ISBN 979-96096-0-7
A N T IS IP A S I P E N E R A P A N
TRADE BARRIER
O L E H N E G A R A M A J U
P A D A P E R D A G A N G A N
P R O D U K M IN Y A K S A W IT
MASYARAKAT PERKELAPA-SAWITAN INDONESIA
( M A K S I )
SUSUNAN PANITIA SEMINAR
P A N IT IA P E N G A R A H :
K e t u a : P r o f . D r . T ie n R . M u c h t a d i S e k r e t a r is : D r . P u r w iy a t n o H a r iy a d i
A n g g o t a : D r .lr . A g u s P a k p a h a n ( D ir je n b u n )
Ir . Y a m in R a c h m a n ( D ir In d u s t r i M a k a n a n D e p p e r in d a g ) Ir . B a s u k i, M S ( K e p a la U P B P )
P A N IT IA P E L A K S A N A :
K e t u a W a k il S e k r e t a r ia t
D r . P u r w iy a t n o H a r iy a d i D r . S la m e t B u d ija n t o D r . T r i P a n ji D r . A n i S u r y a n i D r . H a r t r is a r i
Dr. Darmono
T a n iw ir y o n oN A R A S U M B E R :
1 . K e p a la P S P G IP B 2 . K e p a la P A U H a y a t i IP B 3 . K e p a la P A U B io t e k n o lo g i IP B 4 K e p a la P A U B io t e k n o lo g i U G M 5 K e p a la P A U P a n g a n d a n G iz i U G M 6 . K e p a la P P A U B io t e k n o lo g i IT B 7 . K e p a la P P A U H a y a t i IT B 8 . K e p a la P P K S M e d a n 9 K e p a la P S P IP B
KATA PENGANTAR
S a la h s a tu k e k a y a a n a la m In d o n e s ia y a n g m e r u p a k a n s u m b e r
d e v is a n e g a r a a d a la h k e la p a s a w it d a n p r o d u k - p r o d u k o la h a n n y a . K a r e n a
itu . s u d a h s e la y a k n y a b a h w a u p a y a u n tu k m e m e lih a r a d a n
m e n g e m b a n g k a n k e k a y a a n te r s e b u t te r u s m e n e r u s d ila k u k a n d e n g a n
s u n g g u h - s u n g g u h
S e b a g a i k o m o d ita s p e r d a g a n g a n in te r n a s io n a l p r o d u k k e la p a s a w it
m e n g h a d a p i p e r s a in g a n y a n g tid a k r in g a n d a r i p r o d u k - p r o d u k s e je n is .
D a la m k a s u s m in y a k s a w it, p r o d u k m in y a k k e d e la i, ja g u n g d a n c a n o la
m e r u p a k a n p e s a in g - p e s a in g u ta m a U n tu k b is a m e m e n a n g i p e r s a in g a n
y a n g k e r a s itu . m a k a p e r lu d iu p a y a k a n k e g ia ta n - k e g ia ta n p r o m o s i.
a d v o k a s i d a n p u b lik a s i: te r u ta m a u n tu k m e m b a n g u n im a g e ( c itr a ) d a n
p e r s e p s i y a n g b a ik m e n g e n a i k e la p a s a w it.
C itr a d a n p e r s e p s i d a r i a s p e k k e s e h a ta n d a n lin g k u n g a n s a n g a t
m e w a r n a i p e r s a in g a n p e r d a g a n g a n s a a t in i. D a la m b e b e r a p a
k e s e m p a ta n , m in y a k s a w it d a n p r o d u k o la h a n n y a s e r in g d ic a p ( o le h
p e s a in g ) s e b a g a i p r o d u k y a n g k u r a n g b a ik b a g i k e s e h a ta n d a n
lin g k u n g a n . H a i in i te n tu n y a tid a k b e n a r d a n k a r e n a itu la h m a k a p e r lu
d ilu r u s k a n T id a k h a n y a itu . fa k ta k e u n g g u la n m in y a k s a w it y a n g la in , y a n g
tid a k d ip u n y a i o le h m in y a k la in n y a . b a ik a s p e k k e s e h a ta n m a u p u n
lin g k u n g a n , p e r tu d ito n jo lk a n .
D a la m k e r a n g k a itu la h m a k a M a s y a r a k a t P e r k e la p a s a w ita n
In d o n e s ia ( M A K S I) m e n y e le n g g a r a k a n s e m in a r d e n g a n te m a 'A n tis ip a s i
P e n e r a p a n T ra d e B a rrie r o le h N e g a r a M a ju p a d a P e r d a n g a n P r o d u k
M in y a k S a w it" S e m in a r y a n g d is e le n g g a r a k a n p a d a ta n g g a i 2 9 M a r e t
2 0 0 0 te s e b u t d ih a d ir i o le h b e r b a g a i k a la n g a n p e r k e la p a s a w ita n . b a ik itu
p e n g a m b il k e b ija k a n . H a s il y a n g te la h d ic a p a i p a d a s e m in a r in i s a n g a t
p e n tin g te r u ta m a s e b a g a i p e la ja r a n , d a n k a r e n a itu p e r lu d is e b a r lu a s k a n
k e p a d a m a s y a r a k a t. K a r e n a a la s a n itu la h m a k a p r o s id in g y a n g d ib e r i ju d u l
s e s u a i d e n g a n te m a s e m in a r in i d ite r b itk a n H a r a p a n n y a a d a la h b a h w a
p e n e r b ita n in i d a p a t m e n g g u g a h m a s y a r a k a t lu a s , u m u m n y a . d a n
k h u s u s n y a m a s y a r a k a t p e r k e fa p a s a w ita n In d o n e s ia , u n tu k d a p a t
m e n y u s u n la n g k a h - la n g k a h s tr a te g is g u n a m e n g a n tis ip a s i p e r s a in g a n
p e r d a g a n g a n p r o d u k m in y a k s a w it d i m a s a m e n d a ta n g .
U p a y a u n tu k m e n g u r a n g i k e s a la h a n , te r u ta m a k e s a la h a n d a la m
p e n g e tik a n te la h d ila k u k a n d e n g a n b a ik . N a m u n , jik a m a s ih te r d a p a t
k e s a la h a n , b a ik k e s a la h a n p e n g e tik a n a ta u p u n k e s a la h a n la in n y a . k a m i
m o h o n m a a f.
S e m o g a p r o s id in g in i b e r m a n fa a t.
E d ito r .
T a n ta n g a n P e n e r a p a n T r a d e B a r r ie r d a la m P e r d a g a n g a n
In te n r a s io n a l M in y a k S a w it d a n S tr a te g i P e n a n g g u la n g a n n y a
P u s a t P e n e lit ia n K e la p a S a w it 7 9 T h e T r u th in L a b e lin g : S a tu r a te d F a tty A c id M u s t B e S e p a r a te d
fr o m T r a n s F a tty A c id
M A K S I d a n P P K S 9 0 K e b ija k a n In te g r a tif A g r o in d u s tr i K e la p a S a w it A n tis ip a s i
P e n e r a p a n T ra d e B a rrie r P r o d u k K e la p a S a w it
SAMBUTAN
K e t u a P a n it ia S e m in a r
Y a n g te r h o r m a t B a p a k M e n te r i K e h u ta n a n d a n P e r k e b u n a n R ! B a p a k D r .
N u r m a h m u d i Is m a il
Y a n g te r h o r m a t B a p a k D itje n P e r k e b u n a n . D e p h u tb u n . B a p a k D r A g u s
P a k p a h a n
Y a n g te r h o r m a t B a p a k D ir je n K L IP I. D e p p e r in d a g . a ta u y a n g m e w a k ili
Y a n g te r h o r m a t p a d a a n g g o ta M A K S I
B a p a k /ib u ilm u w a n , p e n e liti, p r a k tis i, p e g ia t d a n p e m in a t b id a n g
p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n In d o n e s ia
A s s a la m u a la ik u m W r W b
P u ji d a n s y u k u r k ita p a n ja tk a n k e p a d a A lla h S W T b a h w a p a d a h a r i
in i k ita d ib e r i r a h m a t s e h a t d a n k e s e m p a ta n u n tu k m e n g h a d ir i s e m in a r in i.
P e r k e n a n k a n la h k a m i, s e b a g a i p a n itia p e la k s a n a u n tu k m e la p o r k a n
b e b e r a p a h a l m e n g e n a i s e m in a r in i.
S e m in a r in i m e n g a m b il te m a 'A n tis ip a s i P e n e ra p a n T ra d e B a rrie r
o le h N e g a r a M a ju te r h a d a p P r o d u k M in y a k S a w it" . T e m a in i'd ip ilih a ta s
d a s a r k o n d is i y a n g m e m a k s a , y a itu k h u s u s n y a d ip ic u o le h d r a ft p e la b e la n
m a k a n a n y a n g b a r u . y a n g d is u s u n o le h U S F D A .
K a m i M A K S I m e n ila i b a h w a d r a ft p e r a tu r a n p e la b e la n m a k a n a n
y a n g b a r u in i d i d e s a in d a n d is u s u n d e n g a n k e s a d a r a n p e n u h u n tu k
m e lin d u n g i p r o d u k A m e r ik a ( y a itu m in y a k k e d e la i d a n p r o d u k - p r o d u k n y a )
d a n s e k a lig u s m e n y e r a n g d a n m e m o jo k k a n p r o d u k n e g a r a la in ,
k h u s u s n y a m in y a k s a w it d a n p r o d u k - p r o d u k n y a P r o p o s a l te r b a r u o le h U S
d ik a itk a n d e n g a n s a tu r a te d fa t s e c a r a la n g s u n g d a n tid a k la n g s u n g a k a n
m e r u g ik a n tro p ic a l o il ( m in y a k s a w it d a n m in y a k k e la p a ) d a n p r o d u k -
p r o d u k y a n g m e n g g u n a k a n n y a . S a y a n g n y a b a r u s e d ik it k a la n g a n d i
In d o n e s ia y a n g m e n y a d a r i a k a n h a l in i P a d a p e r te n g a h a n J a n u a r i. P u s a t
P e n e litia n K e la p a S a w it M e d a n d a n M A K S I d i b a w a h k o o r d in a s i D ir e k to r a t
J e n d e r a l P e r k e b u n a n . D e p h u tb u n te la h m e la k u k a n d a n m e n y u s u n p e tis i
k e b e r a ta n p e n y a tu a n tra n s d e n g a n s a tu ra te d fa t s e b a g a im a n a d iu s u lk a n
o le h U S F D A . D ir a s a k a n b a h w a p ih a k s w a s ta k u r a n g b e r p a r tis ip a s i p a d a
k e g ia ta n te r s e b u t H a l in i k e m u n g k in a n k a r e n a b e lu m d is a d a r in y a fo o d
la b e llin g te r s e b u t te r h a d a p in d u s tr i d a n p e r d a g a n g a n k e la p a s a w it.
