8 : Implementing dividing waste that has been put on work clothes (shoes, dress shirts, raincoats, hats, gloves and mask) to listen to the working procedure of the instructor.. ... 21
9 : Drying Oven brands Shibata, 20 amperes, 220 volts... 21
10 : Scales used for the analysis of dry matter content of the litter.
The right side is a digital analytical balance. …...
22
11 : Container dryer (bowls) of the ceramics were weighed using digital scales analytically...
23
12 : The container dryer from alluminum... 23
13 : Desiccator for storing material to the material being tested is still in the dry state...
24
14 : Principles of treatment quartering to obtain a sample of 5 kg to be tested in the laboratory...
30
15 : Condition of Namo Bintang landfill as final disposal location of Medan city that uses the method of open dumping...
35
16 : Kuala Bingai Landfill, located in the middle of oil palm
plantations...
9
Figure Page
17 : Trucks carrying the solid waste were being weighted at SWDS Terjun ……... 40
18 : Measuring the sample volume of waste that has been stirred the box until homogeneous relatively. Location of photo in SWDS Kwala Bingai... 43
19 : Solid waste inserted to measuring box with 1000 litter volume by 250 litter measuring box of volume capacity...
44
20 : Sorting waste by its type. ... 45
21 : Measurement of weight for each type of waste... 46
22 : The quartering process in SWDS to prepare samples for dry matter content of solid waste... 47
23 : Implementation survey of waste composition at SWDS Namo Bintang on October 19, 2011. ... 49
24 : Executors of waste composition survey in SWDS Namo Bintang on December 13, 2011 also attended by Dr. Kosuke Kawai form NIES Japan. ... 50
25 : The workers of waste composition survey especially for waste market at SWDS Namo Bintang on December 13, 2011 has been done sorting the waste and waiting for weighing sample... 51
26 : Reduction of solid dimension prior to be conducted the quartering to prepare sample for dry matter content at SWDS Kwala Bingai on October 20, 2011 ...
\
53
27 : Plastic Bag seen on pedicab of waste transport that has been separated by waste collector. Citizens also drops the solid waste directly to the temporer disposal site using by car.. ... 55
28 : Personal truck of waste dropping down the solid waste in a plastic bag that has been separated from the cart before other waste transferred to the trucks finally brought into SWDS. This removal taken place at the temporary station transfer...
55
29 : Transaction process of solid waste collectors (junk buyers). Each burlap contains plastic waste by weight 30 kg; and 1 kilogram of
plastic waste purchased at a price Rp. 300, -... 56
30 The collectors for food residual waste to be sold as livestock feed………...
10
Figure Page
31 Waste market mostly consisting of food still have benefit for livestock feed. This type of waste is also potential for bacterial
decay to produce methane gas………... 59
32 Scavengers separate the solid waste that still have an economic value as well as an attempt to reduce the volume of waste to be
11 LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph Page
1 : Location and Time Survey Implementation and Measurement
Results of Weight Waste... 58
2 : Comparison weight of sample for each waste component; result of 4 times survey... 61
3 : Dry matter content for all type of solid waste at temperature 1050C... 68
4 : Comparison of dry matter content for all types of solid waste drying at temperature 1050C for SWDS Namo Bintang and SWDS Kwala
Bingai; also the comparison of its composition... 68
5 : Comparison of dry matter content between two SWDS generated by drying at temperature of 85 °C and room
temperature...
79
6 : Reduction of weight sample for food type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days... 80
7 : Reduction of weight sample for paper and cardboard type drying at
temperature 85oC for three days... 80
8 : Reduction of sample weight for nappies type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days... 80
9 : Reduction of sample weight for wood and garden waste type drying in oven at temperature 85oC for three days... 80
10 : Reduction of sample weight for clothes and textile product type
drying in oven at temperatur 85oC for three days... 80
11 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic type drying at
temperature 85oC for three days... 80
12 : Reduction of sample weight for rubber and leather type drying in
oven at temperature 85oC for three days... 81
13 : Reduction of sample weight for plastic type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days... 81
14 : Reduction of sample weight for metal type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days……….. 81
15 : Reduction of sample weight for glass type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days... 81
16 : Reduction of sample weight for other inorganic drying in oven at
12
Graph Page
17 : Comparison of reduction weight for six type organic waste drying in oven at temperature 85oC for three days... 81
18 : Reduction of weight sample for food type drying at room
temperature for twenty days... 82
19 : Reduction of weight sample for paper and cardboard type drying at
room temperature for twenty days... 82
20 : Reduction of weight sample for nappies type drying at room
temperature for twenty days……….... 82
21 : Reduction of sample weight for wood and garden waste type drying at room temperature for twenty days... 82
22 : Reduction of sample weight for clothes and textile product type
drying at room temperature for twenty days... 82
23 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days... 82
24 : Reduction of sample weight for rubber and leather type drying at
room temperature for twenty days... 83
25 : Reduction of sample weight for plastic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days... 83
26 : Reduction of sample weight for metal type drying at room
temperature for twenty days... 83
27 : Reduction of sample weight for glass type drying at room
temperature for twenty days... 83
28 : Reduction of sample weight for other inorganic type drying at room temperature for twenty days... 83
29 : Comparison of reduction weight for six type of organic waste in
oven at temperature 85oC for three days... 83
30 : Dry matter content of waste sample from SWDS Namo Bintang result survey on December 13, 2011 by using oven drying at 85oC
for three days... 84
31 : Dry matter content of waste sample from SWDS Namo Bintang result of survey on December 13, 2011 drying at room temperature
for twenty days………... 84
32 : Reduction of sample weight for food type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days... 85
33 : Reduction of sample weight for paper and cardboard type drying in
oven at temperature 85oC for three days………... 85