K a r e n a itu la h , m a k a M A K S I m e la lu i s e m in a r in i b e r u p a y a u n tu k
m e n g a ja k s e m u a p o te n s i d a n p e g ia t m in y a k s a w it In d o n e s ia u n tu k
b e r s a m a - s a m a m e m b ic a r a k a n d a n m e n ja w a b p e r s o a la n y a n g m e n d e s a k
te r s e b u t. T id a k h a n y a itu . k a m i ju g a m e n g h a r a p k a n p a r a p e g ia t m in y a k
s a w it in i. b a ik d a r i p e m e r in ta h . p e r g u r u a n tin g g i. p e n e liti, d a n p r a k tis i
in d u s tr i d a p a t b e r s a m a - s a m a u n tu k m e lih a t ja u h k e d e p a n , m e n g a n tis ip a s i
k e m u n g k in a n d ite r a p k a n tra d e b a rrie r o le h n e g a r a la in , b a g i p r o d u k
u n g g u la n k ita , y a itu m in y a k s a w it.
S e m in a r in i d ip e r s ia p k a n o le h p a n itia M A K S I s e la m a s e k ita r 1 ,5
b u la n K e p a d a a n g g o ta p a n itia . y a n g te la h m e m p e r s ia p k a n s e m in a r in i
k a m i m e n g u c a p k a n te r im a k a s ih . S e m in a r in i d ih a d ir i s e k ita r 1 0 0 p e s e r ta ,
b a ik d a r i k a la n g a n p e n g a m b il k e b ija k a n , p e n e liti. P T . p r a k tis i d a n
p e n g a m a t s a w it n a s io n a l. S e m o g a s e m in a r d a p a t b e r k o n tr ib u s i m e n ja w a b
ta n ta n g a n y a n g d ih a d a p i p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n n a s io n a l k ita .
T id a k lu p a ju g a m e n g u c a p k a n te r im a k a s ih p a d a s e m u a p ih a k y a n g
m e m b a n tu te r la k s a n a n y a s e m in a r in i. U c a p a n te r im a k a s ih s e c a r a
la n g s u n g ju g a k a m i k a m i s a m p a ik a n k e p a d a D e p h u tb u n k h u s u s n y a B a p a k
M e n te r i K e h u ta n a n d a n P e r k e b u n a n R I d a n B a p a k D ir je n P e r k e b u n a n ,
K e p a d a p a r a s p o n s o r , y a itu P T In d o fo o d S u k s e s M a k m u r P T In ti
B o g a S e ja h te r a . P T S m a r t C o o r p o r a tio n d a n P T P N V , p a n itia
m e n y a m p a ik a n p e n g h a r g a a n d a n b a n y a k te r im a k a s ih .
A k h ir n y a . k e p a d a B a p a k M e n te r i, k a m i m o h o n p a d a s a a tn y a n a n ti
d a p a t k ir a n y a b e r k e n a n m e m b e r ik a n s a m b u ta n d a n k e y n o te s p e a k s e r ta
s e k a lig u s m e m b u k a s e c a r a r e s m i s e m in a r in i.
J ik a te r d a p a t k e k u r a n g a n d a n k e s a la h a n y a n g b e r k a ita n d e n g a n
p e n y e le n g g a r a a n s e m in a r in i, k a m i p a n itia p e la k s a n a m o h o n m a a f.
S e la m a t m e n g ik u ti s e m in a r , s e m o g a d is k u s i y a n g b e r k e m b a n g d a p a t
b e r m a n fa a t b a g i d u n ia s a w it In d o n e s ia .
B illa h ita u fik W a l H id a y a h W a s s a la m u a la ik u m W R . W b .
K e tu a P a n itia P e la k s a n a
SAMBUTAN
K e t u a U m u m M a s y a r a k a t P e r k e la p a - s a w it a n In d o n e s ia ( M A K S I)
Y a n g te r h o r m a t B a p a k M e n te r i K e h u ta n a n d a n P e r k e b u n a n R I B a p a k D r ,
N u r m a h m u d i Is m a il
Y a n g te r h o r m a t B a p a k D ir je n P e r k e b u n a n . D e p h u tb u n . B a p a k D r A g u s
P a k p a h a n
Y a n g te r h o r m a t B a p a k D ir je n K L IP 1 , D e p p e r in d a g . a ta u y a n g m e w a k ili
Y a n g te r h o r m a t p a d a a n g g o ta M A K S I
B a p a k /ib u ilm u w a n , p e n e liti, p r a k tis i, p e g ia t d a n p e m in a t b id a n g
p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n In d o n e s ia
A s s a la m u a la ik u m W r W b
P u ji d a n s y u k u r k ita p a n ja tk a n k e p a d a A lla h S W T b a h w a p a d a h a r i
in i k ita d ib e r i r a h m a t s e h a t d a n k e s e m p a ta n u n tu k m e n g h a d ir i s e m in a r in i.
K e la p a s a w it m e r u p a k a n m e r u p a k a n k o m o d ita s u n g g u la n y a n g
m e m p u n y a i k o n tr ib u s i p e n tin g d a la m p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i p a d a
u m u m n y a d a n d a la m p e m b a n g u n a n a g r o in d u s tr i d i In d o n e s ia p a d a
k h u s u s n y a . P a d a ta h u n 1 9 9 6 lu a s p e r k e b u n a n k e la p a s a w it d i In d o n e s ia
s e k ita r 2 ju ta h a , d e n g a n tin g k a t p r o d u k s i k e d u a te r b e s a r d i d u n ia s e te la h
M a la y s ia . P a d a ta h u n 2 0 1 0 lu a s p e r k e b u n a n k e la p a s a w it d ip r o y e k s ik a n
m e n c a p a i 7 ju ta h a , s e h in g g a d ih a r a p k a n In d o n e s ia a k a n m e n ja d i n e g a r a
p e n g h a s il m in y a k s a w it te r b e s a r d i d u n ia .
D a la m r a n g k a m e n c a p a i p r o y e k s i d a n m e n g a n tis ip a s i p r o d u k s i
m in y a k s a w it y a n g a k a n b e r lim p a h , d ip e r lu k a n k e r ja s a m a y a n g b a ik a n ta r a
p a r a p e n e liti, p e m in a t, p e m e r h a ti d a n p e la k u , b a ik d a r i k a la n g a n
s w a s ta u n tu k p e n g e m b a n g a n p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n d i In d o n e s ia . H a l in i
p e n tin g u n tu k m e n ja m in k e b e r la n ju ta n p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n d i In d o n e s ia :
s e c a r a te r p a d u d a r i s e k to r h u lu s a m p a i s e k to r h ilir D e n g a n d e m ik ia n
d ih a r a p k a n s u s ta in a b ilita s p r o d u k s i d a p a t te r ja m in d a n n ila i ta m b a h
in d u s tr i h ilir p e n g o la h a n k e la p a s a w it d a p a t d in ik m a ti o le h b a n g s a
In d o n e s ia .
M e n y a d a r i h a l te r s e b u t, a ta s p r a k a r s a 7 P A U B io s a in s ( P A U
B io te k n o lo g i IT B P A U llm u H a y a ti IT B P A U P a n g a n d a n G iz i U G M P A U
B io te k n o lo g i U G M P A U P a n g a n d a n Giz i IP B . P A U B io te k n o lo g i IP B . P A U
llm u H a y a t IP B ) . P u s a t S tu d i P e m b a n g u n a n IP B d a n P u s a t P e n e litia n
K e la p a S a w it M e d a n : p a r a p a k a r k e la p a s a w it m e n g a n g g a p p e r lu
b e r h im p u n d a la m s u a tu p a g u y u b a n /w a d a h o r g a n is a s i. m a k a d ib e n tu k la h
M a s y a r a k a t P e r k e la p a - s a w ita n In d o n e s ia ( M A K S I) y a n g b e r a z a s k a n
P a n c a s ila d a n U n d a n g - u n d a n g D a s a r 1 9 4 5 .
T u ju a n u ta m a o r g a n is a s i in i a d a la h m e n c ip ta k a n k e te r p a d u a n
p e n g e lo la a n s u m b e r d a y a . p r o g r a m d a n g e r a k la n g k a h d a r i b e r b a g a i p ih a k
y a n g b e r k ip r a h d i b id a n g p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n s e h in g g a p r o d u k s i d a n n ila i
ta m b a h s is te m a g r ib is n is k e la p a s a w it d a p a t d in ik m a ti o le h r a k y a t
In d o n e s ia s e m a k s im a l m u n g k in . S e la in itu ju g a m e n ja d i w a d a h k e r ja s a m
y a n g s a lin g m e n g u n tu n g k a n a n ta r a p e la k u p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n In d o n e s ia
p e m e r in ta h , s w a s ta , p e r g u r u a n tin g g i d a n p e la k u la in n y a ) d a r i h u lu
s a m p a i h ilir . b a g i k o m o d ita s u n g g u la n k e la p a s a w it In d o n e s ia .
Ru a n g lin g k u p k e r ja M A K S I a d a la h : m e n g h im p u n .
m e n g k o o r d in a s ik a n . m e n g e m b a n g k a n d a n m e m p r o m o s ik a n s e m u a
k e g ia ta n y a n g b e r k a ita n d e n g a n p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n . U n tu k m e n c a p a i
tu ju a n te r s e b u t, k e g ia ta n M A K S I m e n c a k u p :
• In v e n ta r is a s i d a n d o k u m e n ta s i k a r y a - k a r y a ilm ia h . la p o r a n
p e r k e m b a n g a n in d u s tr i d a n te k n o lo g i s e r ta k in e r ja in s titu s i d i b id a n g
• M e n ja d i w a d a h /m e n g u s a h a k a n k e r ja s a m a y a n g s e r a s i a n ta r a p e la k u
p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n ( p e m e r in ta h , s w a s ta , p e r g u r u a n tin g g i. litb a n g
p e m e r in ta h d a n p e la k u la in n y a ) u n tu k p e n g e m b a n g a n p e r k e la p a -
s a w ita n d a r i h u lu s a m p a i h ilir k e r ja s a m a p e n e litia n d a n
p e n g e m b a n g a n , p e la tih a n , k o n s u lta s i d a n s e b a g a in y a
• M e n y e d ia k a n m e d ia ( s e p e r ti s e m in a r , p e n e r b ita n , d is k u s i) u n tu k
m e n y a m p a ik a n p e n d a p a t, k a r y a ilm ia h d a n d is k u s i ilm ia h d i b id a n g
p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n d a n ilm u - ilm u y a n g te r k a it e r a t d e n g a n
p e r k e m b a n g a n p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n
• M e n g u s a h a k a n k e r ja s a m a d e n g a n p e rh im p u n a n -p e rh im p u n a n ilm ia h
d a n p r o fe s i y a n g r e le v a n b a ik d i d a la m m a u p u n d i lu a r n e g e r i
• M e n y a m p a ik a n m a s u k a n k e p a d a p e m e r in ta h d a la m m e n e n tu k a n a r a h
p e m b a n g u n a n p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n d i In d o n e s ia
• B e r p e r a n a k tif d a la m m e m b e r ik a n s a r a n ilm ia h u n tu k m e n g a ta s i
m a s a la h - m a s a la h d a la m p e n g e m b a n g a n p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n d i
In d o n e s ia .
A k h ir n y a k e p a d a s e lu r u h a n g g o ta p a n itia k a m i m e n g u c a p k a n te r im a
k a s ih a ta s k e r ja k e r a s n y a s e h in g g a s e m in a r in i d a p a t te r la k s a n a d e n g a n
b a ik
S e la m a t m e n g ik u ti s e m in a r .
B illa h ita u fik W a l H id a y a h W a s s a la m u a la ik u m W R . W b .
K e tu a U m u m M A K S I
SAMBUTAN
M e n t e r i K e h u t a n a n d a n P e r k e b u n a n , R e p u b lik In d o n e s ia P a d a P e m b u k a a n S e m in a r
“ A n t is ip a s i P e n e r a p a n
Trade Barrier
o le h N e g a r a M a ju p a d a P e r d a n g a n P r o d u k M in y a k S a w it ”S a u d a r a K e tu a M a k s i:
S a u d a r a - S a u d a r a P e s e r ta S e m in a r y a n g s a y a h o r m a ti;
A s s a la m u a la ik u m W a ra h m a tu lla h i W a b a ra k h a tu h .
A ih a m d u llilla h . p u ji d a n s y u k u r k ita p a n ja tk a n k e h a d ir a t A lla h S W T
y a n g te la h m e m b e r ik a n r a h m a t d a n k a r u n ia - N y a k e p a d a k ita s e m u a
s e h in g g a p a d a h a r i in i k ita d a p a t b e r te m u d i H o te l B u m i K a r s a in i.
P a d a k e s e m p a ta n a w a i in i s a y a u c a p k a n s e la m a t d a n te r im a k a s ih
k e p a d a M a s y a r a k a t P e r k e la p a - s a w ita n In d o n e s ia ( M A K S I) a ta s p r a k a r s a
m e la k s a n a k a n s e m in a r y a n g s a n g a t p e n tin g in i. P ilih a n te m a “ A n tis ip a s i
P e n e r a p a n T ra d e B a rrie r o le h N e g a r a M a ju p a d a P e r d a g a n g a n P r o d u k
M in y a k S a w it" , s a y a n ila i m e r u p a k a n h a l y a n g s a n g a t s tr a te g is . H a l in i
s a n g a t p e n tin g u n tu k d ite k a n k a n m e n g in g a t m a n fa a t d a n s e lu r u h h a l y a n g
k ita ta n a m d i p e r k e b u n a n p a d a a k h ir n y a te r g a n tu n g d a r i p a s a r
in te r n a s io n a l. O le h k a r e n a itu p u la p a s a r in te r n a s io n a l m e r u p a k a n
k e le m b a g a a n e k o n o m i y a n g s a n g a t m e n e n tu k a n , k h u s u s n y a u n tu k
e k o n o m i p e r k e b u n a n . D a la m e r a m e n d a ta n g p a s a r in te r n a s io n a l in i a k a n
m a k in k o m p e titif s ifa tn y a . S a la h s a tu k e n d a la p e n tin g y a n g k ita h a d a p i
a d a la h p e n e r a p a n n o n tra d e b a rrie rs m e la lu i k e te n tu a n - k e te n tu a n
"S ta n d a rd C o d e " y a n g d ik e n a l a n ta r a la in d e n g a n p e r ja n jia n T e c h n ic a l
B a rrie r to T ra d e ( T B T ) " d a n 'S a n ita ry a n d P h y to S a n ita ry ( S P S ) . O le h
k a r e n a itu p u la , a k tiv ita s y a n g d is e le n g g a r a k a n M A K S I p a d a h a r i in i
s a ja , te ta p i ju g a d ila k s a n a k a n d a la m p r a k te k s e h in g g a p e r k e b u n a n k ita
m a k in m a ju d a n b e r k e m b a n g s e r ta p a r a p e la k u n y a , k h u s u s n y a p a r a
p e k e b u n m e n ja d i m a k in s e ja h te r a .
S a u d a r a - s a u d a r a y a n g s a y a h o r m a ti,
S e ja r a h m e n c a ta t b a h w a k e la p a s a w it m u la i d ik e m b a n g k a n d i
In d o n e s ia p a d a ta h u n 1 8 4 8 N a m u n k e la p a s a w it in i b a r u b e r k e m b a n g
p e s a t s e te la h ta h u n 1 9 8 0 . S e b e lu m n y a p e r k e b u n a n k e la p a s a w it m a s ih
d id o m in a s i o le h p e r k e b u n a n b e s a r b a ik o le h p e m e r in ta h m a u p u n s w a s ta
W ila y a h p e n y e b a r a n n y a p u n m a s ih te r k o n s e n tr a s i d i S u m a te r a U ta r a .
P a s a r p r o d u k k e la p a s a w it y a n g m e n g u n tu n g k a n te la h m e n a n k p a d a
in v e s to r m e la lu i p e r k e m b a n g a n p o la P e r u s a h a a n In ti R a k y a t ( P IR ) .
P e r k e b u n a n B e s a r N a s io n a l ( P B S N ) d a n p o la S w a d a y a . D e n g a n
p e n g e m b a n g a n in i p e r k e b u n a n k e la p a s a w it tid a k s a ja m e n y e b a r d i
s e lu r u h S u m a te r a te ta p i ju g a d i s e lu r u h K a lim a n ta n . J a w a B a r a t. S u la w e s i
S e la ta n . S u la w e s i T e n g a h d a n Ir ia n J a y a . P e r lu d ic a ta t b a h w a d a r i to ta l
a r e a l ta n a m a n k e la p a s a w it p a d a ta h u n 1 9 9 9 s e lu a s ± 2 .9 ju ta h e k ta r . lu a s
p e r k e b u n a n r a k y a t m e n c a p a i 9 7 2 .7 4 5 h e k ta r a ta u 3 2 .9 % d a r i to ta l a r e a l.
H a l in i m e n u n ju k k a n b a h w a p e r k e b u n a n k e la p a s a w it, w a la u p u n m a s ih
d id o m in a s i o le h p e r k e b u n a n b e s a r . p a r tis ip a s i p e k e b u n ( m a s y a r a k a t)
d a la m u s a h a in i te la h m e n in g k a t.
S e ja la n d e n g a n a m a n a h u n tu k m e n g e m b a n g k a n e k o n o m i r a k y a t
p e r k e b u n a n k e la p a s a w it m ilik p e k e b u n in i a k a n te r u s d itin g k a tk a n s e c a r a
p r o p o r s io n a l P a d a s a a t y a n g b e r s a m a a n u s a h a p e r k e b u n a n b e s a r
d ih a r a p k a n m e n g g e s e r in v e s ta s in y a p a d a in d u s tr i p e n g o la h a n p r im e r d a n
in d u s tr i h ilir d a r i k e la p a s a w it in i. D e n g a n b e r k e m b a n g n y a in d u s tr i h ilir in i
m a k a b u k a n h a n y a n ila i ta m b a h y a n g a k a n d ip e r o le h te ta p i ju g a s tr u k tu r
p a s a r a k a n le b ih s ta b il d a n k o n d u s if u n tu k k e b u tu h a n ja n g k a p a n ja n g ,
in te r n a s io n a l. J a d i, p a d a p n n s ip n y a d a la m p e m b a n g u n a n p e r k e b u n a n k ita
in g in m e m b e r d a y a k a n d i s e k to r h u lu d a n s e k a lig u s p u la m e m p e r k u a t d i
s e k to r h ilir d a la m k e r a n g k a n k e te r p a d u a n d i a n ta r a k e d u a n y a . M A K S ! d a n
o r g a n is a s i p r o fe s i lin g k u p p e r k e b u n a n la in n y a p e r lu m e m b e r i d u k u n g a n
m a k s im a l a g a r h a l te r s e b u t d a p a t k ita w u ju d k a n d a la m w a k tu y a n g r e la tif
tid a k la m a .