34 : Reduction of sample weight for nappies type drying in oven at
13
Graph Page
35 : Reduction of sample weight for wood and garden waste type drying in oven at temperature 85oC for three days... 85
36 : Reduction of sample weight for clothes and textile product type
drying in oven at temperature 85oC for three days... 85
37 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic type drying in oven at temperature 85oC for three days... 85
38 : Reduction of sample weight for rubber and leather type drying in
oven at temperature 85oC for three days... 86
39 : Reduction of sample weight for plastic type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days... 86
40 : Reduction of sample weight for glass type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days... 86
41 : Reduction of sample weight for metal type drying in oven at
temperature 85oC during three days... 86
42 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic drying in oven at
temperature 85oC for three days... 86
43 : Comparison of reduction sample weight for six type of waste drying in oven at temperature 85oC for three days... 86
44 : Reduction of sample weight for food type drying at room
temperature for twenty days... 87
45 : Reduction of sample weight for paper and cardboard type drying at
room temperature for twenty days... 87
46 : Reduction of sample weight for nappies type drying at room
temperature for twenty days... 87
47 : Reduction of sample weight for wood and garden waste type drying at room temperature for twenty days... 87
48 : Reduction of sample weight for clothes and textile product type
drying at room temperature for twenty days... 87
49 : Reduction of sample weight for other organic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days... 87
50 : Reduction of sample weight for rubber and leather type drying at
room temperature for twenty days... 88
51 : Reduction of sample weight for plastic type drying at room
temperature for twenty days... 88
52 : Reduction of sample weight for metal type drying at room
temperature for twenty days... 88
53 : Reduction of sample weight for glass type drying at room
14
Graph Page
54 : Reduction of sample weight for other inorganic type drying at room temperature for twenty days... 88
55 : Comparison of reduction sample weight for six type of solid waste
drying at room temperature for twenty days... 88
56 : Dry matter content of waste from SWDS Kwala Bingai, result of survey on December 12, 2011 using drying process in oven at temperature 85oC for three days...
89
15
I.
INTRODUCTION
1. Background
The most serious challenge for policy makers in development for all countries
is if the impact concerned with climate change. The impact of climate change such as
change of season and rainfall patterns, extreme weather with high fluctuation of
rainfall that result landslide, flood, drought, tropical storm, sea level rises, associated
with the budget that must be spent and also the loss of property and life.
People increasingly realize that climate change occur due to human activities
that cause an increase in temperature of the Earth sruface. The consumption of any
fuels and other human activities associated with forests, liquid and solid waste has
caused gases such as CO2, CH4 and other gases which are called greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse gases reflect and absorb against heat waves, so the heat emitted from
surface of the earth will be return to the earth's surface.
Serious threat of global warming due to greenhouse gases has caused people
collectively agreed to establish a legally binding agreement to reduce the emission of
greenhouse gases. The agreement concerned with the reduction of greenhouse gases
globally is known as Kyoto Protocol, related to preservation of the environment
against the effect of climate change. Each country was asked to inventory and
calculate the volume of greenhouse gases which has been either released into the
atmosphere or reduced at the certain period. The efforts to reduce the greenhouse
gases emission should be provided with information about the specific activities that
could reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emission.
Many environmental preservation has been done related to the seriousness of
16
or calculating greenhouse gas emissions from an activity or an activity area. Various
policies and development strategies were designed to take into account the impact of
greenhouse gases which would be released to atmosphere and the consequences of its
economic value.
The human activities associated with the greenhouse gases is ineffective waste
management. Almost all urban areas, from small towns, large city to metropolitan
area, are currently managing waste in the landfill waste by open dumping system.
Exposure garbage openly, especially the organic goods could be decomposed by
bacterial decay which in the process produces methane gas, a potential greenhouse
gas-forming. Based on this condition, the management of waste in Solid Waste
Disposal Site (SWDS), the type and volume of waste disposed to landfill waste is a
portion of the sources of greenhouse gases. JICA and USU has developed a
cooperation agreement to conduct a survey related to inventory waste composition
and the dry matter content of the waste disposed to landfill waste. SWDS Namo
Bintang in Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai in Stabat have been designated as a pilot
project to inventory the composition of solid waste and dry matter content of solid
waste. The most important thing is to give some suggestions and advice for the
estimation of waste composition and type of waste approximately which would be
used to determine the dry matter content of the waste throughout all districts in
Indonesia, particularly in North Sumatra.
2. Objectives
a. Obtaining the composition and type of waste in SWDS Namo Bintang
17
b. Obtaining the dry matter content of solid waste in SWDS Namo Bintang
-Medan and SWDS Kwala Bingai - Stabat.
c. Compiling the survey guidelines to determine the composition and type of
solid waste and dry matter content as the basis for the estimation of
greenhouse gas emissions in North Sumatra.
3. Survey Interest
a. Obtaining the value of the emission sources of greenhouse gases as a
reference to estimate the gases emitted from the dumped waste in the solid
waste disposal site.
b. Obtaining the composition and type of solid waste disposed to SWDS as a
basis for planning solid waste reduction and handling systems by the regional
government as a municipal solid waste regulator.
c. Building data activities and the factors of greenhouse gases sources,
particularly in North Sumatra to update the condition about the amount of
gasses emited from the waste.