S a u d a r a - s a u d a r a s e k a lia n y a n g s a y a h o r m a ti.
P e r k e m b a n g a n k e la p a s a w it p e s a t te r s e b u t te la h m e n e m p a tk a n
in d u s tr i k e la p a s a w it d a la m p o s is i y a n g p e n tin g d a la m p e r e k o n o m ia n
n a s io n a l. D i d a la m n e g e r i, k e la p a s a w it te la h m a m p u m e m a s o k - 9 0 %
k e b u tu h a n m in y u a k g o r e n g . d a n b a h k a n s e k ita r 7 5 % k e b u tu h a n m in y a k
n a b a ti s e c a r a k e s e lu r u h a n (v e g e ta b le o il) b e r s u m b e r d a r i k e la p a s a w it.
P r o d u k s i C P O te la h m e n d o r o n g p e r tu m b u h a n in d u s tr i m in y a k g o r e n g d a n
in d u s tr i o le o c h e m ic a l. P e r lu d ic a ta t b a h w a s a m p a i ta h u n s e m b ila n
p u lu h a n p e m e n u h a n m in y a k g o r e n g d a la m n e g e r i d ila k u k a n m e la lu i im p o r .
n a m u n b e b e r a p a ta h u n te r a k h ir te la h m a m p u n d ip e n u h i d a r i p r o d u k s i
d a la m n e g e r i.
S a u d a r a - s a u d a r a s e k a lia n y a n g s a y a h o r m a ti,
K o n d is i p a s a r d u n ia k e la p a s a w it, s e s u a i d e n g a n p r o y e k s i y a n g
d ila k u k a n O il W o rld , p a n g s a p r o d u k s i d a n p a n g s a k o n s u m e n C P O d u n ia
a k a n m e n c a p a i m a s in g - m a s in g 2 7 .6 % d a n 2 2 ,5 % . P o s is i in i d i a ta s
m in y a k n a b a ti la in u ta m a n y a k e d e le , d e n g a n p a n g s a p r o d u k s i d a n
p a n g s a k o n s u m s i m a s in g - m a s in g 2 3 ,2 % d a n 1 9 % . S e la n ju tn y a , in d u s tr i
k e la p a s a w it p a d a ta h u n 1 9 9 7 m e m b e r ik a n k o n tr ib u s i te r h a d a p d e v is a
d e n g a n n ila i 1 .5 m ily a r d o lla r A m e r ik a a ta u 2 8 % d a r i to ta l n ila i e k s p o r
p e r k e b u n a n s e b e s a r 5 .3 m ily a r d o lla r A m e r ik a , d e n g a n v o lu m e e k s p o r
m e n e m p a ti p o s is i k e d u a s e te la h M a la y s ia . D ih a r a p k a n d a la m m e m a s u k i
ta h u n 2 0 1 0 In d o n e s ia m e n ja d i p r o d u s e n u ta m a . m e n g g e s e r M a la y s ia .
N a m u n d e m ik ia n k ita p e r lu m e n c a ta t b a h w a n ila i e k o n o m i k e la p a s a w it in i
a k a n ja u h le b ih b e s a r s e a n d a in y a k ita s u d a h b e r h a s il m e n g e m b a n g k a n
in d u s tr i h ilir n y a d e n g a n b a ik .
H a d ir in y a n g s a y a h o r m a ti.
S itu a s i p e r d a g a n g a n d u n ia p a d a m a s a m e n d a ta n g a k a n m a k in
k o m p e titif. P e r s a in g a n y a n g m a k in tin g g i te r s e b u t tid a k la g i s e m a ta - m a ta
d ite n tu k a n k e m a m p u a n m e n g h a s ilk a n p r o d u k s e c a r a k u a n tita tif. te ta p i
p o s is in y a a k a n d ip e n g a r u h i k e m a m p u a n m e m e n u h i tu n tu ta n k e b u tu h a n
k o n s u m e n b a ik d a la m h a l m u r u . w a k tu , s e le r a s e r ta p e r k e m b a n g a n
p r e fe r e n s i k o n s u m e n la in n y a . B a h k a n a c a p k a li h a r g a y a n g r e n d a h a ta u
b e r s a in g b u k a n m e n ja d i p e r tim b a n g a n u ta m a D a la m r u a n g - lin g k u p in i
k e k u a ta n k ita s e b a g a i p r o d u s e n u ta m a s a w it a k a n te r u s m e n d a p a t
ta n ta n g a n , b a ik d a r i s e s a m a n e g a r a p r o d u s e n m in y a k s a w it m a u p u n
p r o d u s e n s u b s titu s in y a s e p e r ti k e d e le , ja g u n g , b u n g a m a ta h a r i, a ta u
k a n o la /r a p e s e e d . K e c e n d e r u n g a n p e r d a g a n g a n g lo b a l y a n g m e n ja n jik a n
p e n g u r a n g a n b e r b a g a i h a m b a ta n b e r u p a b e a m a s u k , ta r if d a n p r o te k s i d i
s a tu p ih a k m e r u p a k a n p e lu a n g . n a m u n d i p ih a k la in m u n c u l h a m b a ta n
b a r u b e r u p a "n o n -ta riff b a rrie r* m e la lu i k e te n tu a n - k e te n tu a n 'S ta n d a r
C o d e " y a n g d ik e n a l d e n g a n p e r ja n jia n ‘ T e c h n ic a l B a rrie r to T ra d e ( T B T ) "
d a n p e r ja n jia n S a n ita ry a n d P h y to S a n ita ry ( S P S ) ‘\ s e b a g a im a n a te la h
d ik e m u k a k a n
S a u d a r a - s a u d a r a s e k a lia n y a n g s a y a h o r m a ti.
T B T d a n S P S in i b e r k a ita n d e n g a n s ta n d a r m u tu b a r a n g d a n ja s a .
p e rlin d u n g a n k e s e h a ta n , k e s e l a m a ta n m a s y a r a k a t d a n lin g k u n g a n h id u p .
u ta m a m in y a k s a w it k ita d itu n tu t u n tu k te r u s m e m p e r b a ik i m u tu p r o d u k s i
d a n p e r s y a r a ta n la in n y a itu . P e n in g k a ta n m u tu d a n p e r s y a r a ta n la in n y a itu
m e m e r lu k a n tu m b u h n y a b u d a y a b a r u y a n g m e n g e m b a n g k a n n ila i d a n
p e r ila k u s e b a g a im a n a tu m b u h d a n h id u p d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a in d u s tr i y a n g
m e n ja d i tu ju a n a ta u p a s a r p r o d u k p e r k e b u n a n k ita . P e n u m b u h a n n ila i d a n
p e r ila k u in i le b ih b e r s ifa t fu n d a m e n ta l d a r ip a d a s e k e d a r p e n in g k a ta n
k e te r a m p ila n a ta u k e a h lia n p a r a p e la k u d i b id a n g p e r k e b u n a n .
K ita s a d a r i b a h w a h a l in i a d a la h s u lit k a r e n a m e n y a n g k u t k o m itm e n
d a r i s e lu r u h p ih a k y a n g te r k a it b is n is k e la p a s a w it. T a n ta n g a n p a lin g b e r a t
s a a t in i a d a la h m e m b a n g u n k e s a d a r a n d a n k e m a u a n y a n g k e r a s d a r i p a r a
p ih a k d a la m u s a h a p e r k e b u n a n d a la m a r ti y a n g s e lu a s - lu a s n y a , m u la i d a r i
p e k e b u n h in g g a p e n g u s a h a b e s a r S e b a g a i g a m b a r a n , d a r i s e lu r u h
p e n g u s a h a p e r k e b u n a n , te r c a ta t s a m p a i s a a t in i y a n g m e m p e r o le h
s e r ifik a t m u tu IS O - 9 0 0 0 b a r u 9 p e r u s a h a a n . B e lu m la g i y a n g m e n y a n g k u t
lin g k u n g a n IS O 1 4 0 0 0 d a n H A C C P . B a n y a k n y a k a s u s p e n a h a n a n
k o m o d ita s p e r k e b u n a n k ita d i A m e r ik a S e r ik a t m e n g g a m b a r k a n b a h w a
m u tu p r o d u k k ita m a s ih r e n d a h . P a d a p e r io d e J u n i s /d O k to b e r 1 9 9 9
k a s u s - k a s u s p e n a h a n a n in i m e n c a p a i: k a k a o 2 1 7 k a s u s , la d a 1 0 k a s u s
d a n k a r e t 4 4 k a s u s . P a lin g m e m p r ih a tin k a n la g i a d a la h k a s u s C P O
te r c e m a r s o la r K e s e m u a n y a in i s a n g a t m e m p r ih a tin k a n b e ta p a m a s ih
k u r a n g n y a k e s a d a r a n d a n k o m itm e n p e la k u b is n is a k a n p e n tin g n y a
m a s a la h m u tu s e b a g a i s a la h s a tu ' tik e t' m e m a s u k i p a s a r g lo b a l
S a y a s a n g a t m e n g h a r a p k a n k o n tr ib u s i M A K S i d a n ja ja r a n n y a , y a n g
ju g a s e b a g ia n a n g g o ta n y a b e r a s a l d a r i p e r g u r u a n tin g g i. d a la m h a l
m e n u m b u h k e m b a n g k a n b u d a y a b a r u te r s e b u t a g a r k o m o d ita s
S a u d a r a - s a u d a r a s e k a lia n y a n g s a y a h o r m a ti
S e ja la n d e n g a n p e r k e m b a n g a n b u d a y a b a r u . a s p e k la in y a n g
s a n g a t m e n e n tu k a n k e m a ju a n p e r k e b u n a n p a d a m a s a m e n d a ta n g ,
k h u s u s n y a d a la m m e n u m b u h k a n in d u s tr i h ilir k e la p a s a w it, a d a la h
k e g ia ta n p e n e litia n d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n ( litb a n g ) . B a h k a n tid a k te r la lu
b e r le b ih a n a p a b ila d ik a ta k a n b a h w a litb a n g a d a la h tu la n g p u n g g u n g
d a la m m e n g h a d a p i p e r s a in g a n k ita d i p a s a r in te r n a s io n a l. K a m p a n y e a n ti
m in y a k tr o p is , m is a ln y a tid a k d a p a t k ita b e n d u n g h a n y a d e n g a n
m e n g a n d a lk a n c a r a - c a r a tr a d is io n a l. K ita h a r u s m e m ilik i a r g u m e n ilm ia h
y a n g s a n g a t k u a t y a n g d id u k u n g o le h h a s il- h a s il p e n e litia n y a n g
m e n d a la m d a n c e r m a t. S a la h s a tu c o n to h a d a la h k a s u s tr a n s fa t. K a s u s
in i te r u s d ik e m b a n g k a n te r u ta m a o le h A m e r ik a S e r ik a t m e la lu i F o o d a n d
D ru g A d m in in s tra tio n ( F D A ) d e n g a n d u k u n g a n p e n u h d a r i p a r a
in d u s tr ia w a n s e p e r ti A m e ric a n S o y b e a n A s s o c ia tio n ( A S A ) . P a d a s a a t in i
ta n ta n g a n b e r u p a r e n c a n a p e r u b a h a n b a r u la b e l m a k a n a n {fo o d la b e lin g )
d e n g a n m e n y a tu k a n s a tu ra te d -fa t d a n tra n s -fa t.
D a p a t k ita p e r k ir a k a n a p a b ila h a l in i d ite r a p k a n m a k a a k a n
b e r d a m p a k n e g a tif te r h a d a p p a s a r k e la p a s a w it k ita d i A m e r ik a S e r ik a t.
T e n tu s a ja h a l in i a k a n b e r p e n g a r u h ju g a p a d a p a s a r la in n y a , m is a in y a .
E r o p a . H a l in i a k a n b e r d a m p a k lu a s te r h a d a p k e b e r la n ju ta n u s a h a
p e r k e b u n a n u s a h a p e r k e b u n a n k e la p a s a w it d i ta n a h a ir . K ita a k a n
m a m p u m e m b e r ik a n ja w a b a n y a n g k u a t a p a b ila k ita m e m ilik i p e n g e ta h u a n
y a n g le n g k a p d a n a k u r a t d a r i is u in i. K e m a m p u a n in i te n tu n y a a k a n
te r g a n tu n g d a r i k e m a m p u a n k ita d i b id a n g p e n e litia n y a n g r e le v a n . Is u la in
a k a n te r u s b e r k e m b a n g d a n h a n y a d a p a t d ija w a b m e la lu i p e n in g k a ta n d i
b id a n g ip te k . O le h s e b a b itu p u la p e n y e le n g g a r a a n s e m in a r in i s a n g a t
p e n tin g b a g i p e r k e la p a s a w ita n d i In d o n e s ia p a d a m a s a y a n g a k a n
K h u s u s m e n g e n a i is u tra n s fa t. w a la u p u n h a s i! p e n e litia n k ita
te n ta n g p e n g a r u h p o s itit d a n k e u n g g u la n m in y a k te r h a d a p k e s e h a ta n
m a n u s ia m a s ih te r b a ta s , n a m u n c u k u p b a n y a k r e fe r e n s i d a n p e n e liti
n u tr is i d i A m e r ik a S e n k a t y a n g m e m b e r i n ila i p o s itif te r h a d a p a s p e k
K e u n g g u la n m in y a k k e la p a s a w it te r h a d a p k e s e h a ta n k o n s u m e n P a d a
k e s e m p a ta n in i s a y a m e n g a ja k k ita s e m u a u n tu k te r u s m e n g g e r a k k a n p e tis i
p e n o la k a n p e n g e n a a n la b e l s e b a g a im a n a d im a k s u d k e U S - F C A . P e tis i
te r s e b u t p e r lu d is a m p a ik a n tid a k h a n y a o le h p e m e r in ta h . p e n e liti, p a k a r .
L S M . te ta p i ju g a s a n g a t p e n tin g d is a m p a ik a n o le h p a r a p e n g u s a h a
p e r k e b u n a n , p e ta n i, in d u s tr i m in y a k s a w it d a n in d u s tr i m a k a n a n . K a m i
m e n d u k u n g d a n b e r te r im a k a s ih a ta s s e g a la u p a y a y a n g s u d a h d ila k u k a n
o le h M A K S I d a n P P K S M e d a n b e s a m a in s ta n s i P e m e r in ta h . L S M d a n
P e n g u s a h a , y a n g te la h m e n y ia p k a n d a n m e n y a m p a ik a n p e tis i d a n u p a y a
ia m d a la m p e m b a ta la n r e n c a n a b a r u la b e lin g m a k a n a n d a r i F D A
d im a k s u d
H a d ir in y a n g s a y a h o r m a ti.
S a y a s a n g a t m e n g h a r a p k a n s e m in a r in i m e n g h a s ilk a n r u m u s a n
y a n g k o m p r e h e n s if d a n d a p a t d itin d a k la n ju ti o le h r a n g k a ia n a k tiv ita s y a n g
d a p a t m e n y e le s a ik a n p e r m a s a la h a n k ita , k h u s u s n y a d a la m m e n g h a d a p i
"tra d e b a rrie r' b a g i p r o d u k - p r o d u k k e la p a s a w it. S a y a y a k in M A K S I d a p a t
m e n ja d i te m b a g a y a n g s tr a te g is u n tu k m e m b a n tu d u n ia u s a h a
p e r k e b u n a n k e la p a s a w it p a d a k h u s u s n y a d a n p e r k e b u n a n p a d a
u m u m n y a P e r a n M A K S I a k a n le b ih b e s a r a p a b ila M A K S I ju g a
m e n g e m b a n g k a n n e tw o rk d e n g a n le m b a g a - le m b a g a la in y a n g b e r g e r a k d i
b id a n g u s a h a p e r k e b u n a n k e la p a s a w it. D e n g a n m e m b a n g u n n e tw o rk
a k a n b e r k e m b a n g b u d a y a s a lin g m e n g is i d a n s u a s a n a s in e r g is y a n g
s a lin g m e m p e r k u a t. S e k a li la g i a ta s p r a k a r s a d a n k o n tr ib u s i M A K S I
A k h im y a d e n g a n m e n g u c a p k a n "B is m illa h irra h m a n irro h iim " d e n g a n
a s m a A lla h S .W .T . S e m in a r " A n tis ip a s i P e n e r a p a n T ra d e B a rrie r o le h
N e g a r a M a ju p a d a P e r d a g a n g a n P r o d u k M in y a k S a w it" s a y a n y a ta k a n
d ib u k a .
W a b illa h i T a u fik W a l H id a y a h .
W a s s a la m u a la ik u m W a rra h m a tu lla h i W a b a ra k h a tu h .
J a k a r ta . 2 9 M a r e t 2 0 0 0
M e n te r i K e h u ta n a n d a n P e r k e b u n a n .
f. K e le m b a g a a n y a n g b e r o r ie n ta s i k e p a d a p e m b e r d a y a a n
m a s y a r a k a t. a n ta r a la in m e n ja w a b ( a ) w h a t p e o p le c a n d o? . ( b )
w h a t p e o p ie c a n b e ? ( c ) p e n g e m b a n g a n S D M d a n ( d )
p e n g g a la n g a n d a n a b e r s a m a d ll
g K e te r k a ita n in d u s tr i h u lu d a n h ilir
h K o o r d in a s i s e m u a in s ta n s i te r k a it, p e m e r in ta h . p e n e liti, p e n g u s a h a ,
p e n g e m b a n g d a n te k n o lo g i. in d u s tr i. a s s o s ia s i p e d a g a n g , p e k e b u n
d a n p e ta n i, d a n la in - la in
5 . S e b a g a i k o m o d ita s e s k p o r u n g g u la n In d o n e s ia k e la p a s a w it te la h
m e m a s u k i p a s a r in te r n a s io n a l k e b e r b a g a i n e g a ra , a n ta ra la in k e
B e la n d a ( n e g a r a tu ju a n e k s p o r te r b e s a r ) . M a la y s ia . In d ia . R R C .
S p a n y o l. U S A . J e r m a n . S in g a p u r a . Ita lia d a n K o r e a S e la ta n . P e n e tr a s i
p a s a r k e la p a s a w it d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a p e n g im p o r te r s e b u t
p e r tu m b u h a n n y a c u k u p p e s a t. s e h in g g a d i b e r b a g a i n e g a r a k e b e r a d a a n
m in y a k k e la p a s a w it te la h d ip a n d a n g s e b a g a i s u a tu a n c a m a n b a g i
e k s is te n s i k o m o d ita s s e r u p a d i n e g a r a te r s e b u t D i s a m p in g itu .