4. Coverage Implementation of Survey
a. The collection of secondary data needed to support the survey about
composition, types of solid waste and dry matter content of solid waste as
sample is taken from SWDS Namo Bintang - Medan and SWDS Kwala
Bingai Stabat.
b. Preparing the equipment necessary for the implementation of the survey
about composition, types of solid waste in SWDS Namo Bintang - Medan
18
Provincial Environmental Board (BLH) North Sumatera Province. for dry
matter content of solid waste.
c. Preparing the temporary worker who are involved in this survey.
d. Implementation of the survey about composition, types of solid waste and
dry matter content of waste.
e. Preparing draft report and final.report.
f. Presentation of the survey results and provide suggestions for the
composition of manual guidelines about the waste composition, type of
waste and the dry matter content for Districts/Cities in Indonesia and
19
ADVOCACY AND EDUCATION AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL WARMING
Figure 1: Flow Chart of the Survey
PREPARATION OF SURVEY LOCATION
DRY MATTER CONTENT SURVEY
MANUAL SWDS SURVEY REPORT WRITING
Estimated Greenhouse Gas Emmision from
20
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Natural resource in many kinds which are used by people to suffice their
needs, cannot be used optimally and wisely, so that they will be returned to the
environment as the waste. Based on the characteristic, waste could not be returned its
function and utility by biological process depend on the role of bacteria and microbe
only. Product it has been processed by technologies, the use and residu of process not
biologically, so the waste will be return and problem for the environment. The
composition of the waste it self is the reflection of the consumption patterns, habits,
social structure, and income from the community who produce it. The people, so
called the citizens, who have a low level of income tend to eat the food which is
easily degraded biologically. Ludwig, et.al., (2003) stated that the amount of
bio-degradable waste tends to decrease in the citizens who development in the city has
turned high.
The high consumption of the people directly impacts to the increasing of
waste production. At present, the waste handling has been the most important and
prime thing in big cities. Many attempts have been done by government to reduce the
volume of the waste. Composting is one of the strategic elements in waste
management which could be implemented in the city landfill. According to Diaz
et.al., (2002), composting is a process of decomposing biologically through bacterial
action. The decomposition organisms are categorized into (i) bacteria, (ii)
actinomycetes, (iii) fungi, (iv) protozoa, (v) worm and (vi) larva. Sharma, (2002) also
stated that composting is a way to reduce waste from its sources. Other activities
21
the shopping habits, increase the re-use value of a product, changing the process in
industry and improving the consumption patterns of products. According to Ludwig
et.al., (2003) urban waste usually consists mainly of organic material that can be
digested by microorganisms. The process of decomposition of organic matter by
fungi and bacteria will produce simple organic compounds. The final product of the
degradation process of organic material will produce CO2 and CH4, so that a pile of
garbage at the landfill waste is a source of greenhouse gas formation. Carbon
Dioxide and Methane gas that is formed respectively by comparison of the
composition ranges from 40% to 60%. Magnitude of this composition depends on the
presence of oxygen during the degradation process. Gaseous compounds produced
by decomposition of organic material in the landfill waste could potentially be the
cause of global climate change, are highly flammable, the source of the stench, the
cause of rust, so toxic to the human body and also cancer trigger. The concentration
of methane increased by 0.9% annually declared Strevett, et.al, (2002) is responsible
for 20% of the global greenhouse effect. On the other hand, with a citation and
proper management, methane is also a source of energy generation.
In addition to causing gas, waste at the solid waste disposal site will also
produce a liquid called leachate. Leachate as the result of the decomposition process
of organic material, mixturing by the run off the rain and the springs at the landfill
waste. These fluids are potential sources of contaminants to soil, surface water runoff
and shallow groundwater. The content of pollutants in the leachate can be classified
on dissolved organic material that is identified through the parameters COD and
BOD, including methane gas and volatile fatty acids, macro inorganic compounds
22
chloride, sulfate and Carbonate. The leachate also contained heavy metal content
such as Cadmium, Copper, Chrommium, Lead, Nickel and Zinc as well as organic
compounds in the form Xenbiotic Aromatic Carbon, Phenols and Hallogenated
Aliphatics. (Ludwig et.al., 2003).
Regulation number 18 of 2008 on Waste Management stated that the SWDS
is defined as the Place of Final Processing to process and return the trash to the
media of environment safely for humans and the environment. Based on the mandate
of this Law, the management of SWDS should pay attention to the issue of gas raised
in the decomposition of waste because it can degrade the quality of the environment.
In particular, article 20 paragraph (2) a and (2) d of Law No. 18 of 2008 has also
confirmed that for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions need to do research on
waste composition and dry matter content of the solid waste. Dry matter content of
organic components of waste will decomposed in the process of decomposition by
bacteria. In the process of decomposition will produce CH4 gas, as a greenhouse gas
component of the potential negative impact on climate change. Survey of activities to
make waste segregation in the form of grouping and separation of waste according to
the type, quantity, and/or the nature of waste is also an application of the provisions
outlined in the Law No. 18 year 2008 concerning in waste management.
In Article 20 paragraph (1) stated that the waste reduction activities include
restrictions on waste generation, waste recycling and/or recovery of waste. As a
continuation of efforts to reduce waste, then the Government must be able to set up a
waste reduction target gradually over a certain period, and apply a good
environmentally friendly technologies and activities for the utilization of waste by
23
activities and the content of the dry matter content of waste is an important
component of local for government of the City/Distrcit in building a waste
management and treatment system in accordance to Article 22 paragraph (1) Law no.
24 III. METHODOLOGY
1. Location Survey
a. Location Survey
Survey to determine the waste composition and dry matter content in the North
Sumatra conducted in Medan Metropolitan city and in Stabat city. Medan city
with an area of 265.1 km2 and population according to Medan in Numbers in
2010 was 2,121,053 peoples, supposed to represent Metropolitan cities. Stabat
is the capital of Langkat district has an area of 108.85 km2 and population
numbered 84,440 peoples serve as locations that represent a small town. Both
cities are set as the location of survey is included as a city in the assessment of
Adipura program. Medan city last won Adipura in 2006 and Stabat in 2010.
Based on the assessment criteria of the Ministry of Environment, who ever city
won Adipura that already has a good waste management system and supported
by the presence of SWDS which has also been well managed.
(1) SWDS Namo Bintang-Medan
As the capital city of North Sumatra, Medan which manages two SWDS in
Namo Bintang (176,392 m2) and Terjun-Marelan (137,563 m2). The survey
has been set out to do in SWDS Namo Bintang. SWDS Namo Bintang is
located ± 15 km southern city of Medan and including Deli Serdang
regency administration area with an area of 176,396 Ha. Operational of
SWDS Namo Bintang began in July 1987.
(2) SWDS Kuala Bingai-Stabat
Locations of survey in the Stabat city conducted at the Government
25
also called SWDS Kuala Bingai with an area of 2.5 ha. SWDS Kuala
Bingai-Stabat began operating in 2005. SWDS Kuala Bingai not only
receive waste from the City of Stabat, but also from the Berandan city
which is the nearest town to town in the region Stabat Langkat. Waste
from the Berandan City sent to SWDS Kuala Bingai landfill site is only
derived from market of Berandan City.
(3) SWDS Terjun-Marelan
Data of SWDS Terjun Marelan are being used as complement of the data
survey of solid waste anagement system in the city of Medan.. SWDS
Terjun Marelan has a weighbridge facility, so that the volume of landfill
waste that is received is measured based on the weight of waste
transported by vehicle transporters. SDWS Terjun Marelan operate
simultaneously with SWDS TPA Namo Bintang, but sometimes have to
accommodate all the waste of Medan, where SWDS Namo Bintang can
not be operated.
b. Source of Waste Managed in the Area of Survey
(1) Namo Bintang-Medan
Although located in the district of Deli Serdang, SWDS Namo Bintang is
owned and managed by the city Government of Medan. SWDS Namo
Bintang area receive waste from 15 of the 21 District in Medan. The total
area served by SWDS Namo Bintang and its population is as shown in
26
Table 1: Sources of Waste Managed at SWDS Namo Bintang
No. District Area (Km2) Number of
households Population
1. Medan Johor 14,58 27.918 116.220
2. Medan Amplas 14,58 26.503 115 156
3. Medan Denai 9,05 32.511 139.939
4. Medan Area 5,52 24.190 109.253
5. Medan City 5,27 19.526 84.292
6. Medan Tuntungan 20,68 20.249 70.073
7. Medan Maimun 2,98 10.576 57.859
8. Medan Polonia 9,01 10.977 53.427
9. Medan Selayang 12,81 21.122 85.678
10. Medan Sunggal 15,44 25.205 110.667
11. Medan Helvetia 13,16 30.824 145.376
12. Medan Petisah 6,82 15.326 68.120
13. Medan Baru 5,84 10.041 44.216
14. Medan Timur 7,76 28.803 113.874
27
(2) Kuala Bingai-Stabat
Accommodated by the landfill waste at Kuala Bingai that comes from the
Pangkalan Brandan market including from the District of Stabat Babalan with
solid waste from the market sources, housing, and offices in the city Stabat
(Table 2).
Table 2: Sources of Waste Managed at SWDS Kuala Bingai Stabat
No. District Area (Km2) Number of
households Population
1. Stabat 108,85 20.195 84.440
2. Babalan 76,41 64.764 64.764
Sources: Langkat in Numbers 2010
c. Transportation System
(1) Medan City
Transporting waste of Medan is done by using vehicle type Arm Roll,
Typper and Container. Medan City Government through the City Sanitation
Department of Medan City (Dinas Kebersihan) distributed waste transport
vehicle to sending waste to SWDS Namo Bintang using type of vehicle
Typper, the Arm Roll Container and Container with distribution area and
28
Table 3: Types and Number of Carrier using for Solid Waste Disposal Site Namo
Bintang
No. District Type of Vehicle Total Transporter
Volume (M3)
29
(2) Stabat City
Stabat transporting waste in the city are served by truck as many as 13 units
consisting of type Arm Roll, Dump Truck and Pick Up. Types of vehicles and
services for the City Stabat region as shown in Table 4:
Table 4: Types and Number of waste vehicle transport to SWDS Kwala Bingai
No. Village / District Type of Vehicle Total Transporter
Volume (M3)
1. New Stabat-Stabat Arm Roll 1 6
2. Kwala Bingai-Stabat Pick Up 1 3
3. Babalan-Brandan Timur Arm Roll 1 6
4. Perdamaian-Stabat Arm Roll 1 6
5. Kwala Bingai-Stabat Arm Roll 1 6
6. Perdamaian-Stabat Dump Truck 1 8
7. Kwala Bingai / Sidomulyo Dump Truck 1 8
8. Backup / Not Operating Dump Truck 6 -
Sources: Sanitation and City Landscape Department of Langkat Regency
d. Waste Management in the survey area of Medan and Stabat
Waste management in the survey area depends on the area of collection
services and waste load source. Stabat city that residents and activities a little
30
SWDS Kuala Bingai using the Open Dumping method, so as not to reveal any
installation of methane gas collector formed by the decomposition of waste.