k e m a ju a n p a s a r m in y a k s a w it d a n p r o d u k - p r o d u k n y a ju g a d ir a s a k a n
m e r e k a s e b a g a i a n c a m a n te r h a d a p te r ja d in y a k e tid a k - s e im b a n g a n
p e r d a g a n g a n , s e h in g g a m u n c u l b e r b a g a i k e b ija k a n y a n g s e c a r a s a d a r
d ir a n c a n g u n tu k m e n g h a m b a t p e r tu m b u h a n p a s a r p r o d u k - p r o d u k s a w it
in i. S a la h s a tu c o n to h n y a a d a la h a d a n y a u s u la n p e la b e la n m a k a n a n
y a n g b a r u . y a n g m e n g h e n d a k i a d a n y a p e r n y a ta a n tra n s fa t d a n
s a tu ra te d fa t y a n g d a m p a k n y a s e c a ra la n g s u n g a ta u tid a k la n g s u n g
m e m b e r ik a n k e s a n n e g a tif (b a d im a g e ) b a g i m in y a k d a r i d a e r a h tr o p is
( m in y a k s a w it d a n m in y a k k e la p a )
7 . M a s y a r a k a t k e la p a s a w it In d o n e s ia : y a n g te r d ir i d a r i s e m u a p ih a k y a n g
te r k a it d e n g a n p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n p e r lu m e n y u s u n la n g k a h - la n g k a h
a L a n g k a h ja n g k a p e n d e k . y a itu m e n g o r g a n is a s ik a n p e n y u s u n a n d a n
p e n g ir im a n p e tis i k e b e r a ta n k e U S - F D A ( p a lin g ta m b a t 1 7 A p r il
2 0 0 0 ) y a n g m e n e n ta n g d ib e r la k u k a n n y a p e r a tu r a n b a r u te n ta n g
p e la b e la n m a k a n a n . S a m p a i s a a t in i b e lu m d ik e ta h u i b e r a p a
b a n y a k te m b a g a , s w a s ta d a n p e r o r a n g a n y a n g m e n g ir im k a n p e tis i
in i. S e m a k in b a n y a k o r a n g y a n g m e n o la k s e m a k in b a ik . P a d a s a a t
in i m a s ih a d a k e s e m p a ta n b a g i y a n g b e lu m m e n g ir im u n tu k s e g a r a
m e n g ir im k a n p e tis i k e b e r a ta n te r s e b u t. D a la m p e n y u s u n a n p e tis i in i
p e r lu d is u s u n d a n d ik a ji s e c a r a c e im a t m e n g e n a i p o te n s ia l lo s s
( b a ik s e c a r a e k o n o m i. k e s e m p a ta n k e r ja . s e r ta a s p e k te r k a it
la in n y a ) y a n g a k a n d ia la m i In d o n e s ia jik a p e r a tu r a n b a r u te r s e b u t
d ib e r la k u k a n .
b L a n g k a h ja n g k a m e n e n g a h y a n g d a p a t d ila k u k a n a d a la h
m e m b e n t u k
network
p e la k u p e r k e la p a - s a w it a n In d o n e s iaB a n y a k o r g a n is a s i y a n g b e r g e r a k d i b id a n g p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n
s e p e r ti G A P K I. F A M N I. M A K S I d a n la in n y a . K e d e p a n p e r lu
a d a n y a k e r ja s a m a y a n g h a r m o n is d a n s a lin g m e n g u n tu n g k a n
s e h in g g a b is a b e r s a m a - s a m a m e m a ju k a n p e r k e la p a - s a w ita n
In d o n e s ia , k h u s u s n y a d a la m u p a y a m e n g a n tis ip a s i p ra k te k -p ra k te k
tra d e b a rrie r tid a k a d il y a n g d ite r a p k a n o le h n e g a r a p e n g im p o r
p r o d u k m in y a k s a w it,
c L a n g k a h ja n g k a p a n ja n g y a itu m e n d o r o n g d ila k u k a n n y a b e r b a g a i
p e n e litia n y a n g b e r k e la n ju ta n : b a ik p e n e litia n y a n g s ifa tn y a
m e n d a s a r m a u p u n p e n g e m b a n g a n p r o d u k h ilir k e la p a s a w it,
te r m a s u k a s p e k s o s ia l e k o n o m i d a n lin g k u n g a n n y a . P u s a t
P e n e litia n K e la p a S a w it ( P P K S ) d a n b e b e r a p a p e r g u r u a n tin g g i
s e r ta L e m b a g a L itb a n g s e p e r ti P 3 K T L IP I d a n B P P T s u d a h c u k u p
b a n y a k m e la k u k a n p e n e litia n d i b id a n g k e la p a s a w it A k a n te ta p i
d a n a s p e k d a s a r m e n g e n a i k e u n g g u la n s a w it, ( k a n d u n g a n
k o m p o n e n m in o r s e p e r ti b e ta k a r o te n ( p r o v ita m in A ) d a n to k o fe r o l
^ v ita m in E ) y a n g s a n g a t b a ik u n tu k k e s e h a ta n ) s e h in g g a u p a y a
p r o m o s i d a n p e m b a n g u n a n C itr a p o s itif (g o o d im a g e ) m in y a k s a w it
d a p a t d ila k s a n a k a n le b ih b a ik
8 P e r lu d is a d a r i b a h w a k a m p a n y e a n ti ( p e n g e m b a n g a n b a d im a g e )
m in y a k - m in y a k tr o p ik a ( C P O & C C O ) te la h d a n a k a n te r u s d ila k u k a n
o le h n e g a r a - n e g a r a p e s a in g k h u s u s n y a p r o d u s e n m in y a k k e d e la i d a n
m in y a k b tji- b ijia n la in n y a y a n g m e r a s a te r s a in g i o le h p e r k e m b a n g a n
C P O d a n ju g a d a la m r a n g k a m e lin d u n g i d a n m e m p r o te k s i m in y a k
n a b a tin y a
9 . S a m p a i s a a t in i d ir a s a k a n b a h w a ta n g g a p a n d a n r e a k s i In d o n e s ia
s e b a g a i n e g a r a p e n g h a s il m in y a k s a w it u ta m a ( n o m o r 2 s e te la h
M a la y s ia ) m a s ih s a n g a t la m b a n d a n b e r s ifa t d e fe n s if r e a k tif. U n tu k
s e la n ju tn y a , d is a r a n k a n s u p a y a s ik a p In d o n e s ia le b ih p r o a k tif d a n
o ffe n s iv e , s e c a r a te r a tu r d a n te r o r g a n is a s i m e la k u k a n a k tiv ita s p r o m o s i
m e m b a n g u n "g o o d g lo b a l im a g e " b a g i p r o d u k m in y a k s a w it, d e n g a n
m e m p e r h a tik a n b e b e r a p a a tr ib u t p e n tin g : y a itu ( a ) a tr ib u t h a r g a p r o d u k
( b ) a tr ib u t fo o d s a fe ty (fo o d b o rn e p a th o g e n s , h e a v y m e ta /s . p e s tic id e
re s id u e , n a tu ra lly o c c u rin g to x in , v e te rin a ry re s id u e s ), ( c ) a tr ib u t n u tr is i,
( d ) a tr ib u t v a lu e ( fu n g s io n a lita s , s ta b ilita s , d s b ) ( e ) a tr ib u t p e n g e m a s a n ,
( f) a tr ib u t e k o lo g is d a n ( g ) a tr ib u t h u m a n is
1 0 M e n g in g a t s ifa t a g r o n o m i d a n e k o lo g is p e r k e b u n a n k e la p a s a w it y a n g
s a n g a t e fie s ie n , m a k a a tr ib u t y a n g d a p a t d ip r o m o s ik a n d a r i k e la p a s a w it
in i a d a la h "p a lm o il s a v e d o u r p la n e t: y a itu s e b a g a i p e n g h a s il 0:.d a n
s e k a lig u s k o n s u m e n g a s k a r b o n d a la m s k a la y a n g s a n g a t b e s a r .
K a r e n a itu la h m a k a d a la m r a n g k a m e m p r o m o s ik a n h a l te r s e b u t m a k a
le b ih k u a t d a n e fe k tif d a la m m e n g e m b a n g k a n "g lo b a l v a lu e " d a r i C P O d i
m a s a y a n g a k a n d a ta n g
1 1 . U n tu k m e m b e r ik a n is i d a n d u k u n g a n te r h a d a p s tr a te g i y a n g le b ih a k tif
d a n o ffe n s iv e in i m a k a p e r tu d i s u s u n s u a tu s tr a te g i p e n e litia n d a n
p e n g e m b a n g a n K e la p a S a w it, k h u s u s n y a d a la m m e n g h a d a p i T e c h n ic a l
B a rrie r te r s e b u t.
1 2 . U n tu k m e n a n g a n i/m e n g a n tis ip a s i te c h n ic a l b a rrie r p e r lu d ila k u k a n
s tr a te g i:
P e n e litia n y a n g b e r u s a h a m e n in g k a tk a n p r o d u k tiv ita s p e r b a ik a n k u ltu r
te k n is , p e m b e r a n ta s a n h a m a d a n p e n y a k it s e r ta p e n in g k a ta n
e fe k tiv ita s p e n g o la h a n m e la lu i:
1 . p e n y e d ia a n b a h a n ta n a m a n u n g g u l
2 . p e r b a ik a n k u ltu r te k n is
3 . d iv e r s ifik a s i p r o d u k u n tu k p e n g e m b a n g a n p a s a r
4 e k s p lo ita s i k e u n g g u la n n u tr is i m in y a k s a w it
5 p e n g e m b a n g a n p r o d u k d a r i lim b a h in d u s tr i k e la p a s a w it
6 p r o d u k s i b e r s ih ( p e n in g k a ta n e fis ie n s i p r o s e s d a n m in im is a s i
lim b a h )
1 3 D a la m r a n g k a p e n e r a p a n s tr a te g i a k tif d a n o ffe n s iv e in i, p e r lu d id u k u n g
ju g a u p a y a p e r o r g a n is a s ia n d a n p e n y e d ia a n fa s ilita s p e r d a g a n g a n /d a n
e k s p o r y a n g m e m a d a i B e b e r a p a fa k to r p e n tin g y a n g p e r lu
d ip e r tim b a n g k a n d a la m p e r d a g a n g a n g lo b a l a n ta r a la in a d a la h ( a )
e k s p o r b e b a s ta n p a h a m b a ta n (b ) p e n u n ju k a n a g e n re s mi ( c )
p e n u n ju k a n d is tr ib u to r tu n g g a l. ( d ) p r o s e s re fillin g d a n re p a c k in g , ( e ) fu ll
m a n u fa c tu rin g d i n e g a r a y a n g b e r s a n g k u ta n . U n tu k m e n g e m b a n g k a n
h a l itu s e m u a , p e r tu d ib a n g u n k e tja s a m a te r p a d u in d u s tr i s e je n is
( In d o n e s ia In c .) , d e n g a n d u k u n g a n k u a t d a r i p e m e r in ta h ( m e n y e d ia k a n
in fo n e g a r a tu ju a n , fa s ilita s k r e d it d a n ja m in a n , a s u r a n s i a ta s e k s p o r .