Based on the source, Medan municipal waste can be divided into residential
and household waste, shops, offices, traditional markets and modern markets,
hotels, hospitals, arterial road, and main streets, industrial. Responsibility for
waste management tailored to the location of waste sources Medan. Sanitation
Department of Medan to manage domestic waste, residential, offices and
commercial areas. Market Office Department manages traditional market
waste. Public Works Department to manage waste in drainage channels,
including weeds and sediment. Sub-district level government officials (Camat)
and the village chief (Lurah) to manage waste in a residential area outside the
main streets, as well as private parties responsible for managing the waste from
their Real Estate.
31
Waste collection from residential areas, shops and offices are cited directly by
garbage trucks and transported directly to landfill. Another system is to use a
wheelbarrow to collect garbage or trash pedicab to the polls and then
transferred to a container or into the truck. Waste of a modern market, hotel
and hospital domestic waste collected by the managers in place of the
temporary garbage collection (TPS), transferred onto trucks for transport to
landfill. Waste from public roads pick up by outsourcing peoples from
Sanitation Department of Medan City by using a wheelbarrow and then
transferred onto trucks for transport to landfill.
Figure 3: Garbage Cart Waiting to be Unloaded Onto the Truck.
Waste from traditional markets collected using pedicab trash into container or
the garbage truck and then take to the landfill. Medan City Government also
32
"Ambulance Trash" to transport the garbage that has not been transported by
wheelbarrow, wheelbarrows and garbage pedicab.
Figure 4 : Garbage cart for collecting garbage from the source. Medan City
Government is conducting the replacement of the garbage pedicab
model whic is more effective and humane.
2. Survey Equipment Used In Survey Implementation
Implementation of the survey was conducted to determine the composition of
waste in the SWDS Namo Bintang in Medan and SWDS Kuala Bingai in Stabat,
which is then followed by determination of dry matter content in the laboratory of
the Provincial Environmental Biard of North Sumatra. The equipment used is
adapted to the purpose of the survey:
a. Type of Waste Composition Survey
Equipment used for the composition survey of waste consists of:
1) Waste Volume Estimator box the size of the volume of 250 liters
33
3) Scales maximum capacity of 100 Kg.
Figure 5: Box measuring waste by volume for the sample size of 250 liters (wooden box) and 1 m3 (iron box). On the back of the visible portion of work tent with size 6 x 8 meters.
34
4) Shovel for mixing waste to homogeneous samples.
5) Machete to reduce the sample size is too large.
6) Scissors in order to reduce the size of the sample to be tested in the drying
process for more homogeneous.
7) Safety equipment and health survey that consists of implementing a cap, shirt,
gloves, rain coats, masks, boots and a bench seat.
8) Paper bags and plastic binder labels to mark the type of waste.
9) Plastic garbage collector consists of several sizes to suit your needs and also
for packaging waste be brought to the laboratory.
10)Work Tents.
35 b. Survey of Dry Matter Content
Survey equipment for Dry Matter Contents are:
1. Drying Oven
Figure 9: Drying Oven brands Shibata, 20 amperes, 220 volts.
36
2. Digital Scale
Scales used in the weighing process dry matter content of waste are analytic
digital scales and technic digital scales. Analytic digital scales functioned when
dimensions of the container (bowl) to be weighed is smaller and can be inserted
into the box of scale. When the container is aluminium tray, then use the technical
digital scales. Ceramic bowl can be weighed by using digital scales analytically,
while the aluminium tray which dimensions larger than the ceramic bowl can not
be placed into the box of analytical scales.
37
3. Ceramic Bowls and Alluminium Tray
Figure 11 : Container dryer (bowls) of the ceramics were weighing by using digital scales analytically.
38
4. Desiccator
(5) Thermometer
(6) Hygrometer
(7) Registrar Tool
3. Sampling and Determining Procedures
a. Samples and Determining Type of Waste Composition
(1) Determination of Sample Population
Sample population determined by the number of vehicles that transporting
waste to SWDS Namo Bintang. Sample population also determined based
on vehicle type and services working areas. Sample population data
obtained from secondary data of Sanitation Department of Government Figure 13 : Desiccator for storing material to the material being tested keep in
39
Medan City, regarding the number and scope of work areas that operate
vehicles transporting waste to Namo Bintang landfill. Likewise, the data
on the number and types of vehicles transporting waste to SWDS Kuala
Bingai obtained from the Department of Sanitation City Landscape
Department of District Langkat Regency.
(2)Sampling and Measurement Volume
Sampling was carried out with the garbage quoting at random metode from
the transport vehicle to unload at the landfill. Samples taken are
dismantled and the new sample citations have not been carried out by
scavengers. Waste put in two or three plastic bags with a volume larger
than the required sample volume. Waste then put into a box measuring
volume and stirred for homogeneity process. Once homogeneous, the
sample was taken with the amount of volume in accordance to the number
of vehicles unload waste at the landfill. The volume of waste samples for
testing the composition of the waste that is taken on each SWDS is 1000
litres or 1 m3. Waste volume sample measurements using a wooden box
with a size of 250 litres.
(3)Determination of Waste Composition
Waste as much as 1000 litres of sample were separated manually by
workers. Each type of separately waste were put into separate plastic bags.
40
(i) Food
Type of food consisted of leftovers (rice, noodles, biscuits, bread,
etc.), wrap the food from the leaves, waste vegetables/fruits, fruit
skins, vegetable sticks, and others.
(ii) Paper, Paperboard and Nappies.
Paper, cardboard and nappies consist of newsprint, wrapping paper,
printed matter, books, cardboard, tampons, disposable diapers, tissue
paper, and the others.
(iii) Wood and Garden Waste
Wood and garden waste consists of used wood furniture, wooden
buildings (fences, frames, etc.), leaves, twigs/tree of the garden care,
maintenance yard, and others.
(iv) Fabrics and Products Textile
Fabrics and textile products consisting of used clothing, old blankets,
cotton waste, patchwork, wipes, mops, bags / shoes of cloth, mattress
/pillow marks and others.
(v) Rubber and Leather
Type of waste rubber and leather made up the rest of the foam rubber,
tires, rubber gloves, bags/shoes of rubber or leather, and others.
(vi) Plastic
This type of plastic waste from waste combined plastic bottles, plastic
packaging, bag crackle, plastic buckets, hangers and other articles of
41
(vii) Metal
Type of waste consisting of scrap metal tooling, older furniture, wire,
scrap metal, can (beverage cans), and others.
(viii) Glass
Trash is included in the group of glass is broken glass cups, plates and
ceramic items, glass bottles, lamps, and the other items of
glass/ceramics.
(ix) Other Waste Component
Other waste components consist of soil, ash, rocks, chunks of
buildings, used electronic goods, and others.
(4) Weighing Measurement of Waste Composition
Rubbish that has been sorted inserted into a plastic bag labeled according
to its type. Measurements carried out by weighing the weight of waste
plastic bag containing the waste using mechanical scales directly in the
site. Recording data done to get the weight of each type value of waste
results increments.
(5) Data Collection
Waste composition data for each survey location and time of the survey
collected and tabulated. The survey results are made in the form of tables
42
composition. The analysis was also conducted with secondary data survey
measuring waste landfill that uses the weight measurement system of
every truck that goes to landfill. Analyses were performed by taking into
account also the possibility of reducing the volume of waste by scavengers
which is still have economic value during the trasportation from its source
to unload at the landfill. Organic waste is a potential waste produces
greenhouse gases, so that further studies should be done to find out the dry
matter contents. Samples of each type of waste is reduced to a maximum
weight of 5 kg for waste sampled of dry matter content on laboratory
testing. The process of weight reduction is to reduce the sample tot reaches
5 Kg. done by quartering method.
(7) Presentation of Data
The data type of waste composition analysis results presented in narrative
form and equipped with tables and graphs to make easy to understanding
of results displayed. The results of the analysis is concluded as a basis for
policy consideration of greenhouse gas emission reductions from SWDS,
43
policy for the Sanitation Department of Medan City and Sanitation and
City Landscape and sanitation Department of Langkat Regency
b. Samples and Testing for Dry Matter Content of Waste
(1) Determination of Sample for Dry Matter Content
Testing for dry matter content of waste is a continuation of testing the
composition of waste, so that the sample used comes from the sample of
composition survey. From each sample of the composition of the waste taken
five (5) kilogram for dry matter content analysis in the laboratory. Sample
types of waste that weights less than five kilogram, directly used as samples
for analyzing dry matter content. Samples weighing more than five kilograms
reduced by doing quartering. The quartering treatment meant to obtain a more
representative sample for testing dry content. Quartering procedure performed
at the landfill and laboratory are in the following step:
(i) Samples that have weighed more than five kilograms of stirring,
relatively homogeneous.
(ii) Stirring waste was divided into four part. Two of the selected portion and
two others portion aside. The same process is done repeatedly, in order to
obtain the sample weight reaches five kilogram, then put in sealed plastic
bag to be brought to the laboratory.
(iii) Quartering process is repeated in the laboratory to obtain waste samples
weighing 1 (one) kilogram. Samples reduced in size using a knife and
scissors and stirred until homogeneous. Some of these samples used for
44
Figure 14: Principles of quartering procedure to obtain a sample of 5 kg to be tested in the laboratory.
( 2) Testing for dry Matter Content
Determining for dry matter content carried out by releasing the content of
water of the waste to meet unknown content of dryness levels. The
treatment releases the water content is done by heating the sample in the
oven or let the samples in open space. Trial activities get value of dry matter
content of the waste done at the Laboratory of Provincial Environmental
Board of North Sumatra Province. The procedure apllied to obtain the
content of the dry matter is done using by three methods:
(i) Container of the sSample in the form of ceramic bowl weighed in
empty condition. The sample is inserted into the ceramic bowl and
then weighed again to determine the weight of the sample. The sample
is heated at a temperature of 105 0 C. Preheating performed for two
hours, then measured the sample weight change. During the final results are used as
45
subsequent heating process carried out measurements of the sample
weight change every hour. Heating was stopped after the sample
weight becomes stable. The water content is removed from the sample
is calculated from the initial weight of the sample and the ceramic
bowl cup before drying and sample in the ceramic bowl after the
drying process minus the weigh of ceramic bowl.
(ii) The sample is inserted into an alluminium tray which has been
weighed. Samples and alluminium containers were weighed again to
determine the weight of the sample to be dried. The sample is inserted
into the oven and then heated at a temperature of 85 0C for 2 hours.
Measurement of weight after heating for two hours. Measurements to
determine the next sample weight every eight hours during three days
of testing process. Determination of moisture content have removed
from the sample, is calculated from the initial weight and the sample
of alluminium container reduced after heating.