KEBIJAKAN TENTANG PENGEMBANGAN
PERKELAPA-SAWITAN INDONESIA
Agus Pakpahan
D ir je n P e r k e b u n a n D e p a r t e m e n K e h u t a n a n d a n P e r k e b u n a n R I.
In ti p e m ik ir a n te n ta n g k e b ija k s a n a a n P e n g e m b a n g a n K e la p a S a w it
b e r d a s a r k a n b e b e r a p a h a l y a n g m e n ja d i in s p ir a s in y a a n ta r a la in :
1 . L u a s p e r k e b u n a n d i In d o n e s ia a d a la h 1 4 ju ta h a d e n g a n s tr u k tu r 8 0 %
p e r k e b u n a n r a k y a t y a itu s e k ita r 1 1 ju ta h a d a n s is a n y a a d a la h
p e r k e b u n a n b e s a r y a n g te r d ir i d a r i 2 ju ta h a p e r k e b u n a n b e s a r s w a s ta
d a n 1 ju ta h a p e r k e b u n a n B U M N . O r ie n ta s i p e r k e b u n a n b e s a r a d a la h
k e la p a s a w it s e d a n g k a n p e r k e b u n a n r a k y a t 8 0 % b e r o r ie n ta s i p a d a
p e r k e b u n a n k a r e t. J a d i je la s la h p o s is i p e r k e b u n a n k e la p a s a w it
d ib a n d in g k a n d e n g a n p e r k e b u n a n la in n y a .
2 Is u lin g k u n g a n d ik a itk a n d e n g a n k a w a s a n h u ta n . A r e a l k e la p a s a w it
h a n y a 4 .3 % d a r i lu a s a r e a l h u ta n p r o d u k s i y a n g s e b e s a r 6 4 ju ta h a .
a ta u h a n y a 2 .3 % d a r i to ta l lu a s h u ta n . T a p i d a r i s e k ita r 1 3 3 8 u n it k e b u n
y a n g b e r - H G U d e n g a n to ta l 4 ju ta h a h a n y a 6 0 % a r e a l te r s e b u t y a n g
p r o d u k tif.
Is u - is u p o lic y b e r k a ita n d e n g a n m a s a la h :
1 . P e m a n fa a ta n a r e a l p e r k e b u n a n y a n g o p tim a l b a ik d a r i s e g i
p r o d u k tiv ita s n y a m a u p u n d a r i k u a lita s h a s iln y a .
2 K e h a r m o n is a n h u b u n g a n a n ta r a p e r k e b u n a n b e s a r d e n g a n lin g k u n g a n
s e k ita r n y a a g a r tid a k te r ja d i p e r s e n g k e ta a n ta n a h . p e n c u r ia n h a s il
3 . L in g k u n g a n h id u p . b e r k a ita n d e n g a n p e m b u k a a n p e r k e b u n a n b a r u y a n g
p a d a ta h a p a n n y a a k a n m e n g u b a h e k o s is te m d a n m e n im b u lk a n
lim b a h . U n tu k itu p e r lu d ik e m b a n g k a n z e ro w a s te , y a itu d e n g a n
m e m a n fa a tk a n s e m u a b a g ia n k e la p a s a w it.
T e m a " M e m b e r d a y a k a n d i h u lu d a n m e m p e r k u a t d i h ilir " d e n g a n 3
a s p e k y a n g te r k a it y a itu : a s p e k e k o n o m i te r m a s u k d id a la m n y a m a s a la h
p r o d u k tiv ita s , a s p e k s o s ia l y a n g m e n g h in d a r k a n k o n flik s o s ia l s e r ta a s p e k
lin g k u n g a n . S e h in g g a p a d a ta h u n 2 0 1 0 In d o n e s ia d a p a t m e n ja d ik a n
p e r k ir a a n p a r a a h li s e b a g a i le a d in g c o u n trie s fo r p ro d u c tio n o f p a lm o il
m e n ja d i k e n y a ta a n .
H a l- h a l p e n tin g y a n g m e n ja d i is u k e b ija k s a n a a n u n tu k d a p a t
d ik e m b a n g k a n a d a la h :
1 . In v e s ta s i ja n g k a p a n ja n g . y a n g te r k a it d e n g a n o to n o m is a s i d a e r a h
d a la m h a l e k o n o m i d a n e k o n o m i in te r n a s io n a l y a n g c e n d e r u n g lib e r a l.
2 . R e g io n a lis a s i, p e r lu m e n a n g k a p lo c a l s p e s ific s e b a g a i s u m b e r
c o m p e titif a d v a n ta g e , o le h k a r e n a itu te k n o lo g i h a r u s s e s u a i d e n g a n
lo c a l a d v a n ta g e -n y a . S e la in itu r e g io n a lis a s i ju g a p e r lu m e m p e r h a tik a n
k e b e r la n ju ta n u s a h a d im a n a u n tu k k e la p a s a w it k o e fis ie n in te g r a s in y a
s a tu a n ta r a p e n g o la h a n d a n p e r k e b u n a n , s e h in g g a s ifa t in v e s ta s i p u n
h a r u s te r k a it la n g s u n g p a d a o n fa rm ( h u lu ) . S a la h s a tu b e n tu k k o n s e p
in o v a s in y a a d a la h p e m b u a ta n K in b u n ( K a w a s a n In d u s tr i M a s y a r a k a t
P e r k e b u n a n ) y a n g m e m u a t s e g a la a s p e k d a r i o n fa rm s a m p a i p r o d u k
h ilir , p e m a s a r a n s e r ta m a n a g e m e n t te m a s u k s a r a n a p r a s a r a n a n y a
s e b a g a i re d e s ig n in d u s tr i p e r k e b u n a n In d o n e s ia .
3 . A s p e k s o s ia l b u d a y a d a r i in d u s tr i p e r k e b u n a n , s e h in g g a in d u s tr i
p e r k e b u n a n s e la in a k r a b lin g k u n g a n d a n a k r a b s o s ia l b u d a y a te ta p i
B e n tu k re d e s ig n P e r k e b u n a n In d o n e s ia d e n g a n m e m p e r h a tik a n '
1 . P e m b u k a a n la h a n p e r k e b u n a n d e n g a n m e m a n fa a tk a n la h a n k r itis y a n g
s e s u a i d e n g a n ta n a m a n p e r k e b u n a n .
2 . P e r k e b u n a n b u k a n b e r u p a m o n o k u ltu r y a n g a k a n m e n y e b a b k a n T h e
S ile n t S p rin g .
3 P e n g o la h a n s e m u a b a g ia n k e la p a s a w it d e n g a n k o n s e p z e ro w a s te .
PENGEMBANGAN PRODUK KELAPA SAWIT SESUAI DENGAN
TREND PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL
Pos.M Hutabarat
D ir e k tu r K e r ja s a m a B ila te r a l I D e p a r te m e n P e r in d u s tr ia n d a n
P e r d a g a n g a n R I
P e r k e m b a n g a n e k s p o r In d o n e s ia m e n u r u n d e n g a n d r a s tis s e te la h
k r is is m o n e te r . P o te n s i e k s p o r In d o n e s ia m u n g k in h a n y a m e n in g k a t s e k ita r
1 5 % p a d a ta h u n 2 0 0 0 . h a l in i te ta p le b ih k e c il d ib a n d in g k a n ta h u n
1 9 9 6 /1 9 9 7 y a itu h a n y a s e k ita r 4 8 .5 m ily a r d o la r A m e r ik a p a d a ta h u n 1 9 9 9
( ja u h d ib a w a h ta h u n 1 9 9 6 /1 9 9 7 ) . S e d a n g k a n k o m p o s is i e k s p o r n o n m ig a s
p a d a s e k to r p e r ta n ia n m e n u r u n s e c a r a r e la tif. m e s k ip u n n ila in y a m e n in g k a t.
S e k to r p e r ta n ia n m e m b e r ik a n k o n tr ib u s i s e c a r a p r o p o r s io n a l m e n u r u n .
S e k to r p e r ta n ia n n ila i ta m b a h n y a s a n g a t b e s a r d ib a n d in g k a n s e k to r la in ,
s e h in g g a s e k to r p e r ta n ia n d a la m h u b u n g a n p e r d a g a n g a n in te r n a s io n a l
m e n g a la m i p e n u r u n a n k a r e n a In d o n e s ia le b ih m e m fo k u s k a n p a d a s e k to r
d e n g a n n ila i ta m b a h y a n g le b ih k e c il ( L ih a t T a b e l 1 . 2 d a n 3 ) .
E k s p o r m in y a k n a b a ti te r m a s u k m in y a k s a w it tid a k b e r k e m b a n g
k a r e n a k e b a n y a k a n tid a k d ip r o s e s s e h in g g a tim b u l m a s a la h d i n e g a r a
tu ju a n . A d a p u n b e b e r a p a n e g a r a tu ju a n e k s p o r m in y a k s a w it In d o n e s ia
a d a la h B e la n d a . M a la y s ia . In d ia . C in a d a n la in - la in . P a d a s e tia p n e g a r a
tu ju a n e k s p o r te r s e b u t In d o n e s ia ju g a m e n g h a d a p i b e b e r a p a p e s a in g y a n g
d ia n ta r a n y a a d a la h ju g a n e g a r a tu ju a n e k s p o r In d o n e s ia , s e p e r ti M a la y s ia
y a n g le b ih b a n y a k m e n g e k s p o r p r o d u k tu r u n a n m in y a k s a w it ( T a b e l 3 . 4
d a n 5 ) .