(iii) The sample is inserted into an aluminum container that has been
weighed, then to be weighed again to find out the sample weight
entered. The sample is placed in the open air. Weight measurements
were conducted every day for twenty calendar days of drying process.
During the drying process were recorded air humidity (Rh) and room
temperature (T). The measurement results are recorded and in tabular form
46 4. Data Processing and Analysis
Waste composition data for each survey location and time of the survey was
presented in the table of dry matter contain of waste. Data processing is done by
making comparisons of data obtained and associated with composition of type of
solid waste. Each comparison results shown in tables and graphs to mske easy
understand of the results and analysis. The value of dry matter content as the
result of survey shown of organic material in the waste as a material that has the
potential to generate greenhouse gas emissions. The higher content of dry
organic matter content, the higher its potential to generate greenhouse gas
47 IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
1. Schedule For Conducting Survey
Waste composition survey and analysis for dry matter content of solid waste
is a series of activities of supporting data collection, preparation and implementation
field survey conducted by following schedule as presented in the following table:
Table 5: Schedule for waste composition survey and dry matter content survey
No Activities Date Location
1. Supporting Data Collection and Field Preparation October 10-17, 2011 Medan- Stabat
2. Trial survey of waste composition October 18, 2011 Namo Bintang
3. Waste composition survey October 19, 2011 Namo Bintang
4. Waste composition survey October 20, 2011 Kwala Bingai
5. Determining of Dry Matter
Content October 21-24, 2011 BLH Laboratory
6. Data retrieval for solid waste correction data November 01, 2011 Namo Bintang
8 Preparation for Second Field
Survey December 08-10, 2011 Medan- Stabat
7. Waste Composition Survey December 12, 2011 Kwala Bingai
8. Waste Composition Survey December 13, 2011 Namo Bintang
9. Determining of Dry Matter Content
December 14, 2011 -
48
a. Taking the supporting data and field preparation
Supporting data is necessary for survey activities including solid waste
disposal site, land area, operating history, management, system management,
facilities and landfill infrastructure, waste services and service system by the
government of Medan City and Langkat District. Retrieval for supporting
data conducted by direct visit to Departemen of Saniotation Medan City and
the Department of Sanitation and Landscape of Langkat District. It also
intended to convey the technical implementation of survey plan, and at the
same time asks administrative support about planning of survey activities
from Government of Medan City and Langkat District.
Field preparation is primarily intended for determination of research location
and establish the field tents as well as supply field worker for survey
activities. Part time workers needed to pick up the solid waste and conducts
sorting also measuring volume and weight of solid waste. The survey
conducted by involving 10 (ten) part time worker, and for 4 (four) times of
survey about 40 (forty) person was elected from local landfill scavengers.
Specially for field worker sorting the solid waste from market also involved
ten persons. Beside involvement of part time workers in this activity also
needed SWDS foreman and supervisor staff for installing and monitoring the
equipment used such as tents, iron boxes, wooden boxes and others.
b. Implementation of Waste Composition Survey
Implementation of waste composition survey conducted in SWDS is four
49
for two times; first in SWDS Namo Bintang and the second in SWDS Kwala
Bingai - Stabat. Time difference was intended to get the survey results
represent in rainy and dry season. Waste composition survey conducted in
SWDS Namo Bintang engaging staff of BLH and also attended by the Head
of Environmental Board for North Sumatra Province, Dr. Ir. Hj. Hidayati,
M.Si. In the implementation of second survey (December 13, 2011) at SWDS
Namo Bintang, also conducted a survey to find about market contribute in
waste composition especially in Medan City. Each activity of waste
composition survey directly involves Hiroyuki Ueda and Jun Marukawa from
JICA also Rias from ITB.
c. Determining for dry matter content of solid waste
Determining for dry matter content performed in laboratory BLH North
Sumatra Province. Procedure of technical testing follows the guidelines that
have been determined according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) 2006 with the supervisor team from ITB and also direct
supervising by Kosuke Kawai, Ph.D - the Center for Material Cycles and
Waste Management National Institute for Environmental Research Studies
(NIES) Japan.
2. Location of Waste Composition Survey
Location of waste composition survey conducted at two SWDS that was deemed
represented the city where solid waste handled by local goverment. JICA sets the
location of field research in SWDS Namo Bintang and SWDS Kwala Bingai -
50
a. SWDS Namo Bintang
SWDS Namo Bintang located ± 15 km in southern city of Medan with wavy
contour and surrounding land used as agricultural land. The method applied
to the open dumping landfill led almost entire land area of 17.6 ha like a
valley that full contain of waste with a height ± 30 meters for years ago.
Technically, the landfill in Namo Bintang is not equipped with the liquid
management system and gas treatment. Runoff of rain water that eventually
wash the landfill finally causes variety of contaminants. The decomposition
process of waste occurs as aerobic and anaerobic. Process of anaerobic
waste decomposition which releases CH4 gas to the air by volume has never
been measured.
51 b. SWDS Kwala Bingai
SWDS Kwala Bingai covering 2.5 ha using open dumping method and no
treatment system for methane gas produce from anaerobic decomposition
process. SWDS Kwala Bingai are in the middle of palm oil plantations area
and far from community resident and activity.
Figure 16: SWDS Kwala Bingai in the middle area of palm oil plantation.
3. Condition of Medan Waste Management
To accommodate waste activities of citizens, government of Medan City has
been operate the SWDS Terjun - Marelan and SWDS Namo Bintang. SWDS
Namo Bintang accommodates waste from citizens who lived in the southern of
Medan city and SWDS Terjun to the activities of citizens in the northern of
Medan city. Both of SWDS has been operated simultaneously, except for certain
cases only one SWDS operated to accommodate all of waste in the Medan City.
52
volume of vehicles, while SWDS Terjun facilitated by weight bridge when solid
waste entering the transport vehicle.
Medan City Sanitation Department has been distributed the vehicle for each
SWDS that are 9 Container, and 63 Typper for SWDS Terjun and 4 Arm Rool, 8
Container and 97 Typper for SWDS Namo Bintang. Solid waste carrying
capacity for Typper type is ± 2.5 tons and ± 3.5 tons for container. Based on
Medan City Sanitation Department in 2011, the incoming amount of waste and
the number of vehicles operated in SWDS Terjun is as the following table:
Table 6: Working condition in SWDS Terjun - Marelan 2011
No. Month Total of
Grand Total 65.278 194.503.397
Sources: Department of Sanitation Medan (SWDS Terjun) 2011
The data shows that SWDS Terjun Marelan obtained an average daily waste by 400
53
tons of incoming waste. Medan Sanitation Department in September 2011, operates
157 vehicles carrying waste to SWDS Terjun Marelan by the number 8,912; of trip
an average of 1.8 trips per vehicle per day to operate. The waste volume
accommodated by SWDS Terjun Marelan every day is 857 tons. Under these
conditions could be obtained the fact of average per trip vehicle carrying 2,885 Kg of
solid waste. Vehicles to be operated reached 86.7% from the total amount of waste
transport vehicles that registered as asset of Medan City Government.
If municipal solid waste production estimated around 1200 tons per day, then during
the transport vehicle operating conditions reach 86.7% of all managed by goverment,
it was transported about 71.41% of waste produced in Medan. A part that was not
transported spreaded on the road, entering ditch or spreads foul smell on
environment. Based on information obtained from te worker, SWDS Namo Bintang
was not operated due to heavy equipment was damaged.
On October SWDS Namo Bintang operates 112 units of transport vehicle. SWDS
Terjun obtaines waste that was transported by 63 unit transport vehicle. In October
transport vehicle operated by Medan city government is 175 units. In November and
December heavy equipment at SWDS Namo Bintang was damaged. The burden of
municipal solid waste sent to SWDS Terjun by operating vehicles in November as
many as 150 units and 147 units in December. Amount of trip is 7.826 in November
and 5.837 trip in December. By this time, amount of waste obtained by SWDS
Terjun is 794 ton/day in November and 662 tons in December. These data suggest
that some region were not served so well caused by consequences of the city coming
54
Figure 17: Trucks carrying the solid waste were being weighted at SWDS Terjun
4. Waste Composition Survey
a. Source of waste and sample volume
Implementation of waste composition survey in SWDS Namo Bintang using
the same method in Kwala Bingai . Samples taken from each of the transport
vehicle and considered to represent of service areas. Volume of samples taken
for each SWDS is 1000 litres. Samples taken from each truck is proportional
to the number of vehicles coming to SWDS. Volume of samples taken from
each vehicle and its service area to SWDS Namo Bintang and Kwala Bingai
55
Table 7: Volume of samples from the waste transport vehicle of SWDS Namo Bintang represents the source of region.
56 Bingai - Stabat represents the source region.
57
b. Waste composition sampling procedures
(1) Sampling
Samples were taken from the waste transport vehicle when unloading solid
waste in SWDS. Sampling was carried out before any collect by scavengers.
Solid waste collection activities and put into plastic bag was directed and
supervised by instructors from ITB team. Solid waste was picked up by field
workers and put in a plastic bag. Volume of waste that was taken two to three
times of volume required. Samples of plastic bag put into a wooden box
within 250 liters of capacity and stirred until homogeneous relatively. After
homogenized, sample is reduced out the volume until left in the box
according to need of survey volume (see Table 7 and Table 8).
58
When survey conducted in October, sample of waste from vehicle transport
collected first into the iron box until the capacity of volume is 1000 liters.
After reaching 1000 litres, the solid waste separated to 9 type of waste
components by field worker that have a task for sorting. Implementing
survey in December, the sample was not collected again until 1000 liters.
After getting volume based on the source (20 until 90 liters for each vehicle
entered to SWDS Namo Bintang, and 100 until 200 liters for vehicle entered
to SWDS Kwala Bingai), solid waste directly separate by the component of
waste. On survey in December, the iron box with capacity of 1 m3 wasn’t
used anymore. This method saving the time for waste separation.
Figure 19: Solid waste inserted to measuring box with 1000 litter volume by 250 litter measuring box of volume capacity
2) Sorting of samples
Based on guidelines set up by JICA and ITB, the samples are divided
59
garden waste, clothes and textile products, rubber and leather, plastic,
metal, glass and other waste component. During survey in October, the
type of waste such as paper, cardboard and nappies are considered as
one group, but for the survey conducted in December; paper, cardboard
and nappies was separated. This separation is according to IPCC
Guidelines 2006. Waste combination of two or more components such
as shoe that consists of rubber and clothes, electrical cable consisting of
rubber and metal components were separated first. Other waste
components in October survey categorized as "waste components that
were not considered included in existing waste component".
Implementation in December survey, the other component was
expressed as a residual waste which has very small dimension, so it was
difficult to separate the by type of waste sources. Sorting is based on the
content of organic and anorganic. The sorting worker separates waste
by its type and put them into a plastic bag that has been labeled.