P e r k e m b a n g a n e k s p o r m in y a k s a w it In d o n e s ia te r h a d a p b e r b a g a i
n e g a r a b e r v a r ia s i, b a ik d a r i s e g i p a n g s a p a s a r m a u p u n p e r tu m b u h a n n ila i
1 P a n g s a p a s a r
P a n g s a p a s a r < 3 % n e g a r a k ita m a s ih a m a n k a r e n a tid a k p e r n a h a d a
g e jo la k d i n e g a r a tu ju a n , s e d a n g k a n p a d a p a n g s a p a s a r 3 - 1 0 % h a r u s
b e r h a ti- h a ti k a r e n a m u la i m u n c u l k e lu h a n d a r i in d u s tr i d i n e g a r a
s e te m p a t s e h in g g a m e r e k a m u la i m e n a h a n im p o r , m e n g a d a k a n
m a n u v e r a ta u p u n m e la k u k a n b e r b a g a i p r o te k s i. D a n a p a b ila p a n g s a
p a s a r le b ih d a r i 1 0 % . h a l in i m e r u p a k a n a n c a m a n b a g i in d u s tr i s e te m p a t
d a n a k a n tim b u la h tu d u h a n d u m p in g s e r ta p e r u b a h a n p e r a tu r a n
2 . P e r tu m b u h a n n ila i a b s o lu t/ta h u n
J ik a s k a la p e n in g k a ta n n y a k u r a n g d a r i 1 0 % m a k a m a s ih a m a n b a g i
n e g a r a k ita , n a m u n a p a b ila p e n in g k a ta n n y a te la h m e n c a p a i 1 0 - 2 0 %
m u la i a d a g e jo la k d i n e g a r a s e te m p a t. S e te la h e k s p o r k ita m e n in g k a t
le b ih d a r i 2 0 % p e r ta h u n a k a n b e r p e n g a r u h te r h a d a p p e r s a in g a n d i
n e g a r a s e te m p a t s e h in g g a a k a n d ih a d a n g u n tu k m a s u k , s e p e r ti
tu d u h a n d u m p in g , p e r u b a h a n la b e l d a r i m a k a n a n d a n la in - la in .
S a r a n y a n g d ib e r ik a n :
1 . K e la p a s a w it m e r u p a k a n k o m o d iti p o te n s ia l. te ta p i d a la m
p e n g e m b a n g a n n y a d i d a la m n e g e r i ja n g a n b e r le b ih a n k a r e n a a k a n
m e n d a p a t ta n ta n g a n d a r i in d u s tr i n e g a r a tu ju a n e k s p o r .
2 P r o d u k tu r u n a n k e la p a s a w it b a n y a k s e k a li s e p e r ti M a la y s ia k a r e n a
m e r e k a b a n y a k m e n g e k s p o r p r o d u k tu r u n a n k e la p a s a w it s e h in g g a
tid a k m e n g a la m i h a m b a ta n . S e h in g g a s e k to r p e n g e m b a n g a n k e la p a
s a w it s e h a r u s n y a le b ih d ititik b e r a tk a n p a d a p r o d u k h ilir k e la p a s a w it.
3 . P e r lu d ila k u k a n p e n g u m p u la n d a n a u n tu k s u m b e r d a y a s e k to r k e la p a
s a w it, k a r e n a p e m e r in ta h d e n g a n a d a n y a o to n o m i d a e r a h tid a k m a m p u
la g i m e m b ia y a i s e k to r s u m b e r d a y a n y a s e h in g g a p e r lu k e r ja s a m a
b e r b a g a i p ih a k u n tu k m e n g g a la n g d a n a te r s e b u t. D is a m p in g itu
d ila k u k a n k a m p a n y e d i lu a r n e g e r i u n tu k m e n g a n tis ip a s i tra d e b a rrie r
4 . M e n g g a la n g p e n g u m p u la n b a h a n u n tu k m e le n g k a p i p e tis i k e p a d a U S
F D A te n ta n g la b e lin g tra n s fa t d e n g a n p e tis i y a n g tid a k s e r a g a m d a r i
b e r b a g a i k a la n g a n . D is a m p in g itu p e r lu e s tim a s i d a n p o te n tia l
e c o n o m ic lo s s d a r i p e m b e r la k u a n la b e lin g tra n s fa t in i
T a b e l 1 P e r k e m b a n g a n N ila i E k s p o r 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 9 9 ( U S $ M ily a r )
T a h u n M ig a s N o n M ig a s T o ta l
N ila i % N ila i % N ila i %
1 9 7 5 5 .3 7 4 .6 1 .8 2 5 4 7 .1 1 0 0
1 9 8 0 1 5 .7 7 1 .7 6 .2 2 8 .3 2 1 .9 1 0 0
1 9 8 5 1 2 .7 6 8 .6 5 .8 3 1 .4 1 8 .5 1 0 0
1 9 9 0 1 1 .1 4 3 .2 1 4 .6 5 6 .8 2 5 .7 1 0 0
1 9 9 5 1 0 5 2 6 .0 3 5 .0 7 4 .0 4 5 .5 1 0 0
1 9 9 6 1 1 .7 2 3 .5 3 8 .1 7 6 .5 4 9 .8 1 0 0
1 9 9 7 1 1 .6 2 1 .7 4 1 .8 7 8 .3 5 3 .4 1 0 0
1 9 9 8 7 .7 1 5 .7 4 1 .1 8 4 .3 4 8 .8 1 0 0
1 9 9 9 9 .7 2 0 .0 3 8 .7 8 0 .0 4 8 .5 1 0 0
S u m b e r : B P S
T a b e l 2 K o m p o s is i E k s p o r N o n M ig a s 1 9 7 5 - 9 9 8 ( P e r s e n )
T a h u n B a r a n g P r im e r M a n u fa k tu r T o ta l
P e r ta n ia n T a m b a n g
1 9 7 5 8 1 .4 1 3 .8 4 .8 1 0 0
1 9 8 0 7 7 .9 1 3 .9 8 .2 1 0 0
1 9 8 5 5 0 .8 1 3 6 3 5 .6 1 0 0
1 9 9 0 2 8 .8 7 .7 6 3 .5 1 0 0
1 9 9 5 2 6 .1 5 .0 6 8 .9 1 0 0
1 9 9 6 2 2 .9 7 .7 6 9 4 1 0 0
1 9 9 7 2 1 .3 6 .3 7 2 .4 1 0 0
1 9 9 8 1 9 .6 5 .5 7 4 .9 1 0 0
_ _ _ _ N ila i : U S $ ju ta
N o S IT C P r o d u k 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8
1 4 2 2 M in y a k n a b a ti 1 1 1 3 .3 1 0 3 4 .4 1 3 3 8 .3 2 1 7 4 .8 1 1 5 0 .3
2 2 3 1 K a r e t a la m 1 2 7 3 .1 1 9 6 3 .9 1 9 2 0 .1 1 4 9 8 .8 1 1 0 6 3
3 0 3 6 U d a n g & k e r a n g 1 0 5 0 .8 1 0 8 0 .8 1 0 6 3 .6 1 0 4 5 .9 1 0 3 8 .0
4 0 7 1 K o p i 7 5 3 .7 6 1 4 .0 6 0 6 .0 5 2 9 .7 6 1 5 .8
5 0 7 2 C o k la t 2 7 3 .5 3 0 1 .1 3 6 5 .4 4 0 7 ,7 4 8 9 .3
6 0 3 4 Ik a n s e g a r 3 6 9 .4 i: 4 1 7 .9 4 2 4 .8 4 3 0 .5 3 9 4 .8
7 0 7 5 R e m p a h - r e m p a h 1 6 7 .1 2 4 0 .5 1 8 3 .5 2 4 6 .4 2 8 4 .5
8 2 4 8 K a y u 3 4 6 .1 , 3 1 5 .0 2 8 0 .0 2 4 2 .6 1 5 3 .2
9 0 8 1 M a k a n a n te r n a k 1 5 6 .9 1 4 1 .9 2 0 7 .1 1 4 1 .4 1 1 2 .0
S u m b e r : B P S
T a b e l 4 N e g a r a T u ju a n E k s p o r P r o d u k K e la p a S a w it
N ila i : U S $ ju ta
N o N e g a r a 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 | 1 9 9 8 I 1 9 9 9 *
1 . B e la n d a 4 8 2 .1 6 7 6 .5 3 1 7 .6 4 3 1 .8
2 . M a la y s ia 9 0 .0 1 4 6 .1 1 9 8 ,3 1 0 2 .8
3 In d ia 1 4 1 .6 2 3 6 .8 1 6 4 .5 3 7 2 .6
4 . R R C 5 0 .7 2 1 8 .9 8 0 .8 1 1 8 .6
5 . S p a y o l 5 6 .1 9 3 .1 7 0 .7 7 0 .1
6 . A m e r ik a S e r ik a t 7 8 .4 1 1 8 .9 4 7 .7 7 6 .6
7 . J e m a n 8 6 .3 1 1 9 .3 4 0 .9 3 1 .9
8 S in g a p u r a 2 5 .7 3 1 .5 2 6 .6 3 1 .0
9 . Ita lia 7 3 .7 8 5 .2 2 5 .6 3 5 .6
1 0 . K o r e a S e la ta n 2 5 .7 2 7 .9 1 5 .3 J 1 4 .8
S u m b e r B P S
T a b e l 7 . P e r k e m b a n g a n E k s p o r M in y a k K e la p a S a w it In d o n e s ia p e r io d e 1 9 9 4 - 1 9 9 9 ( J a n u a r i- N o p e m b e r )
T a b e l 7 . ( la n ju ta n )
V o lu m e ( k g ju ta )
N ila i : U S $ ju ta T a b e l 7 L a n ju ta n
S u m b e r : B P S ( D io la h D e p p e r in d a g )
T a b e l 7 ( L a n ju ta n )
N ila i ( U S $ ju t a )
V o lu m e ( K q m ta ) T a b e l 7 . ( la n ju ta n
